英汉语言对比间接和直接课件

PartVI

Directvs.Indirect

PartVI

Directvs.Indirect

1English:IndirectChinese:Direct英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件2

IndirectEnglishIEuphemismII

ImplicitnessIII

PeriphrasisIndirect3

IEuphemism

Euphemizingisgenerallydefinedassubstitutinganinoffensiveorpleasanttermforamoreexplicit,offensiveone,therebyveneeringthetruthbyusingkindwords.IEuphemis4ForExample:InprivateIshouldmerelycallhimaliar.InthePressyoushouldusethewords:"Recklessdisregardfortruth"andinParliament---thatyouregrethe"shouldhavebeensomisinformed".ForExample:5委婉是一种比较间接的方式来谈论不宜直言的人或事物。为了：1）回避或掩盖某些严酷的社会现实；2）为了防止“出口伤人”；3）避免“有失体统”，显得文明礼貌。委婉是一种比较间接的方式来谈论不宜直言的人或6

1.BothEnglishandChinesehaveEuphemismwhichareusedtoexpressboring,awful,disgustanddisgracefulthings.1）“死亡”2）“上厕所”3）“怀孕”4）“身体太胖”5）“老人，年老”

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1）“死亡”passaway;breatheone’slast;gotoone’sMaker;

bewithGod;sleepwithone’sfathersjointhegreatmajority;paythedebtofnaturegotoglory;

gotoabetterworld;sleepthefinalsleep,crosstheGreatDivide,climbthegoldenstaircase.1）“死亡”8逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、百年、与世长辞；古代还有按等级之分的死：帝王之死“崩”或“晏驾”，诸侯之死“篳”；大夫之死“卒”，士之死“不禄”。逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、9

2）“上厕所”gototherestroom,usethebathroom,washone’shands,relieveoneself,answeracallofnature;（男）seeamanaboutahorse,（女）fixone’sface,powderone’snose大便、小便、方便、解手、大解、小解、净手、如厕、去洗手间2）“上厕所”10

3）“怀孕”beexpecting,inafamilyway,(AmericanEnglish)inthefamilyway,(English)inaninterestingcondition有喜、重身子、双身子、产妇、身怀六甲311

4）“身体太胖”stoutontheheavyside发福4）“身体太胖”12

5）“老人，年老”seniorcitizeneldlypeopleadvancedinage年迈年长上了年纪上岁数年事已高5）“老人，年老”132.ComparedwithChinese,Englishhasmoreeuphemismsandtheyareusedmorefrequently

.

英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件14powderroom----ladies’room女厕所unpleasantodour------nastysmell难闻的气味assault------rape强奸soiledlinen------dirtyclothes脏衣服unmentionables/nethergarments/inexpressibles

----trousers裤子powderroom----ladies’room女厕15

InmordernUKorUS,euphemizing,implicitandhumorspeechisregaredasmarkofcivilizationandpoliteness.Inrecenttenyears,theusageofeuphemismissopopularthatnearlydeepintoeverycornerofsociallifeandpublicorprivatebusiness.MostofthemarevivdandinterstingandcanreflectsocialandculturallifeInmordernUKorUS,euphe162.1OfficialEuphemism官方委婉语。2.2OccupationalEuphemism职业委婉语。2.3SchoolEuphemism学校委婉语。2.4Others各种事物委婉语2.1OfficialEuphemism官方委婉语。17

2.1OfficalEuphemismincludesallkindsofofficialese（官方英语）:1)bureaucratese联邦政府官僚英语2)Pentagonese五角大楼英语3)State-Departmentese国务院英语4)Gobbledygook官腔英语5)unbababble地方市政府英语2.1OfficalEuphemism18

1)Bureaucratese联邦政府官僚英语

Euphemismsaresopopularinofficialese,especiallyBureaucrateseamongwhichsomeofthemhavebecometrickstocoverthetruth,deceivethevoterandwinoverthewillofthepeople.1)Bureaucratese联邦政府官僚英语19Forexample:1)经济危机：ecnomiccrisisecnomicadjustment（经济调整）2)失业：unemplymentunderutilization（未充分利用人才）humanresourcesunderdevelopment（人才资源未充分开发）3)贫民区：sluminnercity;centralcity

Forexample:20

4）监狱：prisonhouseofcorrection(改造所，教养院)5）捏造：fabricatelessthantruthful（不大真实）6）窃听：eavesdroponintelligencegathering（收集情报）7）暗杀：assassinationliquidation（清算）4）监狱：prison21poor：

IusedtothinkIwaspoor.ThentheytoldmeIwasn'tpoor,Iwasneedy.Theytoldmeitwasself-defeatingtothinkofmyselfasneedy,Iwasculturallydeprived.Thentheytoldmedeprivedwasabadimage,Iwasunderprivileged.Thentheytoldmeunderprivilegedwasoverused,Iwasdisadvantaged.Istilldon'thaveadime,butIhaveagreatvocabulary!poor：222)Pentagonese五角大楼英语为了掩盖侵略战争本性,国防部官员把它称为internationalarmedconflict(国际武装冲突);对美国空军来说，空袭只是airsupport（空中增援），在原苏联领空侦察飞行仅是overflight（越界飞行）。军方为了尽量缩小暴力破坏程度，把杀死敌人称作neutralizetheadversary（压制对手），把伤亡称为circadianderegulation（生理节奏的反常）2)Pentagonese五角大楼英语23为了掩盖战争中失败的真相，五角大楼的官员会说：撤出exfiltration；战线调整anadjustofthefront=退却retreat；战略撤退strategicwithdrawl=战败defeat；大量使用核武器的用语deterrence（威慑）；firststrikecapability（第一次打击能力），从不提nuclear核子这个词，也不提它可能导致人类的毁灭。英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件24

3)State-Departmentese国务院英语

外交官员常尽量缩小国际紧张局势的严重性，让公众对其真正的动机和国内外问题产生模糊印象。当两位外长举行了一次usefulandbusinesslikemeeting（有益而一本正经的会晤），其实是一次什么问题也没有解决的会晤。当两位总理进行了一次seriousandcandiddiscussion（认真而坦率的讨论），事实上是存在重大分歧。3)State-Departmentese国务院英语25

2.2OccupationalEuphemism职业委婉语。

Peopleoftencreatesomeupliftingwordorimpressivetitleto"beautify"theiroccupationinordertoimprovetheirsocialstatusandsatisfytheirvanity.

2.2OccupationalEuphemism职业26Sanitaryengineer=garbageman垃圾清洁工Meattechnologist=butcher屠户Memberoftheoldestprofession=prostitute妓女Mixologist=bar-tender调酒师Sanitaryengineer27landscapearchitect=gardener园丁beautician\cosmetician\tonsorialartist=barber屠夫householdexecutive\domesticmanager=housewife家庭妇女landscapearchitect28OccupationalEuphemisminChinese:环卫工人，保姆，白衣天使，灵魂工程师，出家人OccupationalEuphemisminChin292.3SchoolEuphemism学校委婉语。为了不磋商学生和家长的自尊心，迟钝呆笨的学生是unflamboyant（不浮夸）；低能儿是subnormal（智力逊常）；exceptional(special)child（情况特殊的孩子）.2.3SchoolEuphemism学校委婉语。30

Teachersarerequestedtousethefollowingeuphemismsinaprimaryschool:ShowsdifficultyindistinguishingbetweenimaginaryandfactualmaterialLies撒谎NeedshelpinlearningtoadheretorulesandstandardsoffairplayCheats作弊Teachersarerequest31NeedshelpinlearningtorespectthepropertyrightsofothersSteals偷窃HasqualitiesofleadershipbutneedshelpinlearningtousethemdemocraticallyIsabully恃强凌弱英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件322.4others各种事物委婉语predrivenclassic=usedcarindustrialaction=strike罢工colorminority=Negro黑人2.4others各种事物委婉语33memorygarden=cemetery墓地facialdew=sweat汗水inthealtogether=naked赤身裸体memorygarden34willowy=slender苗条redirectedflight=hijack劫机Let'sgotoReno=divorce办离婚（美内华达西部城市里诺以办离婚手续简便而著称）willowy35

II

Implicitness含蓄

英美民族富于幽默,表达时常不把要说的话直接说出来,而用某种间接、含蓄的方式来陈述。汉语也有含蓄表达法，但较常用作修辞手段。

IIImplicitness36Allinall,ChinesetendstospeakdirectlybutEnglishusuallyuse:1understatement克制陈述、2litotes间接肯定、3indirectnegation委婉否定4tactfulimplication婉转暗示的表达方式。Allinall,Chinesetendstos37

1understatement克制陈述

AnEnglishmanwillsay”Ihavealittlehouseinthecountry”;whenheinvitesyoutostaywithhimyouwilldiscoverthatthelittlehouseisaplacewiththreehundredbedrooms.Ifyouareaworldtennis-champion,say”Yes,Idon’tplaytoobadly”,IfyouhavecrossedtheAtlanticaloneinasmallboat,say”Idoalittlesailing”.

1understatement克制陈述38克制陈述：以含蓄的语气故意把大事化小makebigthingsseemtrifle,用轻描淡写的言辞来加深对方的印象.这种保守又谨慎的表达方式在英国中上层的口语里尤为流行。如：ThispieceofworkisdisgracefulThispieceofworkisnothingtobeproudof.克制陈述：以含蓄的语气故意把大事化小makebigthi391)Hehadfivesandwichesandaquartofmilkforhissnack他吃了五个三明治，喝了一夸脱牛奶，作为他的小吃2)Hehadamansioninthecountryandanotherlittleplaceintown.他在乡下有一座大厦，在城里还有个小地方。英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件40

Englishwouldratherusedown-toner（低调词）like"rather,quite,allright,somewhat"thanthewords"very,best,worst"1)She'srather(very)good-looking2)Hehaswrittenquiteanumberof(alotof)books3)He'sbeenabit(quite)poorlysincethewinter.ButIdidn'texpecthimtogolikethis入冬他就一直不大舒服，但没料到他就这样丢下这个世界去了。.Englishwouldratheru412Litotes间接肯定2.1Touseanegativetoemphasizethecontrarynotbad------>gooditwasn'teasy------>itwasverydifficultnorareoccurrence------>afrequentoccurrencenosmall------>great

2Litotes间接肯定42汉语也有这类反语，如:“未尝不可”，“难免错误”，“不虚此行”，“不无遗憾”，“没有白干”等，但较多采用直接肯定。汉语也有这类反语，如:43

1)我发现房子着了火，这使我大吃一惊。Tomynosmallastonishment,Ifoundthehouseonfire2)继续公开讨论这一问题是大有用处的。Itservesnolittlepurposetocontinuepublicdiscussionofthisissue.3)这多灾多难的世界没有任何太平的乐土。Thereisnountroubledplaceinthistroubledworld.1)我发现房子着了火，这使我大吃一惊。442.2Touseothernegativemethod1)他非常喜欢那姑娘Hedidn’thalflikethatgirl.(=helikedherverymuch)2)我觉得身体好极了Icouldn’tfeelbetter(=I’mfeelingfirst-rate)英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件453)他很想尽快和你见面Ican’tseeyouquicklyenough(=Hedesirestoseeyouassoonaspossible)4)在一个陌生的地方，越小心越好Onecouldnotbetoocarefulinanewneighborhood.5)这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分Theimportanceofthisconferencecannotbeoverestimated英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件466)我太赞成你的看法了。想做生意，就得有铁石心肠。

Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.Someone’sgottobetoughifyouwanttostayinbusiness.7)再聪明的人也会做错事、智者千虑，必有一失Itisawisemanthatnevermakesmistakes.(=Thewisestmansometimesmakemistakes)6)我太赞成你的看法了。想做生意，就得有铁石心肠。472.3TouseIndirectNegation

把直接的否定变得含蓄、婉转，使口气显得温和而不武断，谦逊而留有余地。英语表示委婉否定的方法很多.2.3TouseIndirectNegation482.3.1用肯定的形式表达否定的意义。常见于:impliedsubjunctive含蓄虚拟句disjunctivequestions反意问句ellipsis省略句swear-words诅咒语ironicalidioms讽刺语2.3.1用肯定的形式表达否定的意义。常见于:491)Youcouldhavecomeatabettertime肯定式：你本来可以在更合适的时候来。否定义：你来得不是时候2)Asifanyonewouldbelievethatstory肯定式：好象竟有人会相信那些话似的否定义：别人才不信那一套哩英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件503)Areyoutellingme?Iknowallaboutit肯定式：你是在跟我说吗？我全知道了否定义：不用你告诉我了（还要你说呢），我全知道了。4)Iknowbetter肯定式：我更加懂得否定义：我人为并非如此。3)Areyoutellingme?Iknowa515)Tellyouroldstorytosomeonewhobelieveit肯定式：把你这套老话讲给相信它的人去听吧否定义：我才不信你这套老话呢6)Letmecatchyouatitagain肯定式：（要是）让我再撞见你干这种事，（你可要吃苦头了）否定义：别再干这种事了英汉语言对比间接和直接ppt课件527)I’llseeyoudeadbeforeIacceptyourterms.肯定式：在我接受你的条件前，我要先看你死去否定义：见鬼去吧，我才不接受你的条件呢7)I’llseeyoudeadbeforeIa532.4TouseTactfulImplication

婉转暗示

用含而不漏的言辞留下弦外之音，有些说法则跳过逻辑层次，让对方去寻味。Itcanbeworse婉转：还可能会更糟明言：还可以/还过得去/还算不怎么坏/凑合凑合吧2.4TouseTactfulImplication54Youarelateforthelasttime婉转：这是你最后一次迟到了明言：你被解雇了Shehasmuchmorethanjustaprettyface婉转：她远远不止有一张漂亮的脸明言：她不仅长得漂亮，还真有两下子呢（还真有本事呢）Youarelateforthelasttime55Wouldyouminddoingit婉转：你反对办这件事吗明言：请你办这件事，好吗ANegrocouldasknomore婉转：一个黑人不能要求更多的了明言：一个黑人，还能要求什么呢？Hisaccentcouldn’tfoolanativespeaker.婉转：他的口音不能愚弄本地人明言：本地人一听他的口音,便知道他是外乡人.Wouldyouminddoingit56

III

Periphrasis迂回isroundaboutexpressioninspeakingorwriting,i.e.theuseoflongormanywords,phrases,orunclearexpressionswhenshortsimpleonesareallthatisneeded.迂回是一种拐弯抹角的说法，是用较多、较长或不清的词语来表达原来简短的词语就能说清的意思。IIIPeriphrasis迂571)请您告诉我是否应该接受这项邀请迂回:WillyoupleasegoodenoughtoadvisemewhetherIshouldaccepttheinvitation?平易:PleasetellmewhetherIshouldaccepttheinvitation2)我已经尽力去打听你想要知道的消息。迂回Ihaveendeavoredtoobtaintherequiredinformation平易:Ihavetriedtofindoutwhatyouwantedtoknow1)请您告诉我是否应该接受这项邀请58

3)你读一读这些文件就会明白的。

迂回Itwillbeobservedfromaperusalofthesedocuments.平易:Youwillseebyreadingthesedocuments4)费用大概是一千万美元左右。迂回Thecostmaybeupwardsofafigureratherbelow$10million平易:Thecostmaybenearly$10million3)你读一读这些文件就会明白的。595)伦敦没有可靠的消息。迂回InLondonthereresignsacompleteabsenceofreallyreliablenews平易:ThereisnoreliablenewsinLondon6)请你们讲话小声一点好吗迂回I’mterriblysorrytointerruptyou,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.平易:Wouldyoupleaseloweryourvoicesalittle?5)伦敦没有可靠的消息。60

EnglishusuallyuseEuphemism,ImplicitnessandPeriphrasistoexpress.Chinesealsohavesimilarexpre