通悟语法系列1冠词和名词讲练结合“百校联赛”一等奖

第1讲冠词和名词(一)冠词考点1冠词的基本用法【考题小练】单句语法填空1.WhenItaughtartat__schoolinSeattle,IusedTinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofaterm.

a2.MyparentshadmovedtoEnglandfromIndiaduring___1970s.3.Thefrequentterrorismactivitiesinrecentyearsconstitute(构成)___enormoussecuritychallengetoallcountries.4.TheX-raysyougetat___doctor’sordentist’sarenotenoughtocausecancer.theanthe【考点精讲】冠词包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。考查冠词的基本用法主要就是考查冠词的泛指和特指,在语法填空和短文改错中都会有所涉及。在语法填空中对冠词进行考查时,不给出提示词。1.不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”)“一”(=one)IwatchTVforsixteenorseventeenhoursaday.“每一”(=per)Pricesstartat￡13.95ayardforprintedcotton.“同一”(=thesame)Theyhappentobeofanageandwearclothesofacolor.“一类”(=复数名词)Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.“任一”(=any)Adictionaryisenough.“某一”(=acertain)AMrSmithiswaitingtoseeyou.“一个、一场、一次、一件”(抽象名词)Asamanager,heisasuccesswhileasafatherheisafailure.“一种(份,阵……)”(物质名词)Whataheavyrain!(1)不定冠词有a和an两种形式,常位于名词或名词的修饰语前。当紧跟不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素时,用a;而当紧跟不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素时,用an。注意:判断用a还是an的依据是紧跟不定冠词的词的第一个音素是不是元音音素,而不是该词的第一个字母是不是元音字母。例如:auniversitystudent一个大学生aEuropeanwriter一位欧洲作家anhonestboy一个诚实的男孩(2)不定冠词的使用①不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化。这样的物质名词有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词有:success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。Hesuddenlyappearedonarainynight,whichwasagreatsurprisetous.②knowledge,collection,understanding等名词后加of...时,其前常用不定冠词a/an。Aknowledgeofthelocalcultureisveryimportantifyoutravelabroad.③“amost+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very,而“the+most+多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最……”。Thisisamostinterestingfilm.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.2.定冠词the的用法(1)表示特指的人或物,或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或物。*Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegateofthedoor?(2)用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。*AlexanderBellinventedthetelephonein1876.(3)用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。*TheGreensentertaineduswithdinnerthedaybeforeyesterday.(4)用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。

TheyoungmanisthestudentwhoItaught10yearsago.(5)表示世界独一无二的事物,如themoon,thesun,theearth,theuniverse,theworld,thesky等。*Nooneknowswhenthemooncameintoexistence,asithappenedsolongago.【点津】①当这些名词前有修饰语时,亦可用不定冠词,如abrightmoon,anewworld。②有些事物虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词,如space太空,nature自然,man人类等。(6)用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等前面。IsthisthefirsttimeyouhavevisitedBeijing?Chinaisoneoftherichestcountriesinnaturalresourcesintheworld.That’stheverythingI’vebeenlookingfor.【点津】当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词,如asecondtime意为“再一次;又一次”。(7)用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前,如intheeast,inthenorthwest,playthepiano等。【点津】当乐器类名词表示泛指时,可以与不定冠词连用。Sheislearningtoplaythepiano.Sheisplayingaborrowedviolin.

(8)用于表示某世纪/年代/时期或朝代的名词前。*Itisnotrareinthe1990sthatpeopleintheirfiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.(9)用在表示度量单位的名词前,如bythehour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。Ihiredthecarbythehour.Applesaresoldbyweightandcoalissoldbytheton.

