《武陵春》中考试题汇编和《雾都孤儿》喜剧结局的必然性

《武陵春》中考试题（一）阅读李清照的《武陵春》，完成下面两个小题。（4分）风住尘香花已尽，日晚倦梳头。物是人非事事休，欲语泪先流。闻说双溪春尚好，也拟泛轻舟，只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。①请说说右边的插图能否体现诗中的"日晚倦梳头"并说明理由。②诗中加点的"只恐"有什么表达作用？①开放题，可说能，也可说否，强调言之有理。示例1：不能，因为插图中的月亮表明是在月夜下，而"日晚"则是日色已晚，显然图中的月亮不当；示例2：不能，因为插图中的主人公已打扮好与"倦梳头"相矛盾。示例3：能，因为插图中的主人公的满面愁容正体现了她沉重的愁苦下"日晚倦梳头"。②与前面的"闻说""也拟"结合起来，以主人公复杂的心理活动体现内心沉重的哀愁。（二）阅读下面诗歌，完成1-2题。（8分武陵春（李清照）风住尘香花已尽，日晚倦梳头。物是人非事事休，欲语泪先流。闻说双溪春尚好，也拟泛轻舟。只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。1.上片中，""，交代的是季节特征，""是通过描绘日常起居生活来表达内心的哀伤。（4分）2．全词是如何表现作者对故人的思念这份"浓愁"的？（4分）答案：（一）1."花已尽""日晚倦梳头"（各2分，共4分）2．作者先用"日晚倦梳头"和"欲语泪先流"两个外在的行为具体地表达了她内心的浓重哀愁；用形象的比喻（"载不动"的愁），抒发愁之重，重得无法承载。（两层意思各2分，共4分）（三）阅读李清照的两首词，完成第9-11题。（4分）如梦令常记溪亭日暮，沉醉不知归路。兴尽晚回舟，误入藕花深处。争渡，争渡，惊起一滩鸥鹭。武陵春风住尘香花已尽，日晚倦梳头。物是人非事事休，欲语泪先流。闻说双溪春尚好，也拟泛轻舟。只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。9.找出《武陵春》中词人化虚为实，描摹愁思的句子。（1分）10.说说《如梦令》“惊起一滩鸥鹭”一句中“惊”字的妙处。（1分）11.这两首词分别是词人南渡前后的作品，它们在情感上有何不同？（2分）9.只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。10.“惊”字既暗写出了船行之快，又生动地写出停栖在小洲上的鸥鹭被吓得惊慌失措的情态。（1分）11.前一首：愉悦、欢快、热爱生活（1分）；后一首：悲伤、愁苦、孤单寂寞（四）武陵春·李清照风住尘香花己尽、日晚倦梳头。物是人非事事休，欲语泪先流。闻说双溪春尚好，也拟泛轻舟，只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。[评析]：写这首词时，词人已53岁了，经历了国家败亡、家乡沦陷、文物丧失、丈夫病死等等不幸遭遇，她的处境异常凄惨，内心极其悲痛，这首词就是当时词人内心的真实写照。本词极言作者内心的沉重哀愁，词中用“闻说”“也拟”“只恐”三个词语，欲抑先扬，将作者微妙复杂的心理婉曲地表尽。用“只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁”这样两句，把不可见的“愁”具体化，形象化，以船都载不动来渲染出忧愁之深重。夸张奇特，语句新异，再现了作者暮春寡居的凄楚心情。1、词人是如何表现自己的愁苦心情的？①在词中，作者通过两个外在的行为：“日晚倦梳头”和“欲语泪先流”来表达了自己内心浓重的哀愁。哀愁如此之重，使她无心梳妆打扮，重到一提便于工作会泪如雨下。②用“只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁”这样两句，把不可见的“愁”具体化，形象化，以船都载不动来渲染出忧愁之深重。夸张奇特，语句新异，再现了作者暮春寡居的凄楚心情。（五）武陵春李清照风住尘香花已尽，日晚倦梳头。物是人非事事休，欲语泪先流。闻说双溪春尚好，也拟泛轻舟。只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。一.上片中诗人通过人物行动来写主人公内心悲凉的句子是和。二．下面两个句子都写了“愁”请简要他们在内容和写法上有什么不同“只恐双溪舴猛舟，载不动许多愁”“问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流”1“日晚倦梳头”，“欲语泪先流”2A句侧重抒发愁之重，无法承载，B侧重抒发愁之多，绵长无尽。ABriefAnalysisoftheCausesoftheHappyEndinginOliverTwist《雾都孤儿》喜剧结局的必然性摘要《雾都孤儿》是英国伟大的批判现实主义作家狄更斯的一部经典小说。在小说中，狄更斯揭露了许多当时的社会问题，如救济院、童工、以及帮派吸收青少年参与犯罪等。小说的主人公奥列佛本是孤儿，在济贫院出生并长大，因不堪忍受济贫院的生活而出逃，后来又入贼窝。经历了许多波折，最终在许多好心人的帮助下，他知道了自己的身世并过上了幸福的生活。这部小说是一个大团圆的喜剧结局。本文通过分析狄更斯的生活经历、写作目的、思想特点等，来解释《雾都孤儿》大团圆结局产生的必然性。狄更斯从小生活困苦，对底层人民充满同情，这使他能够细致地描写出底层人民的生活。而他又有着浪漫主义和理想主义的情结，提倡人道主义，相信好人终有好报，并且对资产阶级还存在一些不切实际的幻想。同时，他是一个内心渴望真爱的孤独的人，因此导致了故事中一系列的巧合以及喜剧结局的产生。但是由于他本人的思想局限，他没能认清资产阶级统治下社会的腐朽本质，于是自己安排喜剧结局，希望倡导人心向善，幻想着人们以他小说中的绅士为榜样，解决严重的社会问题。本文的作者认为，以上一系列的原因导致了《雾都孤儿》喜剧结局产生的必然性，而这一结局对呼吁统治阶级改善贫民生活以及给予贫民精神支持都起到了一定的作用。关键词：喜剧结局；生活经历；写作目的；思想特点；必然性AbstractOliverTwistisafamousnovelwrittenbythegreatcriticalrealisticnovelist,CharlesDickens.Inthenovel,Dickensrevealedlotsofsocialproblems,suchaswork-house,childlabour,andteenagecrimeandsoon.Thehero,Oliver,wasapoorlittleboy.Hewasbornandgrewupinawork-house.Sincehecouldnotstandthelifeofchildlabour,heranaway.Afterwardshewasforcedtogowiththethieves.Havingexperiencedmanydifficulties,hefinallyknewwhowerehisparentsandlivedahappylifewiththehelpofthecharitablepeople.ThisthesisexplainstheinevitabilityofthehappyendingofOliverTwistbythewayofstudyingthelifeexperiences,thewritingaims,andDickens’particularwayofthinking,etc.Dickenssufferedalotwhenhewasveryyoung.Sohesympathizedthelowerclasses.Thismadehimabletodescribethelivesofthelowerclassesintensively.However,hehadromanticandidealthoughtsinhismind.Hebelievedthatthecharitablepeoplewouldhavegoodrecompense,whichwasconsideredasthe“theprincipleofGood”.Andhehadsomebeautifuldreamsabouttheupperclasses.Hewasalonelymanwhowaseagerforthetrueloveinheart.Soitledtothecoincidencesandthehappyendinginthenovel.Butowingtothelinitationinhisthinking,hedidn’tseetherottingessenceofthecapitalisticsocietyandthecapitalistsandwantedtoadvocatepeopletobekindandhelpothersbyhishappy-endingstoryAboveall,allthereasonsmentionedleadtotheinevitabilityofthehappyendingofthenovel.Andthehappyending,tosomeextent,hadmadecontributiontotheappealingoftherulerstoimprovethelivesofthepoorandthesupportofthepoor’sspirit.Keywords:Thehappyending;lifeexperiences;thewritingaims;Dickens’particularwayofthinking;inevitabilityContents1．Introduction……………12．ABriefReviewofOliveTwist………13．TheDirectCauseoftheHappyEnding:TheWritingAims……………………...23.1ToAppealtotheRulerstoImprovetheLivesofthePoor……………..23.2ToGiveHopetothePoorandtheOppressed…………..34．TheIndirectCauseoftheHappyEnding:Dickens’LifeExperiences……………..34.1Dickens’MiserableChildhood………….34.2Dickens’SympathyfortheDown-troddenPeople……...45．TheIdeologicalCauseoftheHappyEnding:Dickens’ParticularWayofThinking………..55.1IdealismPresentedintheNovel………..65.2RomanticismReflectedintheNovel…………………....75.3HumanitarianismExpressedintheNovel……………….85.4Dickens’EagernessfortheTrueLoveinHuman’sHeart……………….95.5TheWell-designedCoincidences…….…106Conclusion…………….10References………………..11Acknowledgements…………………….12TheInevitabilityoftheHappyEndingofOliverTwist1.IntroductionTheauthorofOliverTwist,CharlesDickens(1812-1870),isoneofthegreatestcriticalrealisticwritersinEnglandduringthe19thcentury.HehadinfluencedtheworldliteraturegreatlyafterShakespeare.Dickenscarriedonthegoodtraditionsofrealisticnovelssincethe18thcenturyofEnglandandalsodevelopedit.Atthesametime,Hecreatedhisuniqueskillsandformedhisownstyle.OliverTwistwascreatedintheearlyVictorianperiod.SoitwasoneofDickens’earlynovels.AtthattimeofDickens,capitalisticeconomyinEnglandwasdevelopingfast,andtheconflictbetweentherichandthepoorbecameincreasinglysevere.Thecapitalistswerecrazyaboutprofits.Theywantedtobericherandricherwithinveryshorttime.Sotheworkers’lifewasveryhard.Atthistime,Dickensusedhisnoveltoappealtotherulers.Hewantedtotellthemthatwhentheypursuedprofits,theyshouldtaketheworkers’rightsintoconsideration.Hetriedtopersuadetherulerstobekind-heartedwiththehappyendingofhisnovels,includingOliverTwist.2.ABriefReviewofOliverTwistInthisthesis,thewriterisgoingtoanalyzetheinevitabliityofthehappyendingofOliverTwistfromseveralaspects,includingDickens’lifeexperience,hiswritingandhisthinkingsothatreadersofhiswouldknowhimandhisliteraryworksbetter.OliverTwististhemasterpieceofCharlesDickens,anditisalsooneofthemostfamousEnglishliteraryworkswhichisfamiliartoChinesereaders.Itwasthestoryofayoungorphan,Oliver,andhisattemptstobekindtoeveryoneandkeepgoodcharactersinasocietywheremostofthepeoplerefusedtohelpothers.Hewasborninaworkhouseandwastreatedbadly.ThenheranawaytoLondonwherehefellunderthecontrolofagangofthieves.Theheadofthegang,oldFaginandtheothermemberswantedtotrainOlivertobeathief.ButOliverkepthisownkindheartfromtheverybeginningtilltheend.Thenafteraseriesofbreathtakingexperiences,Oliverandthekind-heartedpeoplewhohadhelpedhimendedupwiththelifeinpeaceandcomfortinasmallvillageinEnglishcountryside.Inthenovel,withhispenetratinginsight,uniquehumor,andfiercesatire,DickensrevealedtheseamyundersideofLondonandexposedthedarksidesofthesocietyatthattime.Meanwhilehedescribedthecriminalworld.Hecreatedalivelypictureoflowerclasses,showinghisgreatsympathyforthepoorfortheirmiseriesandhardlivesunderthecapitalisticsystem,tearingawaythefakemaskonthecapitalists,anduncoveringthesocialevilsanddarkness,astheauthorhadsufferedthesamekindoflifeinhischildhood.Inaword,hedescribedthefightbetweenthegoodandtheevil,thebeautifulandtheugly,thejustandthewicked.Inthenovel,Dickensnotonlyappreciatedthehonestyandkindnessinhumanpersonalities,butalsorevealedthehypocriticalcharityinstitutionsandthedominatingpoliceatthattime.Thenovelhadstrongromanticsentimentalmoodandwasfullofhumanitarianemotion.Atlast,Dickenscreatedahappyendingforthenovel.Manycriticssaidthatthecoincidencesandthehappyendingatlasthavegreatlyreducedthecriticalnessofthisnovel.However,forsomereasons,thecomingoutofthecoincidencesandthehappyendingisneccessaryandinevitable.AlthoughDickenscriticizedthehypocritical,greedy,crudeandcontemptibleuppercapitalists,infacthehadabeautifuldreamoftheharmonysociety.Hewantednotonlytoappealtotherulerstoimprovethelivesofthepoor,butalsotogivehopetotheopressed.Hewasapersonfullofidealandromanticthought,alonelymanwhowaseagerforthetrueloveinhuman’sheart.AndhumanitarianismcouldbeseenbetweenthelinesofOliverTwist.Ontheonehand,Dickensshowedhissympathyforthedown-troddenpeople,especiallythewomen,thechildrenandtheold;however,ontheotherhand,hedidn’tseethedeepessenceoftherottingcapitalisticsociety.SoheplottedsomanycoincidencesandahappyendingforOliver.Itwashisspecialwaytoappreciatethetrue,thegoodandthebeautifulintheworld.3．TheDirectCauseoftheHappyEnding:TheWritingAimsTherearesomedirectcausesforthehappyendingofthisnovel,andtheycamefromhiswritingaims.Oneofthemistoappealtotherulerstoprovidethepoorbetterlives.Andanotheroneistogivehopetothepoortosupportthemontheirhardlives.3.1ToAppealtotheRulerstoImprovetheLivesofthePoorOneoftheaimstowritethisnovelwastoappealtotherulersatthattimetoprovidethepoorbetterlives.SowhenDickensrevealedthecrueltyoftheupperclasses,hedescribedanewlifestyleofthepoorfortherulerstosee.Thatistheoriginofthehappyendingofthenovel.OliverTwistisarealisticnovel.SothefirstaimforDickenstowriteitistorevealtheuglyundersidesofthesocietyatthattime.However,thereisanotheraimatthesametime,thatis,todescribeabetterlifeasasamplefortherulerstofollowsothattheycouldmakethelivesofthepooreasier.Therefore,thehappyendingisinevitableinordertosatisfythisrequest.Anditissaidthatthepublicationofthenovelhadmadethelifeofthepoorinthework-housealittlebetterduringthattime.Inotherwords,thisaimofDickensismoreorlessreached.3.2ToGiveHopetothePoorandtheOppressedAsthelivesofthepoorweresomiserableatthattime,theyneededhopetosupportthemtogoonliving.SotogivehopetothepoorandtheoppressedwasalsooneoftheaimsforDickenstodesignthehappyendingforthisstory.Thenthehappyendingisobviouslyinevitable.Dickenswasapersonwhowasfamiliarwiththelifeofthepoor.Heknewthatthepoorcouldnotlivetheirlivesdaybydaywithoutanyhope.Thehopewasthespiritsupportforthem.Atthattime,thesocietywasfullofdarknessforthepoor.Theyneededapersontotellthemtheirlivesstillhadhope.Dickenswantedtogivethemthiskindofhope.SoafterDickenshadwritenaboutthebadsituationwhichOliverwasalwayslivingin,hedescribedthepeacefulandcomfortableendingofthelittleorphan.HewantedtotellthepoorthataslongastheykepttheirowngoodcharacterslikewhatOliverhaddone,theymightbehelpedbythekind-heartedrichgentlemenandatlastgotthehappylifewhichOliverhadgotintheend.Sotogivehopetothepoorwasoneofthereasonswhythehappyendingisneccesaryandinevitable.4.TheIndirectCauseoftheHappyEnding:Dickens’LifeExperiences4.1Dickens’MiserableChildhoodWhenDickenswasyoung,hehimselflivedaverypoorlife.Heknewhowmiserablelivestheworkershadlivedatthattime.Sowhenhebecameawriter,hechosetodesignahappyendingforhisnovel,OliverTwist,toshowtheideallifeinhismindforthepoorpeople.Therefore,thehappyendingofthenovelisinevitable.DickenswasborninapoorfamilyinPortsmouthinEngland.HisfatherwasaclerkintheNavyPayOffice.Whenhewasabout4yearsold,hisfamilymovedtoChatham,andthefiveyearshespenttherewerehishappiesttimeofhischildhood.Whenhewas10yearsold,hisfatherwasputintoprisonbecauseofthedebt.Andattheageof11,hehadtodolotsofworktosupportthefamily.Thenthenextyear,hewasforcedtogiveupthechancetogotoschoolandwassenttoworkinanundergroundcellaratablackingfactoryintheEastEndofLondonasachildlabour.Theboywastreatedbadlythere,andthatwasthemostunhappytimeofhislifethere.Heknewthosekindsoffeelingsandcouldsharethesolitarychild’spain,forhewasbewilderedinthoseyearswhenhewasworkinghopelesslyintheblackinghouse.Ashehimselfsaidmuchlater,hemighthavebecomealittlerobberoralittlevagabond.Thatperiodoftimewassobitterandgallingtothissensitiveboythatmanyyearslater,whenhewasverysuccessful,hecouldnotlookbackuponitwithouttearsinhiseyes.Duringthisperiod,hehadlearntalotaboutthehardandmiserablelivesoftheworkers,especiallytheunfortunatechildren.Hesympathizedthemandwishedthatthelivesofthemmightbechangedoneday.Allthesethingshadadeepinfluenceonhislaterwriting.Andforthisreason,whenDickensgrewupandbegantowritenovels,hedesignedahappyendingforhisnovel,OliverTwist.Inanotherword,thehappyendingwasapictureofideallifeforthepoorwhichDickensdesignedforthepeoplewhosufferedalotlikeOliverandDickenshimselfinhischildhood.Thatishowtheinevitabilityofthehappyendingisshown.4.2Dickens’SympathyfortheDown-troddenPeopleDickenshadsufferedalotandhadseenmanymiseriesaroundhim.Sohesympathizedthepoorandtheoppressedverydeeply.Anditwasthesympathyinhisheartthatfinallyledtothehappyendingofthenovel.PovertywasaprominentconcerninOliverTwist.Atthebeginningofthenovel,DickenshadwrittenaboutOliver’ssituationinthework-house.Inthefirstseveralchapters,hehaddescribedthelifeinthework-housesarcastically.ThefamousscenewasinChapterII,whereOliverwaspunishedonlybecausehedaredtoaskformorefood,sincehewassohungry.Itwaswrittenasfollows:Theroominwhichtheboyswerefed,wasalargestonehall,withacopperatoneend:

outofwhichthemaster,dressedinanapronforthepurpose,andassistedbyoneortwowomen,ladledthegruelatmealtimes.

Ofthisfestivecompositioneachboyhadoneporringer,andnomore——exceptonoccasionsofgreatpublicrejoicing,whenhehadtwoouncesandaquarterofbreadbesides.Thebowlsneverwantedwashing.

Theboyspolishedthemwiththeirspoonstilltheyshoneagain;andwhentheyhadperformedthisoperation(whichnevertookverylong,thespoonsbeingnearlyaslargeasthebowls),theywouldsitstaringatthecopper,withsucheagereyes,asiftheycouldhavedevouredtheverybricksofwhichitwascomposed;employingthemselves,meanwhile,insuckingtheirfingersmostassiduously,withtheviewofcatchingupanystraysplashesofgruelthatmighthavebeencastthereon.

Boyshavegenerallyexcellentappetites(Dickens,1981:12).Thelivesoftheorphansweresohardthattheywerehungryalldayandallnight.Theysucked“theirfingersmostassiduously”.Alltheywantedwasfood,food,food.Itcouldbeimaginedhowpoorlivesthechildreninthework-househadlived.AndOliverwasbornandgrewupinthiskindofwickedenvironment.“Thisisonlyoneofthemanydetailstoshowtheextremebrutalityandcorruptionoftheoppressorsandtheiragents”(LiuBingshan,1993:343).Thedescriptionofthework-housewasveryvividandlively.Justbecausehissympathyforthepoorwassodeeply,heusedhisnoveltoexpresshisfeelingsanddesignedahappyendingforthenovel.Thelivesofthepoorweresomiserable.SoDickenswantedtodescribeapictuceofhappylifeforthem.Thehappyendingofthenovelincludedhisbestwishesforthepoorandtheoppessed.ThesympathyforthepoorhadtakenrootinDickens’mindsincehewasveryyoung.5．TheIdeologicalCauseoftheHappyEnding:Dickens’ParticularWayofThinkingSinceDickens’lifeexperincesandthewritingaimsofthenovelhavebeendiscussedbefore,nowitisthetimetoanalyzetheideologicalcauseofthehappyending.5.1IdealismPresentedintheNovelDickenswasapersonwhohadidealthoughtinhismind.AlthoughhehaddescribedOliver’smiserablelifeinthework-houseandotherdarksidesofthesociety,hekepthisownidealdreams.Sothehappyendingappearedinevitably.OliverTwistwasoneofDickens’earlynovels.Atthattime,Dickenswasayoungpersonwithnaiveandidealthoughts.Hehopedtheworldwouldbebetterandbetterandbelievedthatloveandkindnesswouldleadpeopletothebrightfuture.Soheexpressedthesethoughtsinhisnovel,OliverTwist.Forexample,Oliver,theinnocentchild,wastrappedinaworldwherehisonlyoptionsseemedtobetheworkhouse,Fagin'sthieves,aprisonoranearlygrave.Fromthisunpromisingworld,however,afairytalealsoemerged.Inthemidstofcorruptionanddegradation,theessentiallypassiveOliverremainedkind-hearted;hesteeredawayfromevilwhenthosearoundhimgaveintoit;and,inproperfairy-talefashion,heeventuallyreceivedhisreward:leavingforapeacefullifeinthecountry,surroundedbykindfriends.Duringhisgrowthprocess,Olivermanagedtoriseabovehisupbringing.Surroundedbyselfish,ignorantandcruelpeopleformostofhischildhood,givennolove,care,ortenderness,hestillmanagedtokeephiskindheart,andneverwentwiththelowmoralsofthosearoundhim.“Heisapuling,tearylittlefellow,neverrebelliousformorethanafewminutes,andseldomevenangry.Heisaperfectlittlegentlemanwhohasmanagedsomehowtocomeintotheworld,andthenovel,withafinishedcodeofmorality.Thewickednessoftheworldneverstainshim.Throughallhiswanderingin‘foulandfrowzydens,whereviceiscloselypacked’—asDickensputsitinhisprefacetothenovel’sthirdedition—OlivermaintainsasublimeloyaltytoEnglishgrammar.Starved,beaten,terrorized,kidnapped,heisneverthelessunwillingtoresorttothefoullanguageorgutterslangitmaybereasonabletosupposehehasheardintheslumsofLondon”(Howe,1981,xii).ThispointcouldbeseeninthepartwhereOlivercameouttostealthingswiththethieves:WhatwasOliver’shorrorandalarmashestoodafewpacesoff,lookingonwithhiseyelidsaswideopenastheywouldpossiblygo,toseetheDodgerplungehishandintotheoldgentleman’spocket,anddrawfromthenceahandkerchief!ToseehimhandthesametoCharleyBates;andfinallytobeholdthem,bothrunningawayroundthecorneratfullspeed(Dickens,1981:67).Oliverhadseenthethievesstealthingsinthestreet,butheneverwantedtolearnfromthem.Hispureheartmadehimseparatedfromthosethieves.Butinfact,childrenwereeasilyinfluencedbythesurroundingenvironment.Oliver’sbehaviorherewasaidealimaginationbyDickenswhichledtothehappyendingatlast.Andanotherexamplewasintheendofthenovel:Beforethreemonthshadpassed,RoseFlemingandHarryMaylieweremarriedinthevillagechurchwhichwashenceforthtobethesceneoftheyoungclergyman’slabours;onthesamedaytheyenteredintopossessionoftheirnewandhappyhome.Mrs.Maylietookupherabodewithhersonanddaughter–in–law,toenjoy,duringthetranquilremainderofherdays,thegreatestfelicitythatageandworthcanknow—thecontemplationofthehappinessofthoseonwhomthewarmestaffectionsandtenderestcaresofawell–spentlife,havebeenunceasinglybestowed(Dickens,1981:415-416).Soonafterthemarriageoftheyoungpeople,theworthydoctorreturnedtoChertsey,where,bereftofthepresenceofhisoldfriends,hewouldhavebeendiscontentedifhistemperamenthadadmittedofsuchafeeling;andwouldhaveturnedquitepeevishifhehadknownhow.Fortwoorthreemonths,hecontentedhimselfwithhintingthathefearedtheairbegantodisagreewithhim;then,findingthattheplacereallynolongerwas,tohim,whatithadbeen,hesettledhisbusinessonhisassistant,tookabachelor’scottageoutsidethevillageofwhichhisyoungfriendwaspastor,andinstantaneouslyrecovered.Herehetooktogardening,planting,fishing,carpentering,andvariousotherpursuitsofasimilarkind:allundertakenwithhischaracteristicimpetuosity.Ineachandallhehassincebecomefamousthroughouttheneighborhood,asamostprofoundauthority(Dickens,1981:416).Accordingtothesepassages,idealisminDickens’thoughtwaseasilyseen.Thelifewithkind-heartedcapitalistswasquiet,peacefulandreallycozy.Butinfact,itwasobviousthattherealitywasnotsoperfect.Thecountrysidelifewasidealized.AlltheinjusticesandprivationssufferedbythepoorinOliverTwistoccurincities—eitherthegreatcityofLondonortheprovincialcitywhereOliverwasborn.WhentheMayliestookOlivertothecountryside,hediscoverda“newexistence.”Dickensassertedthatevenpeoplewhohadspenttheirentirelivesin“closeandnoisyplaces”werelikely,inthelastmomentsoftheirlives,tofindcomfortinhalf--imaginedmemories“ofsky,andhillandplain.”Moreover,countrysceneshadthepotentialto“purifyourthoughts”anderasesomeofthevicesthatdevelopedinthecity.Hence,inthecountry,thepoorpeoplecouldlivealifethatwasfreeofthesqualorthattormentedtheirurbancounterparts.Oliverandhisnewfamilysettledinasmallvillageatthenovel’send,asifahappyendingwouldnotbepossibleinthecity.Dickens’sportraitofrurallifeinOliverTwistismoreapprovingyetfarlessrealisticthanhisportraitofurbanlife.Thisfactdoesnotcontradict,butrathersupports,thegeneralestimationofDickensasagreaturbanwriter.ItispreciselyDickens’sdistancefromthecountrysidethatallowshimtoidealizeit.ItistheidealdreamsofDickensthatleadtothehappyendingofthestory.Thenthehappyendingofthenovelcanbeunderstoodessentially.5.2RomanticismReflectedintheNovelRomanticismisanimportantpartofDickens’thought.AndthispartisoneofthereasonsforwhichOliverTwistgetsahappyending,too.TheromanticisminDickens’thoughtisreflectedinmanyaspects.ThedescriptionofthelovebetweenRoseandHarryMaylieisanexample.Thefollowingpassagesshowitclearly.LookatthewordsthatHarrysaidtoRose:“Imeanbutthis—thatwhenIleftyoulast,Ileftyouwithafirmdeterminationtolevelallfanciedbarriersbetweenyourselfandme;resolvedthatifmyworldcouldnotbeyours,Iwouldmakeyoursmine;thatnoprideofbirthshouldcurlthelipatyou,forIwouldturnfromit.ThisIhavedone.Thosewhohaveshrunkfrommebecauseofthis,haveshrunkfromyou,andprovedyousofarright.Suchpowerandpatronage:suchrelativesofinfluenceandrank:assmileduponmethen,lookcoldlynow;buttherearesmilingfieldsandwavingtreesinEngland’srichestcounty;andbyonevillagechurch—mine,Rose,myown!—therestandsarusticdwellingwhichyoucanmakemeprouderof,thanallthehopesIhaverenounced,measuredathousandfold.Thisismyrankandstationnow,andhereIlayitdown!”(Dickens,1981:406).HarrydecidedtoabondonthepropertyhecouldgetandliveapeacefullifewithRosein“onevillagechurch”.However,inthesocietyatthattime,thepersonlikeHarryhardlyexisted.Harry’sdecisionwasmadebyDickens.Heexpressedhisromanticisminthelovebetweenthetwo.Andthatabsolutelyledtothefinalhappyendingofthetwoyounglovers.AnotherexampleisthatthelifethatOliverlivedtogetherwithMrs.MaylieandRoseMayliewassopeacefulandhappythatitmustbethelifewhichwasimaginedbyDickens.ThefollowingpassagesshowromanticisminDickens’thought:Itwasahappytime.Thedayswerepeacefulandserene;thenightbroughtwiththemneitherfearnorcare;nolanguishinginawretchedprison,orassociatingwithwretchedmen;nothingbutpleasantandhappythoughts.Everymorninghewenttoawhite-headedoldgentleman,wholivednearthelittlechurch:whotaughthimtoreadbetter,andtowrite;andwhospokesokindly,andtooksuchpains,thatOlivercouldnevertryenoughtopleasehim.ThenhewouldwalkwithMrs.MaylieandRose,andhearthemtotalkofbooks;orperhapssitnearthem,insomeshadyplace,andlistenwhilsttheyoungladyread:whichhecouldhavedone,untilitgrewtoodarktoseetheletters.Thenhehadhisownlessonforthenextdaytoprepare;andatthis,hewouldworkhard,inalittleroomwhichlookedintogarden,tilleveningcameslowlyon,whentheladieswouldwalkoutagain,andhewiththem:listeningwithsuchpleasuretoalltheysaid:andsohappyiftheywantedaflowerthathecouldclimbtoreach,orhadforgottenanythinghecouldruntofetch:thathecouldneverbequickenoughaboutit.Whenitbecamequitedark,andtheyreturnedhome,theyoungladywouldsitdowntothepiano,andplaysomepleasantair,orsing,inalowandgentlevoice,someoldsongwhichitpleasedheraunttohear.Therewouldbenocandleslightedatsuchtimesasthese;andOliverwouldsitbyoneofthewindows,listeningtothesweetmusic,inaperfectrapture(Dickens,1981:239-240).Thelifewassocomfortablethatitshouldexistonlyinthefairytales.Thatwasaworldofidealdreamsinwhichallthebestwisheswouldcometrue.Anditwastheromanticthoughtsthatmadetheendingahappyone.Besides,romanticismisalsoreflectedintheendingofthenovel.ThelifeoflittleOliverandMr.Brownlowintheendwasapieceofromanticdescription:Mr.BrownlowadoptedOliverashisson.Removingwithhimandtheoldhousekeepertowithamileoftheparsonage-house,wherehisdearfriendsresided,hegratifiedtheonlyremainingwishofOliver’swarmandearnestheart,andthuslinkedtogetheralittlesociety,whoseconditionapproachedasnearl