大学英语II专项训练课程(统建课)学习通超星课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

大学英语II专项训练课程(统建课)学习通超星课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.[阅读理解]

Youmayhaveheardsomeofthefashionindustryhorrorstories:modelseatingtissuesor

cottonballs

toholdoffhunger,andmodelscollapsingfrom

hunger-inducedheartattacks

justsecondsaftertheystepoffthe

runway.Excessively

skinnymodelshavebeenapointof

controversy

fordecades,andtworesearcherssayamodel’s

bodymass

shouldbeaworkspacehealthandsafetyissue.Inan

editorial

releasedMondayintheAmericanJournalofPublicHealth,KatherineRecordandBrynAustinmadetheircaseforgovernmentregulationofthefashionindustry.Theaverageinternationalrunwaymodelhasa

bodymassindex(BMI)

under16-lowenoughtoindicate

starvation

bythe

WorldHealthOrganization’sstandard.AndRecordandAustinareworriednotjustaboutthemodelsthemselves,butaboutthevastnumberofgirlsandwomentheirimagesinfluence.“Especiallygirlsandtens”,saysRecord.

“Seventypercentofgirlsaged10to18reportthattheydefineperfectbodyimagebasedonwhattheyseeinmagazines.”

That'sespeciallyworrying,shesays,giventhatanorexia（厌食症）resultsinmoredeathsthandoesanyothermentalillness,accordingtothe

NationalInstituteofMentalHealth.It'scommonlyknownthatcertaindiseases

arelinkedwith

occupationslikelungdiseasein

coalminers.Professionalfashionmodelsareparticularlyvulnerabletoeatingdisordersresultingfromoccupationaldemandstomaintainextremethinness.Record’ssuggestionisto

prohibit

agents

from

hiringmodelswithaBMIbelow18.InApril,Francepassedalawsettinglowerlimitsforamodel’sweight.AgentsandfashionhouseswhohiremodelswithBMIunder

18couldpay$82,000infinesandspendupto6monthsinjail.RegulatingthefashionindustryintheUnitedStateswon’tbeeasy,Recordsays.ButwiththenewrulesinFrance,U.S.supportcouldmakeadifference.“Adesignercan'tsurvivewithoutparticipatinginParisFashionWeek”,shesays,adding,“Ourargumentisthatthesamewould

betrueof

NewYorkFashionWeek.”

参考答案:

错对对对错对对

1.[阅读理解]AsArtificialIntelligence(AI)becomesincreasingly

sophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturn

humanvalues

intoa

programmablecode.Russellarguesthatasrobots

takeon

morecomplicatedtasks,it’snecessarytotranslateour

moralsintoAIlanguage.Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn’twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobot

preloadedwith

agoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn’tthinkthat’sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.Itwillbepossibletocreatemore

sophisticated

moralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfrom

drawingpatterns

from

largesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey’veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo（禁忌）.Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthe

microwave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps（嘟嘟声）,andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren’tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetof

ethicalrules.Butifwe

comeupwith

ananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.

参考答案:

错对对对错对对

TheEndoftheBook?

A)

Amazon,byfarthelargestbooksellerinthecountry,reportedonMay19thatitisnowsellingmorebooksinits

electronicKindleformatthanintheoldpaper-and-inkformat.Thatisremarkable,consideringthattheKindlehas

onlybeenaroundforfouryears.E-booksnow

accountfor

14percentofallbooksalesinthecountryandare

increasingfarfasterthanoverallbooksales.E-booksales

were

up146percentoverlastyear,whilehardbacksales

increased6percentandpaperbacksdecreased8percent.

B)

Doesthis

spell

thedoomofthephysicalbook?Certainlynotimmediately,andperhapsnotatall.Whatitdoes

meanisthatthebookbusinesswill

gothrough

atransformationinthenextdecadeorsomoreprofoundthananyit

has

seensinceGutenbergintroducedprintingfrommoveabletypeinthe1450s.C)

Physicalbooks

willsurelybecomemuch

rarer

inthemarketplace.Massmarketpaperbacks,whichhavebeendecliningforyearsanyway,willprobablydisappear,aswillhardbacksformysteries,thrillers,“romancefiction,”etc.Suchbooks,whichonlyrarelyendupinpermanentcollections,eitherprivateorpublic,willprobablyonlybeavailablease-bookswithinafewyears.Hardbackandtradepaperbacksfor“serious”nonfictionandfictionwillsurelylastlonger.Perhapsitwillbecomethemarkofanauthorto

reckon

withthatheorsheisstillpublishedinhardcopy.D)

Asforchildren’sbooks,whoknows?Children’sbooksarelikedogfoodinthatthepurchasersarenottheconsumers,sothemarket(andthemarketing)isinherentlystrange.E)

Forcluestothebook’sfuture,let’slookatsomeexamplesoftechnologicalchangeandseewhathappenedtotheoldtechnology.F)

Onetechnologyreplacesanotheronlybecausethenewtechnologyisbetter,cheaper,orboth.Thegreaterthedifference,thesoonerandmorethoroughlythenewtechnologyreplacestheold.Printingwithmoveabletypeonpaperdramaticallyreducedthecostofproducingabookcomparedwiththeold-fashionedoneshandwrittenonvellum,whichcomesfromsheepskin.A