(10)与形容词或副词的比较级连用,一般用于以下两种情况:①用于“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构中,表示“越……,就越……”之意。*Themorewedoforthepeople,thehappierwe’llbe.②用在“the+比较级+ofthetwo”结构中,表示“两个中较……的一个”。*Sheisthetallerofthetwogirls.(11)在“动词(take/catch/pat/hit/…)+sb.+介词(by/in/on)+the+名词(身体某一部位)”结构中,名词前要用定冠词the,而不用物主代词。Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.3.零冠词的用法(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。*HeislivinginCanadanow.(2)表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。*Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7o’clock.【点津】表示一日三餐等的名词前一般不用冠词。但若指具体的某顿饭或三餐前有形容词修饰时要用冠词。如:haveawonderfulsupper。(3)称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时,不加冠词。*Dr.PeterSpence,headmasteroftheschool,toldus,“AfifthofpupilsheregoontostudyatOxfordorCambridge.”(4)turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。但名词前若有形容词修饰,则必须加冠词。

Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.Latersheturnedasuccessfulsinger.

(5)在as/though引导的部分倒装句中,“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然/尽管……但是……”。*Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.(6)用在“名词+介词短语”的独立主格结构中。*Theteachercamein,bookinhand.【点津】其他几种零冠词的用法①与by连用的表示交通工具和通讯工具的名词之前不用冠词。It’squickerbyairthanbysea.Isenttheletterbyairmail.②在“表示类型的名词+of...”这一结构中of后的可数名词单数前不用冠词。Thiskindofquestionoftenappearsintheexam.

【题组训练】单句语法填空1.On__coldFridaynight,apoorartiststoodatthegateofthesubwaystation,playinghisviolin.

a2.There’snosuchthingaslivingalone.Nevermindifyou’re___onlypersoninyourhouseandhavenodog,nocat,notevenfish.世纪金榜导学号3.Onethingwecandotohelpsolvethisproblemistowalkoruse__bicyclewhenpossible.4.Manyfactorscontributeto___enjoyableexperience.theaan考点2冠词的固定搭配【考题小练】1.Girls,whoalwaysspendmoneyonclothes,shouldkeep___eyeopenfordiscounts.2.____numberoftheseresultsonwhythiskindofbirdcan’tflyareextremelyinteresting.

anThe3.Zinioisaplatformfordigitalmagazines,withmorethan5,500magazinesfrom__widerangeofpublishers.a【考点精讲】1.含不定冠词的固定搭配haveaknowledge/understandingof了解haveagoodviewof饱览 inahurry匆忙地asaresult因此 asarule通常asawhole总体上 asamatteroffact事实上ataloss不知所措 inaword总之2.含定冠词的固定搭配makethemost/bestof充分利用intheend最后bytheway顺便说一下 inthedistance在远处intheway挡道 onthewhole总的来说atthesametime同时 ontheotherhand另一方面totellthetruth说实话 forthetimebeing暂时3.含零冠词的固定搭配atpresent目前 takepartin参加inpeace平静 bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose故意 onsecondthoughts再三考虑aheadoftime提前 inadvance提前bylaw根据法律 bymistake错误地underrepair处于维修中 loseheart灰心4.常用的固定词组辨析【题组训练】单句语法填空1.Cai,theofospokeswoman,said,“Sharedbikescouldsolvethe‘lastmile’problemin___environmentallyfriendlyway.” 世纪金榜导学号an2.BiketoWorkDayisstartedbytheLeagueofAmericanBicyclistsin1956with___aimofpromotingthebicycleasaseriouschoiceofgettingtoandfromwork.3.Ambitions,meaningthingsyouwanttoachieveverymuch,play___importantroleinourdailylife.thean4.Thewebsiteasksvisitorstojoininthemovementtoreduce___numberofilliterate(不识字的)peopleintheworld.the(二)名词名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分,不可数名词没有复数形式。考点1名词单复数【考题小练】单句语法填空1.Therearevarioustypesofteathatofferdifferenthealth_______(benefit)andflavours.benefits2.Whilethereareamazing______(story)ofinstanttransformation,formostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.stories3.Isuddenlyregrettedthatwehadno______(photo)fromthisvacationtogether.4.Onespringafternoon,wewenttooneofthegrocery_____(store)nearbytobuysomefoodfordinner.photosstores【考点精讲】1.可数名词变复数的规则变化可数名词变复数形式时一般在名词后面加-s或-es。变化形式如下表:构成方法例词1一般在词尾加-smap→maps,sea→seas.girl→girls,day→days2以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es(stomach除外)class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes构成方法例词3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f或-fe为-v,再加-esleaf→leaves,knife→knives,wife→wives,wolf→wolves加-sbelief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,gulf→gulfs,safe→safes2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表:构成方法例词1增加字母child→children,ox→oxen2改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,goose→geese,mouse→mice3单复数同形sheep,deer,series,meansfish,species构成方法例词4表示“某国人”的名词加-sAmerican→Americans,German→Germans,Greek→Greeks单复数同形Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的,将-man和-woman分别改为-men,-womenEnglishman→Englishmen3.合成名词的单复数变化合成名词将主体名词变为复数son-in-law→sons-in-law,looker-on→lookers-on,passer-by→passers-by,story-teller→story-tellers无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾grown-up→grown-ups,stand-by→stand-bys“man/woman+名词”构成的合成词变复数时,man/woman和名词均变为复数womansinger→womensingers,manservant→menservants【题组训练】单句语法填空1.Itisespeciallyeffectiveingettingridofthebacteriaonyour_____(tooth)andkeepthemhealthy!2.Duringthe1880s,_______(bicycle)enjoyedasuddengrowthinpopularity.teethbicycles3.Butmanyofushaveneverconsideredhowour________(emotion)areaffectedbywhatweeat.4.BuiltbyEmperorQinShihuangasadefenceagainstthe_______(enemy)fromtheNorth,today,theGreatWallisChina’ssymboltotherestoftheworld.

