流体力学(英文)word版本课件

FluidMechanics

FluidMechanicsPrefaceContentsTeachingContents——

InClassroomExperimentalProjects——

InTeachingLabTotalhours:54Classroomteachinghours:48Practicehours:6PrefaceContentsTeachingConteTeachingContents

(1)PartA

(Totalhours:36)A1Introduction(4hours)A2Fluidstatics(6hours)A3Fluidkinematics(6hours)A4Fluiddynamics(6hours)A5Laminarflow,turbulentflowandenergyloss(8hours)A6Pipeflowandcalculationofpipeline(4hours)A7Similaritytheoryanddimensionalanalysis(2hours)FundamentalTeachingContents(1)PartA(TPartB

(Totalhours:8)B1Streamfunctionsandpotentialfunctions,frictionlessirrotationalflow(4hours)B2Boundarylayertheoryandflowpastbody(4hours)PartC

(Totalhours:4)C1ResaerchprogressinFluidMechancis(1hour)C2Modernflowmeasurementtechnologies(1hour)C3IntroductiontonumericalsimulationofturbulenceflowandcommercialsoftwaresofCFD(2hours)TeachingContents

(2)ExtendedcontentsFundamentalPartB(Totalhours:8)B1StrPartAandPartBarethefoundationofFluidMechanics,PartCistheextendedcontentsandrefertosomepracticalproblems.Thiscoursealsopaysmuchattentiontotheprevalenceofmodernfluidmechanics,forexample,theintroductiontothetheoryofturbulenceboundarylayerandthesketchofcomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD)willhelpyourfurtherapplicationsafteryourgraduation.TeachingContents

(3)PartAandPartBarethefounExperimentalProjects(1)In-class(Required)(Totalhours:6)E1Hydrostatics(1hour)E2VelocitymeasurementwithPitottube(1hour)E3FlowmeasurementwithVenturitube(1hour)E4VerificationofBernoulliequation(1hour)E5Reynoldsexperiment(1hour)E6Measurementoffrictionlosscoefficientforcircularpipeflow(1hour)ExperimentalProjects(1)In-clExperimentalProjects(2)After-class(Totalhours:6-8)E1Liquidviscositymeasurement(1hour)(Optional)E2Demonstratingexperimentaboutflowpatternandstreamline(1hour)(Required)E3Measurementoflocallosscoefficientforcircularpipeflow(1hour)(Required)E4DemonstratingexperimentaboutSiphonprinciple(1hour)(Required)E5Demonstratingexperimentaboutflowaroundairfoilandcylinder(1hour)(Required)E6Demonstratingexperimentaboutvortexformation(1hour)(Required)E7Self-designingexperiments(1hour)(Optional)ExperimentalProjects(2)AfteTextbook

FrankM.White.FluidMechanics.McGrawHillHigherEducation,7thRevisededition,2010.2TextbookFrankM.White.FluidReferencesE.JohnFinnemore,JosephB.Franzini.FluidMechanicswithEngineeringApplications.McGraw-HillHigherEducation,10thRevisededition,2001.10ReferencesE.JohnFinnemore,JReferencesJinXiaohong,LiYuanhui.FluidMechanics(bilingualTeaching).Beijing:ChinaPowerPress,2011.9ReferencesJinXiaohong,LiYu5%attendance10%homework10%requiredexperiments5%optionalexperiments70%finalexamGrades5%attendanceGradesChapter1Introduction

Whenyouthinkaboutit,almosteverythingonthisplaneteitherisafluid

ormoveswithinornearafluid.

——FrankM.WhitePreliminaryRemarksFluidcanbefoundalmosteverywhereontheearth!Chapter1IntroductionOverviewofFluidMechanics

Theconceptof

fluid

Theprimaryphysicalpropertyoffluid

Studyobjectsof

FluidMechanics

Thenatureofthesubjectof

FluidMechanicsTasksof

FluidMechanics

Studyapproachesof

FluidMechanics

Importance(position)ofthecourse

Historyof

FluidMechanicsThefollowingaspectswillbediscussed:OverviewofFluidMechanicsTTheconceptofafluid

Asolidcanresistashearstressbyastaticdeformation.Afluidcannotresistashearstressbyastaticdeformation.Anyshearstressappliedtoafluid,nomatterhowsmall,willresultinmotionofthatfluid.Thefluidmovesanddeformscontinuouslyaslongastheshearisapplied.IntroductionTheconceptofafluidAsolidIsithasafixedvolume？Canitformafreesurface？Isiteasytobecompressed？FluidgasnonoyesliquidyesyesnoFluidity？

FluidSolidyesnoTheprimaryphysicalpropertyoffluidIsithasaCanitformafreeFluidmechanicsisanimportantbranchofmodernmechanics，It’sasciencethatstudiesfluid’sbalance(Fluidstatics),mechanicalmovementlaws(FluidKinematics)

andtheinteractionbetweenfluidandtheboundaries

(FluidDynamics),whichmaybeeithersolidsurfacesorinterfaceswithotherfluids.Itmainlyascertainsthedistributionofspeedandpressure,energylossandtheinteractionforceandthemomentbetweenfluidandboundary.

IntroductionStudyObjectsofFluidMechanics(1)FluidmechanicsisanimportaWaterandairareresearchedmostlyinfluidmechanics.Besidesthese,fluidalsoincludesvaporasworkmediuminturbine,lubeoil,waterwhichmixingwithmudandsand,blood,meltingmetalandthegaswithcomplicatedcomponentscomingfromburning,plasmasunderhightemperaturecondition,etc.StudyObjectsofFluidMechanics(2)Stationaryboundaries：riverbed,pipewall,building,etc；

Movingboundaries：aircraft,ship,runner,etc.TypesofboundaryWaterandairareresearchedMechanicsResearchobject

Thecarrierofmechanicalproblems

FluidMechanicsFluidLiquidWaterMechanicsThreeconservationlawsHydraulicsIntroductionLiquidisthemainresearchobject;Mainlyfocusonengineeringapplications;SuitableforstudentsinHydraulicEng.,

CivilEng.ThenatureofthesubjectofFluidMechanicsConservationofmass,momentumandenergyMechanicsResearchobjectTheFluidmechanicsisnotonlyanage-oldsubject,butalsoanewfashionsubjectwhichcanberesearchedonquitewidelyfields.Therearemanyquestionsaboutfluidmechanicsinthesedepartments,suchasinaviation,spaceflight,navigation,

astronomicalweather,physicalgeography,waterconservancyandhydropower,heatenergyrefrigeration,buildingconstructionandenvironmentalprotection,petroleumandchemicalengineering,transportingairandliquid,

combustionandexplosion,metallurgyandmining,biologyandsea,warindustryandnuclearenergy,machinebuilding,mechanicalengineering,

etc.TasksofFluidMechanicsIntroductionEngineeringfieldsanddisciplinesrelativetoFluidMechanicsFluidmechanicsisnotonlyVortexcreatedbythepassageofanaircraftwing,revealedbycolouredsmokeTurbulenceinthetipvortexfromanairplanewingEngineeringfieldsrelativetoFluidMechanicsVortexcreatedbythepassageaviationspaceflightnavigationRocketlaunchingfountainaviationspaceflightnavigationRAxial-flowfan¢rifugalpumpfanpumpimpellerAxial-flowfan¢rifugalpMulti-stageaxial-flowcompressormodelCompressor

Multi-stageaxial-flowcompresWaterturbineandelectricalgeneratorcut-awayview

Kaplanturbine

runnerandbladehydropowerWaterturbineandelectricalgModelplanetestedinawindtunnel

CarwindtunneltestAirflowpastanaerofoilCoolingfanModelplanetestedinawindtTheThreeGorgesDamphotographedbysatelliteoftheUnitedStatesHydraulicEngineeringwaterconservancyprojectDujiangyancomprehensiveengngTheThreeGorgesDamphotograpTyphoonTornado:Arotatingcolumnofairusuallyaccompaniedbyafunnel-shapeddownwardextensionofacumulonimbuscloudandhavingavortexseveralhundredyardsindiameterwhirlingdestructivelyatspeedsofupto500miles(800km)perhour.TyphoonTyphoon:AtropicalcycloneoccurringinthewesternPacificorIndianoceans.TornadoTyphoonTornado:Arotatingcovortexformedintherearofahigh-speedtrainboilingmudnearaVolcaniccraterTornadovortexformedintherearofaHurricane“Elena”intheGulfofMexico

Weathernephogram(云图):vorticesinatmosphereContourofthehurricane"Sandy"seenfromspaceHurricaneHurricane“Elena”intheGulfWeathernephogram:vorticesinatmosphereAirvortexstreetoverthenorthernseaofJapanWeatherCFD—supercomputerWeathernephogram:AirvortexsDewanddropDewanddropSurfacetensionsoapbubblewater-dropSurfacetensionsoapbubblewatvolleyballfootballtennisswimmingrowingdiscusthrowgolfballracecarracingjavelintabletennisbadmintonMostsportsarerelatedtoFluidMechanicsvolleyballfootballtennisswimmiGolfballwithsmooth&roughsurface,Whichisbetter？QuestionGolfballwithsmooth&rough

GolforiginatedinScotlandinthe15thCentury.Itwasthoughtintheearlydaysthatthegolfballwithsmoothsurfacehadsmallflightresistance,sotheballwasmadeinleather.Itwasfoundafterwardsthatanoldballwithmanyscratchesonitssurfacecouldflyfartherthananewballwithsmoothsurface.ThismysterywasnottobesolveduntiltheboundarylayertheorywasestablishedbyL.Prandtlinthe20thCentury.

Thepresent-daygolfhasalotofpitsonit’ssurface,andtheflightdistanceofaroughsurfaceballis5timesfartherthanasmoothballwhentheyhavethesamesizeandweight.GolforiginatedinScotlandiEarlygolfballPresent-daygolfwakezonewakezoneEarlygolfballPresent-daygoDisciplinesRelativetoFluidMechanicsAcoustics(aerodynamicnoise)AerodynamicsAeroelasticityAeronautics

ComputationalFluidDynamics—CFDFlowfieldmeasurementHemodynamicsHydraulics—thephysicalscienceandtechnologyofthestaticanddynamicbehavioroffluids)HydrologyHydrostatics

＝FluidStaticsHydrodynamics

＝FluidDynamicsElectrohydrodynamicsMagnetohydrodynamicsRheologyQuantumhydrodynamicsDisciplinesRelativetoFluidFluidmechanicshasthreestudyapproaches.

Thefirstoneisatheoreticalapproach.Whichanalyzestheprimaryandlesserfactorofthequestion,abstractstheoreticalmodel(suchascontinuousmedium,idealfluid,incompressiblefluid,etc),usesmathematicaltoolstofindthegeneralansweraboutthefluidmovement.StudyApproachesofFluidMechanics(1)Introductionbasichypotheses

mathematicalmodelanalyticalsolutiongeneralanswermathematicaltools:

calculus,fieldtheoryexactsolutiontheoreticalanalysisFluidmechanicshasthreestudStudyApproachesofFluidMechanics(2)Thesecondisanexperimentalapproach.Whichsummarizesthefluidquestionbyexperimentasasimilarexperimentmodel,observesthephenomenaanddeterminesthedataandconjecturestheexperimentresultsaccordingtoacertainmethod.experimentalstudymodelexperimentsobservation&measurementconverttoprototypesimilaritytheoryexperimentaldatasimilarmodelStudyApproachesofFluidMechMarvellousphenomenaofflowFluidflowpastacylinder

—Cat'seyephenomenon——RenumberFluidflowpastasphericalbody——boundarylayerseparationwakezoneincomingflowMarvellousphenomenaofflowFlStudyApproachesofFluidMechanics(3)Thethirdisacalculatingapproach.Whichdrawsouttheexperimentschemeaccordingtothetheoryanalysisandexperimentobservation,inputsthedatabyprogramandcalculatesthenumericalsolutionwithcomputer.numericalcalculationmathematicalmodelnumericalmodelnumericalsolutiondiscretizedequationsgoverningequationsapproximatesolutionBoundaryconditions&initialconditionscomputerStudyApproachesofFluidMechKarmanvortexstreetduetoairflowspastacylinderCFDVortexsheddingbehindacircularcylinder.Inthisanimation,theflowonthetwosidesofthecylinderareshownindifferentcolors,whichshowsthatthevorticesareformedfromthetwosidesalternately.KarmanvortexstreetduetoaiSimulationofKarmanvortexCFDFluidflowspasta2DbodySimulationofKarmanvortexCFDVelocity&pressuredistributionsintheflowpassageofacentrifugalfanCentrifugalfanCFDVelocity&pressuredistributiNumericalsimulationwithCFDPumpCFDmodelpressurevelocityNumericalsimulationwithCFDPAir-solidcouplingfluidstructureinteraction,FSICFDDisplacementTotaldeformationStressEquivalentstressAir-solidcouplingfluidstruct

Thethreeapproacheshaveadvantagesanddisadvantages.Onlysupplementeachothercantheyadvancethedevelopmentoffluidmechanics.Modernfluidmechanicshasbandthethreeapproachestogetherorganicallyandpromotethedevelopmentoffluidmechanicsquickly.StudyApproachesofFluidMechanics(4)ThethreeapproacheshaveAdvantages

Disadvantages

TheoreticalanalysisExact(analytical)solutioncanbeobtained.Flowmechanismcanbe

revealed.Limitedtobasicassumptions.Analyticalsolutionscanbeobtainedonlyinafewcases.Experimentalstudy

ModelexperimentFlowparameterscanbemeasureddirectly.Empiricalrelationscanbefound.Highcost.Highmeasurementtechniqueisrequired.Uneasytochangetheconditions.Affectedbyscaleeffects.NumericalcalculationCanexpandtherangeoftheoreticalsolution.Lowcost.Easytochangeconditions.It’snotaffectedbyscaleeffects.Limitedtotheoreticalmodelandnumericalmodel.Computationalerrorisexist.AdvantagesDisadvantagesHighEXITImportance(position)ofthecourseMathematics,Mechanics

FundamentalcoursesFluidMechanics

Basicspecialtycourse

SubjectofMechanicalEngng

RelativeprofessionalcoursesIntroductionbridgeEXITImportance(position)oftThefirstcontributiontothecomeintobeingofthesubjectoffluidmechanicswasdidbyArchimedesofancientGreece.Hefoundedtheliquidbalancetheoryincludethephysicalprincipleofbuoyancyandbuoyancystability.Heestablishedthebasisofthehydrostatics.Theformationanddevelopmentoffluidmechanicsisfellintofivephases.HistoryofFluidMechanics(1)Introduction

Questionsofprojectile’smovementinfluidwasputforward.Thefirstperi