Bible—tobesure,alongbook—requiredvellummadefrom300sheepskinsandcountlessman-hoursoflabor.Beforeprintingarrived,aBiblecostmorethanamiddle-classhouse.Therewereperhaps50,000booksinallofEuropein1450.By1500therewere10million.G)

Butwhileprintingquicklycausedthehand-writtenbooktodieout,handwriting

lingeredon

wellintothe16thcentury.Veryspecialbooksarestilloccasionallyproducedonvellum,buttheyareone-of-a-kindshowpieces.H)

Sometimesanewtechnologydoesn’tdrivetheoldoneout,butonlypartsofitwhileforcingtherestto

evolve.Themovieswerewidelypredictedtodrivelivetheateroutofthemarketplace,buttheydidn’t,becausetheaterturnedouttohavequalitiesmoviescouldnotreproduce.Equally,TVwassupposedto

replacemoviesbut,again,didnot.I)

Moviesdid,however,fatallyimpactsomepartsoflivetheater.AndwhileTVdidn’tkillmovies,itdidkillsecond-ratepictures,shorts,andcartoons.J)

NordidTVkillradio.Comedyanddramashows(“JackBenny,”“AmosandAndy,”“TheShadow”)all

migrated

to

television.Butbecauseyoucan’tdriveacarandwatchtelevisionatthesametime,rushhourbecameradio’s

prime,whilemusic,talk,andnewsradiogreatlyenlargedtheiraudiences.Radioistodayaverydifferentbusinessthaninthelate1940sandamuchlargerone.K)

Sometimesoldtechnologylingersforcenturiesbecauseofitssymbolicpower.Mountedcavalry

(骑兵)

replacedthechariot

(二轮战车)

onthebattlefieldaround1000BC.ButchariotsmaintainedtheirplaceinparadesandtriumphsrightupuntiltheendoftheRomanEmpire1,500yearslater.Theswordhasn’thadamilitaryfunctionforahundredyears,butisstillpartofanofficer’sfull-dressuniform,preciselybecauseaswordalwayssymbolized“anofficerandagentleman.”L)

Sometimesnewtechnologyisalittlecranky

(不稳定的)

atfirst.Televisionrepairmanwasacommonoccupationinthe1950s,forinstance.Andsotheoldtechnologyremainsasabackup.Steamships

captured

theNorthAtlanticpassengerbusinessfromsailinthe1840sbecauseofitsmuchgreaterspeed.Butsteamshipsdidn’tlosetheirsailsuntilthe1880s,becauseearlymarineengineshadanastyhabitofbreakingdown.Untilshipsbecamelargeenough(andenginessmallenough)tomounttwoenginessidebyside,theyneededtokeepsails.(Thehighcostofsteamandthelesserneedforspeedkeptthemajorityoftheworld’socean

freight

movingbysailuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.)M)

Thenthereisthefireplace.Centralheatingwaspresentineveryupper-andmiddle-classhomebythesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Butfunctioningfireplacesremaintothisdayapowerfulsellingpointinahouseorapartment.Isuspectthereasonisa

deep-rooted

loveofthefire.Firewasoneoftheearliestmajortechnologicaladvancesforhumankind,providingheat,protection,andcookedfood(whichismucheasierto

eatand

digest).Humancontroloffiregoesbackfarenough(overamillionyears)thatevolution

couldhaveproducedageneticleaningtowardsfireasacentralaspectofhumanlife.N)

Books—especiallybookstheaveragepersoncouldafford—haven’tbeenaroundlongenoughtoproduceevolutionarychangeinhumans.Buttheyhaveapowerfulholdonmanypeoplenonetheless,aholdextendingfarbeyondtheirliterarycontent.Attheirbest,theyareworksofartandthereisatactile（触觉的）pleasureinbooksnecessarilylostine-bookversions.Theabilitytoquicklythumbthroughpagesisalsolost.Andaroomwithbooksinitinduces,atleastinsome,afeelingnotdissimilartothatofafireinthefireplaceonacoldwinter’snight.O)

ForthesereasonsIthinkphysicalbookswillhavealongerexistenceasacommercialproductthansomecurrently

predict.Likeswords,bookshavesymbolicpower.Likefireplaces,theyinduceasenseofcomfortandwarmth.And,perhaps,similartosails,theymakeausefulback-upforwhenthelightsgoout.

(

)1.

Authorsstillpublishedinprintedversionswillbeconsideredimportantones.

(

)2.

Somepeoplearestill

infavorof

printedbooksbecauseofthesenseoftouchtheycanprovide.

(

)3.Theradiobusinesshaschangedgreatlyandnowattractsmorelisteners.

(

)4.Contrarytomanypeople’spredictionofitsdeath,thefilmindustrysurvived.

(

)5.Remarkablechangeshavetakenplaceinthebookbusiness.

(

)6.Oldtechnologysometimescontinuestoexistbecauseofitsreliability.

(

)7.Theincreaseofe-booksaleswillforcethebookbusinesstomakechangesnotseenforcenturies.

(

)8.Anewtechnology

isunlikelyto

taketheplaceofanoldonewithoutaclearadvantage.

(

)9.Paperbacksofpopularliterature

aremorelikelyto

bereplacedbye-books.

(

)10.Ahousewithafireplacehasastronger

appeal

tobuyers.

参考答案:

遇到

本题选自《实训》下册unit5news1;unit2news2;unit1news3Directions:

Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoor