四六级抢分冲刺2018年6月网校直播课讲义5 285

第一段：①YoumayhaveheardthatCoca-Colaoncecontainedaningredientcapableofsparkingparticulardevotioninconsumers:e.②The"coca"inthenamereferredtotheextractsofcocaleafthatthedrink'soriginator,chemistJohnPemberton,mixedwithhissugarysyrup().③Atthetime,cocaleafextractmixedwithwinewasacommontonic(滋补品andPemberton'ssweetbrewwasawaytogetaroundlocallawsprohibitingthesaleofalcohol.③Buttheotherhalfofthenamerepresentsanotheringredient,lessinfamous(名声不好的),perhaps,butalsostrangelypotent:thekolanut.第二段：①InWestAfricapeoplehavelongchewedkolanutsasstimulants,becausetheycontaincaffeinethatoccursnaturallyintea,coffee,andchocolate.③Theyalsohaveheart第三段：①HistorianPaulLovejoyrelatesthatthecultivationofkolanutsinWestAfricaishundredsofyears②Theleafy,spreadingtreeswerentedongravesandaspartoftraditionalrituals.③Eventhoughthenuts,whichneedtostaymoist,canbesomewhatdelicatetotransport,traderscarriedthemhundredsof throughoutthesand第四段：①Europeansdidnotknowofthemuntilthe1500s,whenPortugueseshipsarrivedonthecoastofwhatisnowSierraLeone.②AndwhilethePortuguesetookpartinthetrade,ferryingnutsdownthecoastalongwithothergoods,by1620,whenEnglishexplorerRichardJobsonmadehiswayuptheGambia,thenutswerestillpeculiartohis第五段：①Bythelate19thcentury,kolanutswerebeingshippedbythetonnetoEuropeandtheUS.②Manymadetheirwayintomedicines,intendedasakindofenergyboost.③OnesuchpopularmedicinaldrinkwasVinMariani,aFrenchproductconsistingofcocaextractmixedwithredwine.④ItwascreatedbyaFrenchchemist,AngeloMariani,in1863.④SowhenPembertoncreatedhisdrink,itrepresentedanongoingtrend.⑤When eeventuallyfellfromgraceasabeverageingredient,kola-extractcolasbecamepopular.第六段：①Thefirstyearitwasavailable,Coca-ColaaveragednineservingsadayacrossalltheAtlantasodafountainswhereitwassold.②Asitgrewmorepopular,the soldrightstobottlethesoda,soitcouldtraveleasily.③Todayaboutl.9billionCokesarepurchaseddaily.④It's esoiconicthatattemptstochangeitstastein1985—sweeteningitinamoveprojectedtoboostsales—proveddisastrous,withwidespreadangerfromconsumers.⑤"Coca-ColaClassic"returnedtostoreshelvesjustthreemonthsafterthe"NewCoke"wasreleased.第七段：①Thesedays,theCoca-Colarecipeisacloselyguardedsecret.②Butit'ssaidtonolongercontainkolanutextract,relyinginsteadonartificialimitationstoachievetheflavour.WhatdowelearnaboutchemistJohnHeusedastrangelypotentingredientinafoodHecreatedadrinkcontainingalcoholwithoutbreakingHebecamenotoriousbecauseofthecocadrinkheHeriskedbreakinglocallawtomakeadrinkwithcocaWhatdoesthepassagesayaboutkolaTheircommercialvaluewasfirstdiscoveredbyPortugueseTheycontainsomekindofenergyboostnotfoundinanyotherManywereshippedtoEuropeinthelate19thcenturyformedicinalTheywerestrangetotheEuropeanswhenfirstimportedfromWestHowcomekola-extractcolasbecameA)e eAlcoholicdrinkswereFountainsweresetuptosellRightsweresoldtobottletheWhatisknownaboutthetasteofCoca-ItwassodesignedastocreateaddictioninItstillreliesontraditionalkolanutIt emorepopularamongtheIthasremainedvirtuallyunchangedsinceitsWhatisthepassagemainlyTheevolutionofCoca-ThesuccessstoryofCoca-ThemedicinalvalueofCoca-ThebusinessstrategyofCoca-第一段：①Ourworldnowmovessofastthatweseldomstoptoseejusthowfarwehavecomeinjustafew②Thelatest6s,forexample,hasadual-coreprocessorandfitsnicelyintoyourpocket.③Bycomparison,youwouldexpecttofindatechnologicalspecificationlikethisonyourstandardlaptopinanofficeanywhereintheworld.第二段：①It'snowonderthatnewapplicationsfortheInternetofThingsaremovingaheadfastwhenalmostnewdevicewebuyhasaplugontheendofitorawirelessconnectiontotheinternet.②Soon,ourcurrentsmartphonelifestylewillexpandtocreateourownsmarthomelifestyletoo.第三段：①Allresearchesagreethatcloseto25billiondevices,thingsandsensorswillbeconnectedby2020whichallyisalsothemomentthatMillennials(千禧一代)areexpectedtomakeup75percentofouroverallworkandthefullyconnectedhome earealityforlargenumbersofpeople第四段：①However,thisisjustthetipoftheproverbialicebergassmartbuildingsandevencitiesincreasinglyethenormasleadersandbusinessownersbegintowakeuptothemassivesavingsthattechnologycanthroughconnectedsensorsandnewformsofautomationcoupledwith ligentenergyandfacilities第五段：①Onlinesecuritycameras,inligentlightingandawealthofsensorsthatcontrolbothtemperatureandairqualityareofferinganunprecedentedlevelofcontrol,efficiency,andimprovementstowhatwereonceclassednecessarycostswhenrunningabusinessormanagingalargebuilding.第六段：①Wecanexpectthattheever-growinglistofdevices,systemsandenvironmentsremainconnected,alwaysonlineandtalkingtoeachother.②Thebigbenefitwillnotonlybeinthehousingofthisenormousandrapidlygrowingamountofdata,butwillalsobeintheabilitytorunrealtimedatayticstoextractactionableandongoingThebiggestandmostexcitingchallengeofthistechnologyishowtocreativelyleveragethisever-growingamountofdatatodelivercostsavings,improvementsandtangiblebenefitstobothbusinessesandcitizensofthesesmartcities.第八段：①Thegoodnewsisthatmostofthistechnologyisalreadyinvented.②Let'sfaceit,itwasn'ttoolongagothattheideaofworkingfromanywhereandatanytimewassomeformofadistantutopian(式的)dream,andyetnowwecanperformalmostanyoffice-basedtaskfromanylocationintheworldaslongaswehaveaccesstothe第九段：①It'stimetowakeuptothefactthatmakingsmartbuildings,citiesandhomeswilldramaticallyimproveourqualityoflifeintheyearsahead.Whatdoestheexample 6sservetoThehugecapacityofthesmartphonespeoplenowThewidespreaduseofsmartphonesallovertheThehugeimpactofnewtechnologyonpeople'severydayTherapidtechnologicalprogressinaveryshortperiodofWhatcanweexpecttoseebytheyearAppsfortheInternetofThepopularizationofsmartTheemergenceofTotalglobalizationoftheWhatwillbusinessownersdowhen eawareofthebenefitsoftheInternetofEmployfewerworkersintheirGainautomaticcontroloftheirInvestinmoresmartbuildingsandEmbracewhatevernewtechnologythereWhatisthemostexcitingchallengewhenwepossessmoreandmoreHowtoturnittoprofitableHowtodorealtimedataHowtolinktheactionableHowtodevisenewwaystostoreWhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutworkingfromanywhereandatItisfeasiblewithaconnectiontotheItwillthriveinsmartbuildings,citiesandItisstilladistantutopiandreamforordinaryItwilldelivertangiblebenefitstobothbossandItistheseasonforsomefranticlast-minutemathacrossthecountry,employeesofallstripesarecountingbackwardinanattempttofigureoutjusthowmuchpaidtime—offtheyhaveleftintheirreserves.②Moreofthem,though,willskipthosecalculationsaltogetherandjustpowerthroughtheholidaysinto2017:MorethanhalfofAmericanworkersdon'tuseupalloftheirallottedvacationdayseachyear.第二段：①Notsolongago,peoplewouldhaveturneduptheirnosesatthatkindofdedicationtothejob.②AsmarketingprofessorsSilviaBellezza,NeeruPaharia,andAnatKeinanrecentlyexinedinHarvardBusinessReview(HBR),leisuretimewasonceseenasanindicatorofhighsocialstatus,somethingattainableonlyforthoseatthetop.②Sincethemiddleofthe20thcentury,though,thingshaveturnedtheoppositeway—thesedays,punishinghoursatyourdesk,ratherthandaysoff,areseenasthemarkofsomeoneimportant.Inaseriesofseveralexperiments,theresearchersillustratedjusthowmuchwe'vecometobusyness,oratleasttheappearanceofit.②Volunteersreadtwopassages,oneaboutamanwholedalifeofleisureandanotheraboutamanwhowasover-workedandover-scheduled;③whenaskedtodeterminewhichofthetwohadahighersocialstatus,themajorityoftheparticipantssaidthelatter.④Thesameheldtrueforpeoplewhousedproductsthatimpliedtheywereshortontime:Inoneexperiment,forexample,customersofthegrocery-deliveryservicePeapodwereseenasofhigherstatusthanpeoplewhoshoppedatgrocerystoresthatwereequallyexpensive;⑤inanother,peoplewearingwirelessheadphoneswereconsideredfurtheruponthesocialladderthanthosewearingregularheadphones,evenwhenbothwerejustusedtolistentomusic.第四段：①InparttheauthorswroteinHBR,thispatternmayhavetodowiththewayworkitselfhaschangedoverthepastseveraldecades.第五段：①Wethinkthattheshiftfromleisure-as-statustobusyness-as-statusmaybelinkedtothedevelopmentofknowledge-intensiveeconomics.Insucheconomies,individualswhopossessthehumancapitalcharacteristicsthatemployersorsvalue(e.g.,competenceandambition)areexpectedtobeinhighdemandandshortsupplyonthejobmarket.③Thus,bylingothersthatwearebusyandworkingallthetime,weareimplicitlysuggestingthatwearesoughtafter,whichenhancesourperceivedstatus.第六段：①Evenifyoufeeltemptedtosacrificeyourownvacationdaysforfakebusynessthoughatleastconsiderleavingyourweekendsunscheduled.②It'sforyourowngood.WhatdomostemployeesntodotowardstheendoftheGoforaKeeponSetanobjectivefornextReviewtheyear'sHowwouldpeopleviewdedicationtoworkintheTheywouldregarditasamatterofTheywouldconsideritamustforTheywouldlookuponitwithTheywoulddeemitatrickofWhatdidtheresearchersfindthroughaseriesofThebusieroneappears,themorerespectoneThemoreoneworks,themoreonefeelsThemoreknowledgeonehas,themorecompetentonewillThehigherone'sstatus,themorevacationtimeonewillWhatmayaccountforthechangeofpeople'sattitudetowardsbeingThefastpaceoflifeinmodemThefiercecompetitioninthejobThewidespreaduseofcomputerTheroleofknowledgeinmodernWhatdoestheauthoradviseustodoattheendoftheScheduleourtimeproperlyfornourweekendsinameaningfulFindtimetorelaxhoweverbusyweAvoidappearingbusywhenweareDatasharing:Anopenmindonopen①Itisamovementbuildingsteadymomentum:acalltomakeresearchdata,softwarecodeandexperimentalmethodspubliclyavailableandtransparent.②Aspiritofopennessisgainingacceptanceinthesciencecommunity,andistheonlyway,sayadvocates,toaddressa‘crisis’insciencewherebytoofewfindingsaresuccessfullyreproduced.③Furthermore,theysay,itisthebestwayforresearcherstogathertherangeofobservationsthatarenecessarytospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scaletrends.①Theopen-datashiftposesaconfusingproblemforjuniorresearchers.②Ontheonehand,thedrivetoshareisgatheringofficial .③Since2013,globalscientificbodieshavebeguntobackpoliciesthatsupportincreasedpublicaccesstoresearch.④Ontheotherhand,scientistsdisagreeabouthowmuchandwhentheyshouldsharedata,andtheydebatewhethersharingitismorelikelytoacceleratescienceandmakeitmorerobust,ortointroducevulnerabilitiesandproblems.⑤Asmorejournalsandfundersadoptdata-sharingrequirements,andasagrowingnumberofenthusiastscallformoreopenness,juniorresearchersmustfindtheircebetweenadoptersandthosewhocontinuetoholdout,evenastheystrivetolaunchtheirowncareers.①Onekeychallengefacingyoungscientistsishowtobeopenwithout ingscientificallyvulnerable.②Theymustdeterminetheriskofjeopardizingajobofferoracollaborationproposalfromthosewhoarewaryof—orunfamiliarwith—openscience.③Andtheymustlearnhowtocapitalizeonthemovement'sbenefits,suchasopportunitiesformorecitationsandawaytobuildareputationwithouttheneedforconventionalmetrics,suchaspublicationinhigh-impactjournals.①Somefieldshaveembracedopendatamorethanothers.②Researchersinpsychology,afieldrockedbyfindingsofirreproducibilityinthepastfewyears,havebeenespeciallyvocalsupportersofthedriveformore-openscience.③Afewpsychologyjournalshavecreatedincentivestoincreaseinterestinreproduciblescience—forexample,byaffixingan‘open-data’badgetoarticlesthatclearlystatewheredataareavailable.④AccordingtosocialpsychologistBrianNosek,executivedirectoroftheCenterforOpenScience,theaveragedata-sharingrateforthejournalPsychologicalScience,whichusesthebadges,increasedtenfoldto38%from2013to2015. ①Funders,too,areincreasinglyadoptinganopen-data.②Severalstronglyencourage,andsomerequire,adata-managementnthatmakesdataavailable.④TheUSNationalScienceFoundationisamongthese.⑤Somephilanthropic(慈善的)funders,includingtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationinSeattle,Washington,andtheeTrustinLondon,alsomandateopendatafromtheirgrant ①Butmanyyoungresearchers,especiallythosewhohavenotbeenmentoredinopenscience,areuncertainaboutwhethertoshareortostayprivate.②Graduatestudentsandpostdocs,whooftenareworkingontheirlabhead'sgrant,mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisororanotherseniorcolleagueopposessharing.①Somefearthatthepotentialimpactofsharingistoohigh,especiallyattheearlystagesofacareer.②"Everybodyhasascarystoryaboutsomeonegettingscooped(被抢先),"saysNewYorkUniversityastronomerDavidHogg.③Thosefearsmaybeafactorinalingeringhesitationtosharedataevenwhenpublishinginjournalsthatmandateit.①Researchersatsmalllabsoratinstitutionsfocusedonteachingarguablyhavethemosttolosewhensharinghard-wondata.②“Withmyinstitutionandteachingload,Idon'thavepostdocsandgradstudents,”saysTerryMcGlynn,atropicalbiologistatCaliforniaStateUniversity,DominguezHills.③“Thestakesarehigherformetosharedatabecauseit'sabiggerfractionofwhat'shappeninginmylab.”①Researchersalsopointtothetimesinkthatisinvolvedinpreparingdataforotherstoview.②Oncethedataandassociatedmaterialsappearinarepository(库),answeringquestionsandhandlingcomintscantakemany①Thetimeinvestmentcanpresentotherproblems.②Insomecases,saysdatascientistKarthikRam,itmaydifficultforjuniorresearcherstoembraceopennesswhenseniorcolleagues—manyofwhomheadselectionpromotioncommittees—mightridiculewhattheymayviewasmiscedenergies.③"I'veheardthisrecently—thatembracingtheideaofopendataandcodemakestraditionalacademics fortable,"saysRam.④"Theconcernseemstobethatopenadvocatesdon'tspendtheirtimebeingasproductiveaspossible."①Anopen-sciencestancecanalsoaddcomplexitytoacollaboration.②KateRatliff,whostudiessocialattitudesattheUniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,saysthatitcanseemasiftherearetwocampsinafield—thosewhocareaboutopenscienceandthosewhodon't.③“There'sanewareatonavigate—‘AreyoucoolwiththefactthatI'llwanttomakethedataopen?’—whentalkingwithsomebodyaboutaninterestingresearchidea,”shysays.. ①Despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcanbesignificant.②Forexample,wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,adigitalobjectidentifier()isassigned.③Scientistscanuseatopublisheachstepoftheresearchlifecycle,notjustthefinalpaper.④Insong,theycanpotentiallygetthreecitations—oneeachforthedataandsoftware,inadditiontothepaperitself.⑤Andalthoughsomesaythatcitationsforsoftwareordatahavelittlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits.①Manyadvocatesthinkthattransparentdataprocedureswithadateandtimestampwillprotectscientistsfrombeingscooped.②“Thisisthesweetspotbetweensharingandgettingcreditforit,whilediscouraging(剽窃),”saysIvoGrigorov,aprojectcoordinatorattheNationalInstituteofAquaticResourcesResearchSecretariatinCharlottenlund,Denmark.③Hoggsaysthatscooislessofaproblemthanmanythink.④“ThetwocasesI'mfamiliarwithdidn'tinvolveopendataorcode,”hesays.①Opensciencealsooffersjuniorresearchersthechancetoleveltheyingfieldbygainingbetteraccesstocrucialdata.②RossMounce,apostdocstudyingevolutionarybiologyattheUniversityofCambridge,UK,isavocalchampionofopenscience,partlybecausehisfossil-basedresearchdependsonaccesstoothers'data.③Hesaysthatmoreopennessinsciencecouldhelptodiscouragewhatsomeperceiveasacommonpracticeofshuttingoutearly-careerscientists'requestsfordata.①Communicationalsohelpsforthosewhoworryaboutjeopardizingacollaboration,hesays.②Concernsopenscienceshouldbediscussedattheoutsetofastudy.③"Wheneveryoustartaprojectwithsomeone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsforwhoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandowhatwiththem,"hesays. Intheend,sharingdata,softwareandmaterialswithcolleaguescanhelpanearly-careerresearchertogainrecognition—acrucialcomponentofsuccess.②"Thethingyouaresearchingforisreputation,"saysTitusBrown,agenomics(组学)researcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.③"Togetgrantsandjobs,youhavetoberelevantandachievesomelevelofpublicrecognition.④Anythingyoudothatadvancesyourpresence-especiallyinalargersphere,outsidethecommunitiesyouknow-isanetwin."AstronomerDavidHoggdoesn'tthinkscooisasseriousaproblemasgenerallySomeresearchersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublicforfearthatothersmightpublishsomethingsimilarbeforeSomepsychologyjournalshaveofferedincentivestoencourageauthorstosharetheirThereisagrowingdemandinthesciencecommunitythatresearchdatabeopentotheSharingdataoffersearly-careerresearchersthechancetobuildacertainlevelofDatasharingenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork,thusleadingtomoreScientistsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingofdataPotentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyallparticipantsatthebeginningofajointresearchproject.Sharingdataandhandlingdata-relatedissuescanbetime-JuniorresearchersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharingManyEuropeancountrieshavebeenmakingtheshifttoelectricvehiclesandGermanyhasjuststatedthattheyntobanthesaleofvehiclesusinggasolineanddieselasfuelby2030.Thecountryisalsonningtoreduceitscarbonfootprintby80-95%by2050,26ashifttogreenenergyinthecountry.Effectively,thebanwillincludetheregistrationofnewcarsinthecountryastheywillnotallowanygasoline27vehicletoberegisteredafter2030.Partofthereasonthisbanisbeingdiscussedand28isbecauseenergyofficialsseethattheywillnotreachtheiremissionsgoalsby2050iftheydonot29alargeportionofvehicleemissions.Thecountryisstill30thatitwillmeetitsemissionsgoals,likereducingemissionsby40%by2020,butthe31ofelectriccarsinthecountryhasnotoccurredasfastasexpected.Othereffortstoincreasetheuseofelectricvehiclesincludenstobuildoverlmillionhybridandelectriccarbatterychargingstationsacrossthecountry.By2030,Germanynsonhavingover6millionchargingstations32.AccordingtotheInternationalBusinessTimes,electriccarsalesareexpectedtoincreaseasVolkswagenisstillrecoveringfromitsemissionsscandal.Thereare33around155,000registeredhybridandelectricvehiclesonGermanroads,dwarfedbythe45milliongasolineanddieselcarsdrivingtherenow.Ascountriescontinuesettinggoalsofreducingemissions,greaterstepsneedtobetakentohavea34effectonthesurroundingenvironment.Whiletheeffortsarecertainlynot35,theresultsofsuchbanswilllikelyonlystarttobeseenbygenerationsdowntheline,betteringtheworldforthe

Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustHeinventedtheHepatentedhisfirstHewasadmittedtoaHegotadegreeinHestartedtoworkonHebecameaprofessorofHefellinlovewithNatashaHedistinguishedhimselfinlowtemperatureA)DiscoveringthetruenatureofsubatomicTheirexnationofthelawsofcauseandTheirworkonveryhighfrequencyradioLayingthefoundationsofmodernA)Tohaveathree-weekTospendhisremainingTopatenthisToteachataW: o,isthatthereferencelibrary?W:Yes.CanIhelpyou?M:Ihopeso.IrangearlierandaskedforsomeinformationaboutDenysHawtin,thescientist.YouaskedmetoringW:Oh,yes.IhavefoundM:Good.I’vegotapencilandpaper.Perhapsyoucouldreadoutwhatitsays.W:Certainly.Hawtin,Denys.Born:Darlington1836;diedNewYork1920.M:Yes.Gotthat.W:Inventorandphysicist.Thesonofafarmworker,hewasadmittedtotheUniversityofLondonattheageoffifteen.M:Yes.W:HegraduatedatseventeenwithafirstclassdegreeinPhysicsandMathematics.Allright?M:Yes,allright.W:Hemadehisfirstnotableachievementattheageofeighteen.Itwasamethodofrefrigerationwhicharosefromhisworkinlowtemperaturephysics.HebecameprofessorofMathematicsattheUniversityofManchesterattwenty-four,whereheremainedfortwelveyears.Duringthattimehemarriedoneofhisstudents,NatashaW:Later,workingtogetherinLondon,theylaidthefoundationofmodernPhysicsbyshowingthatnormallawsofcauseandeffectdonotapplyatthelevelofsubatomicparticles.ForthisheandhiswifereceivedtheNobelPrizeforPhysicsin1910,anddidsoagainin1912fortheirworkonveryhighfrequencyradiowaves.InhislifetimeHawtinpatented244inventions.Doyouwantanymore?M:Yes.WhendidhegotoW:Letmesee.In1920hewenttoteachinNewYork,anddiedtheresuddenlyafteronlythreeweeks.Still,hewasagoodage.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatdowelearnaboutDenysHawtinwhenhewasWhatdidDenysHawtindoattheageofForwhatwereDenysHawtinandhiswifeawardedtheNobelPrizeasecondWhydidDenysHawtingotoNewQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)TheinjuryofsomeAschoolbuscrashontheThecollapseofaschoolAfirethatbrokeoutonaschoolA) B)On C)Having D)HoldingaCigarettesbuttsleftbyNegligenceinschoolA)SentastorytothelocalThrewasmallThanksgivingBaked sasaWroteaalletterofW:ThisisLisaMeyerintheWBZnewsroom,talkingwithMikeBassichis,whoisthedirectoroftheGiffordSchool,aboutthecleanupfromlastweek’sfireandwhatthepossiblecauseofthatblazemayhavebeen.M:We’regettingreadyforourentirestafftoreturnearlyfromvacationtomorrowwhereuponwearegoingtomoveintotemporaryclassrooms.Andtheotherbuildingsthatdidnotburnarebeingde-smoked.Astothecauseofthefire,allweknowisthatwewerehavingtroublewiththepilotlightssinceweboughtthestoveinJulyandithadbeenservicedthreetimes.Well,asamatteroffact,wethinkitwasamalfunctioningstovethatmayhavecausedthefire.Nothingdefiniteyethasbeendetermined.W:HaveyouheardfromotherschoolsorotherinstitutionalusersofthisstovethathavehadthesameM:No.Iwouldn’tknowanythingmoreaboutthestoveitself.AllIknowisthatthisfirewentupsoquicklythatthere’sbeenasuspicionaboutwhyitwentupsoquickly.Anditmaybethattherewasagasblast.But,again,thishasnotbeendeterminedofficiallybyanybody.W:Igotyou.WhendokidscomebacktoM:NextMonday,andwewillbereadyforthem.MondayJanuary4.We’rejustextremelythrilledthatnoonewashurtandthat’sbecauseofthefirefightersthatwerehere,nineofthem.They’rewonderful.W:AndI’msureyousendyourthanksouttothem,M:Well,we’resendingoutthankstotheminaletterorinanyotherwaywecan.Iheardastorytodaywhereoneofourkidsactuallybakedsome sandistakingittothefiredepartment,togiveittothem.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatwerethespeakerstalkingWhatweretheschoolstaffngatthetimeoftheWhatwassupposedtobethecauseoftheWhatdidoneofthekidsdotoshowSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItisatraitofagenerousItisareflectionofself-Itisanindicatorofhigh ItisasignofhappinessandA)Itwasself-ItwasItwastheessenceofItwassomethingA)Itisadouble-edgedItisafeatureofagivenItisauniquegiftofhumanItisaresultofbothnatureandIntoday’salitystakes,nothingismorehighlyvaluedthanasenseofhumor.Weseekitoutinothersandareproudtoclaimitinourselves,perhapsevenmorethangoodlooksorinligence.Ifsomeonehasagreatsenseofhumor,wereason,itmeansthattheyarehappy,sociallyconfidentandhaveahealthyonlife.ThisattitudewouldhavesurprisedtheancientGreeks,whobelievedhumortobeessentiallyaggressive.Andinfact,ouradmirationforthecomicallygiftedisrelativelynew,andnotverywell-founded,saysRodMartin,apsychologistattheUniversityofWesternOntario.Beingfunnyisn’tnecessarilyanindicatorofgoodsocialskillsandwell-being,hisresearchhasshown.Itmayjustaslikelybeasignof alityflaws.Hehasfoundthathumorisadouble-edgedsword.Itcanforgebetterrelationshipsandhelpyoucopewithlife,oritcanbecorrosive,eatingawayatself-esteemandirritatingothers.“It’saformofcommunication,likespeech,andwealluseitdifferently,”saysMartin.Weusebondinghumortoenhanceoursocialconnections,butwealsomayemployitasawayofexcludingorrejectinganoutsider.Thoughhumorisessentiallysocial,howyouuseitsaysalotaboutyoursenseofself.Thosewhouseself-defeatinghumor,makingfunofthemselvesfortheenjoymentofothers,tendtomaintainthathostilitytowardthemselvesevenwhenalone.Similarly,thosewhoareabletoviewtheworldwithamusedtoleranceareoftenequallyforgivingoftheir Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustHowdopeopletodayviewhumoraccordingtotheWhatdidtheancientGreeksthinkofWhathaspsychologistRodMartinfoundaboutQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)SheisatouristSheisanSheisadomesticSheisfromtheroyalA)ItissituatedatthefootofabeautifulItwasusedbythefamilytoholddinnerItwasfrequentlyvisitedbyheadsofItisfurnishedlikeoneinaroyalA)Itis yIthassurvivedsome2,000Itisverybig,withonlysixslimItisshapedlikeanancientSpanishA)TheyareinterestingtolookTheyhavelostsomeoftheirTheydonotmatchtheovaltableatThey fortabletositinforAndnow,ifyou’llwalkthisway,ladiesandgentlemen,thenextroomwe’regoingtoseeistheroominwhichthefamilyused