世纪金榜导学号emotionsenemies5.Abusdriver’smainresponsibilityissafelytransporting__________(passenger).passengers考点2不可数名词【考题小练】单句语法填空1.Theyhadbothbeensentencedto_____(die).2.Thegirlthenplantsakissonthegrassinaheart-warmingshowof________(affect).deathaffection3.My__________(apply)wassuccessfulandIspentanenjoyablemonthlearningfilm-making.4.Perhapshecanmakehis_______(fortunate)atfootball.5.Ireallyneededsnow,becauseitwasgoodformy________(recover).applicationfortunerecovery【考点精讲】1.常见的不可数名词一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有:milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁),equipment,meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空间),man(人类)等。【点津】①word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰成分。②不可数名词可以通过在名词前加表示数量的词来表示数量概念。apieceofpaper一张纸/一片纸twosetsoffurniture两套家具③furniture,equipment,information,advice,progress,weather,fun这七个词为纯粹的不可数名词。2.常使用复数形式的单词和短语①表示由两个相连的类似部分组成的事物的名词只用复数形式,如:jeans,pants,scissors,compasses,glasses。②表示问候、祝贺、感谢等的名词常用复数形式,常见的有regardsgreetings,respects,wishes,congratulations,thanks等。③一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有taketurnstodosth.,inhighspirits,makefriendswith,asfollows,shakehandswith等。3.抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:单词抽象名词具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情【题组训练】单句语法填空1.______________(encourage)canbegivenatanytime,toanyone,inanysituation.2.—Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?—Well,youknow,Englishismy________(strong).Soitismybestchoice.

Encouragementstrength3.Wegavehimsome______(advice)onwhattochoose.

世纪金榜导学号4.Ournewofficeisunder___________(construct),andwearelikelytomoveintoitnextyear.5.Asisknown,learning__________(motivate)promotesstudentstolearnforthepurposeofachievingsomegoals.adviceconstructionmotivation【高考试水区】1.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead,sheisearning￡6,500a

dayas__modelinNewYork.2.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I’mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginss