高中英语语法-句子成分(知识点讲解及习题练习)

#一对一个性化教案年级咼二科目英语教师学生姓名日期时间匹配的《课程实施方案》的内容句子成分课标要求能够识别主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补足语和同位语英语句子成分。学习目标熟知句子成分的种类，各句子成分的概念和功能作用。教与学过程教师的教句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。考点1・主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1•名词2•代词3•数词4•名词化的形容词（如therich）5•不定式短语6•动名词（动名词短语）7.主语从句等表示。Themoon|rose.月亮升起了。Theuniverse〔remains.宇宙长存。Weall|breathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。Who|cares?管它呢？Whathesaid|doesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系。They|talkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时。Thepen|writessmoothly这支笔书写流利。主语进阶：Wallshaveears.f名词Hewilltakeyoutothehospital.f代词Threeandfourisseven.f数词Toseeistobelieve.fTodo不定式Smokingisnotallowedinpublicplaces.fDoing动名词Whetherornottheywillcomedependsontheweather.f句子练习：找出下列句子的主语1・Toobeythelawiseveryone'sduty.2・Eatingtoomanysweetsruinsyourteeth・3・Whyhediditwasveryclear.（2016•全国卷口）Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrowisoftenacceptable.（2018•全国卷口）Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludelearningfromtextbooks,andmistakesaswell.考点2・谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词构成。如：Hepracticesrunningevery_morning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.2、复合谓语：复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；（2）由连系动词加表语构成。Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.MrChenismyEnglishteacher.练习：划出下列句子的谓语Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.考点3・表语表语：位于系动词之后，构成系表结构，说明主语的特质，特征，状态等。注：系动词又叫连系动词，本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语。常见的系动词：“状态”类：be“变化”类：get/become/turn/grow/go“感官”类：taste/smell/look/sound/fell“持续”类：stay/keep/remain其他：（似乎）seem/appear（证明是）prove/turnouttobe表语常由形容词（adj.）,名词（n.）,代词（pron.），数词，介词短语，todo不定式，句子构成。Everythinghereisexpensive.—adj.Myfatherisaprofessor.—n.Who'sthat?It'sme.—pron.Threetimesfiveisfifteen.—数词Thestoryofmylifemaybeofhelptoothers.—介词短语Hisplanistoseekworkinthecity.—todoMyfirstideawasthatyoushouldhideyourfeelings.f句子练习：找出下列句子的表语，并说出表语的构成成分。TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.()Ourwellhasgonedry.()Hisfaceturnedred.()4・TheculturalbackgroundofChinaistotallydifferentfromthatoftheUS・()5・Mysuggestionisthatweshouldstartatonce・()考点4・宾语一.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。位置：一般放在动词/动词短语之后；介词之后宾语往往由名词，代词，动名词，数词，todo不定式，句子，介词+名词充当Shecoveredherfacewithherhands.f名词Wehaven'tseenherforalongtime.fpronDoyoumindopeningthewindow?f动名词Givemefourplease.f数词Hewantstodreamanicedream.ftodoWehaveknownwhattheyaredoing.f句子Weshouldcaremoreaboutourfriends.f介词+名词双宾语：(间接宾语+直接宾语)谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy,pass,lend,give,tell,teach,show,bring,send1・She|ordered|herself|anewdress.He|brought|you|adictionary,3・l|showed|him|mypictures.练习：划出下列句子的宾语1..Hesaid"Goodmorning."2.1wanttohaveacupoftea.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.4・l|told|him|thatthebuswaslate.5・He|showed|me|howtorunthemachine.Mr.Smithgavehimalotofvaluableadviceonhowtoimprovehiswriting.TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.I'llofferyouagoodchanceaslongasyoudontloseheart.考点5・补语宾语补足语宾语补足语：英语有些及物动词(vt),接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分来补充说明宾语的意义，状态等。“宾语+宾补”构成复合宾语宾语常常由名词，形容词，介词短语，非谓语动词来充当Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam,—n.Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.—adj.Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.—介词短语Ishouldadviceyoutogetthechance,—todoIsawhimgoingupstairs.—现在分词doingTheyfoundthehousebrokenin.—done练习：划出下列句子的补语。Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.Wemadehimourmonitor.Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.YesterdayIhadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.Keepthechildrenquiet,please.Hepaintedthewallwhite.考点6・定语定语常由名词，名词所有格，数词，形容词，序数词，todo形式，现在分词doing和句子来充当。Theyarewomenworkers.—n.Tom'sfatherdidn'thaveacar.—名词所有格Maryisabeautifulgirl.—adj.Theplayhasthreeacts.—数词ThisisherfirsttriptoEurope,—adj./序/todoChinaisadevelopingcountry.—doingThosewhowanttogotoTibetaretosigntheirnameshere.—从句定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；不定式/分词短语从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。Twoboysneedtwopens・HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.练习：划出下列句子的定语Theboyneedsaballpen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.3・ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.4・TheboyyouwillknowisTom.Thebeautifulgirlisherdaughter.Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.考点7・状语二.状语：表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.f时间状语Thebestfishswimnearthebottom,f地点状语Iarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficjam.f原因状语We'llsendacartofetchyou,f目的状语Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlybone.结果状语Ifhegoes,sowillI.f条件状语Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.f让步状语Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.f伴随状语练习：划出下列句子的状语Hedidhishomeworkcarefully.ShegoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.Feelingtired,hewenttobedwithoutsupper.考点8・同位语同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。能接同位语的名词：fact,idea,news,promise,information,message,belief,doubt,hope,opinion,possibility,thought,wish,truth,question,problem,reply,answer,report,suggestion,advice,order,warning等等。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.（students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Weallarestudents.（all是we的同位语，都指同样的''我们”）练习：划出下列句子的同位语WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.Wehavetwoforeignteachers,aCanadianandanAmerican.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.

练习1・在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.Onethirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.练习2・划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。OuroralEnglishteacherisanAmerican.Theweatherhasturnedcold.练习3・划出下列句子的句法成分。Theyappointedhimmanager.他们任命他当经理。Theypaintedthedoorgreen.他们把门漆成绿色Thissetthemthinking.这使得他们要细想一想。Theyfoundthehousedeserted.他们发现那学生的学练习4・划出下列句中的宾语，并说明有什么充当。Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldman.练习5・指出下列划线部分属于什么状语。Howaboutmeetingagain_atsix?Mr.Smithlives_thethirdfloor.Lastni