科技英语的文体特点课件

StylisticFeaturesoftheEnglishofScienceandTechnologyStylisticFeaturesoftheEngl1ESTTheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST).ESTTheEnglishofscienceand2ComparethefollowingtwopassagesaboutmanWhatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties!Informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!Inaction,howlikeanangel!Inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagonofanimals!Manismetazoan,triploblastic,vertebratepentadactyl,mammalian,eutherian,primate...Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.Comparethefollowingtwopass3DifferenceinstyleGraphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).DifferenceinstyleGraphologic4DifferenceinstyleLexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchasnoble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutherian,primate,etc.DifferenceinstyleLexically,5DifferenceinstyleSyntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentencesaswellastwoshortsentencefragmentsinordertoexpressfeelings;whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentenceswiththepurposeofgivinginformation.DifferenceinstyleSyntactical6DifferenceinstyleSemantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Hencetheinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.DifferenceinstyleSemanticall71.RequirementsofEST1.Objectivity(客观性)

2.Clarity(明确性)3.Accuracy(准确性)

4.Formality(正式)1.RequirementsofEST1.Obje82.GraphologicalFeatures1.Generallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.2.GraphologicalFeatures1.Gen92.GraphologicalFeatures2.Asfaraspunctuationisconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop,thecomma,andtheparentheses.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.2.GraphologicalFeatures2.As102.GraphologicalFeaturesAsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parentheses(圆括号）areusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.2.GraphologicalFeaturesAsthe113.LexicalFeaturesESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:a)commonwordswithspecificmeaning;b)highlytechnicalwords(纯技术词）;c)semi-technicalwords;（半技术词）d)nouncompounds;e)nominalization；f)newlycoinedwords.（新词）3.LexicalFeaturesESTvocabula123.LexicalFeaturescommonwordswithspecificmeaningEg:(a)Thereflectedlightwastakeninbythetransducer.

(b)Thereflectedlightwasabsorbedbythetransducer.

3.LexicalFeaturescommonwords133.LexicalFeaturesHighlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.eg.stratosphere

(同温层),seismology(地震学)

polysomic(多倍体的),leukocyte

(白细胞),

sequoia(红杉)…Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.3.LexicalFeaturesHighlytechn143.LexicalFeaturesSemi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchascatfamily,forcearm,solidmatter,horsepower,salinesolution,etc.3.LexicalFeaturesSemi-technic153.LexicalFeaturesnouncompounds:n+n,adj+n,prep+nPropernouns(专有名词）：ampere安培;volt

伏特，Dopplereffect多普勒效应Abbreviations：CAD----computer-aideddesign计算机辅助设计

CPU----centralprocessingunit

(计算机)中央处理器

PVC----polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯Acronyms：AIDS----AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrom艾滋病(获得性免疫缺损综合症)COMSAT----communication+satellite通讯卫星

Blends:smog=smoke+fog烟雾

ecosys=ecology+system生态系统

modem=modulator+demodulator调制解调器

transistor=transfer+resistor晶体管

3.LexicalFeaturesnouncompoun163.LexicalFeaturesNominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.e.g..3.LexicalFeaturesNominalizati173.LexicalFeatures

eg.Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;theresultwasthatherecoveredveryspeedily.

cf.Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.

(医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。)3.LexicalFeatures

eg.Thedoc18TranslationArchimedsfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.Thedependenceoftherateofevaporationofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.TranslationArchimedsfirstdis19Archimedsfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。句中ofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement这一事实。Archimedsfirstdiscoveredthe20Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。

名词化结构therotationoftheearthonitsownaxis使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。

Therotationoftheearthoni21

电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.名词化结构thetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。

电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。22Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.Therateofevaporationofaliquidenormouslydependsontemperature.液体的蒸发率/蒸发速度极大的取决于气温。Thedependence(todepend)of23Fromthetranslations,itisnothardtofindthatnounandnounphrasearewidelyusedinEnglishsothatthestatementarestative（静态的），whileverbisusedinChinesetomakethestatementdynamic.Fromthetranslations,itisn244.Syntactic/grammatical

Features1.Asfarassentencetypeisconcerned,therearemoredeclarativesentences,sincetheprimarypurposeofESTistosupplyinformation,andtoachieveclarity,concisenessandaccuracy.2.Asfarassentencelengthisconcerned,therearemorelongsentences.4.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatur25What’sthefeaturesofthesesentenceAdirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysalongthesamedirection.Radiatingfromtheearth,heatcausesaircurrentstorise.Abodycanmoveuniformlyandinastraightline,therebeingnocausetochangethatmotion.Vibratingobjectsproducesoundwaves,eachvibrationproducingonesoundwave.What’sthefeaturesoftheses264.Syntactic/grammatical

FeaturesSentencesofmorethan30wordsarebynomeansrareinESTwritings,andtheyoftencontainseveralclausesandnon-finiteverbphrasesaspre-andpost-modifiersandtheseclausesandphrasesareusuallyinterwovenwitheachother,thusformingverylongsentences.4.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatur274.Syntactic/grammatical

Features3.Anothertypicalsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentuseof“it”introducedsentenceswhichaddasenseofimpersonalityandformality.Forexample:cf.(a)Somescientistssuggestedthatthis“activenitrogen”(活性氮)consistedofthegasinitsatomicstate.

(b)Itwassuggestedbysomescientiststhatthis“activenitrogen”consistedofthegasinitsatomicstate.4.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatur28what’sthedifferencebetweentheChinesesentencesandtheEnglishsentencesItwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatheatwasconsideredasaformofenergy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。Thissteelalloyisbelievedtobethebestavailablehere.人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。Theswitchingtimeofthenew-typetransistorisshortenedthreetimes.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。Computersmaybeclassifiedasanaloganddigital.计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。what’sthedifferencebetween294.Syntactic/grammatical

Features4.ThemostconspicuousgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofpassivevoice.Aboutone-thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice.Thisindicatesthatscientistsandengineersusethepassivevoicemuchmorefrequentlythanmostotherwriters.WhyispassivevoicefrequentlyusedinEST?4.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatur30WhyispassivevoicefrequentlyusedinEST?

Thereasonsare:a)Scientistsaremoreinterestedintheactionorfactsratherthanthedoers;b)Passivesentencesareusuallyshorterandmoreconcisethanactiveones;c)Passivesentencesappearmoreobjectiveintone.Whyispassivevoicefrequentl31Howtotranslate?1.使用“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。Otherquestionswillbediscussedbriefly.

其他问题将简单地加以讨论。2.将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。Itisassertedthat…有人主张……

Itisbelievedthat…有人认为……

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家(一般人)认为

Itiswellknownthat…大家知道(众所周知)……

Itwillbesaid…有人会说……

Itwastoldthat…有人曾经说……

Howtotranslate?1.使用“加以”,“经32Howtotranslate?3.翻译成汉语的无主句。Itishopedthat…希望……

Itisreportedthat…据报道……

Itissaidthat…据说……

Itissupposedthat…据推测……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat…可以毫不夸张地说……

Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认……

Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可见……Howtotranslate?3.翻译成汉语的无主句。33Howtotranslate?4.译成汉语的被动语态。常用“被”,“给”,“遭”,“挨”,“为……所”,“使”,Earlyfiresontheearthwerecertainlycausedbynature,notbyMan.

地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的.Howtotranslate?4.译成汉语的被动语态。34TranslationPracticeInotherwordsmineralsubstanceswhicharefoundonearthmustbeextractedbydigging,boringholes,artificialexplosions,orsimilaroperationswhichmakethemavailabletous.Nuclearpower'sdangertohealth,safety,andevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation.

TranslationPracticeInotherw35TranslationPracticeItisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperiencesofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydeterminehischaracterandlaterpersonality.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabitofthesmoking.TranslationPracticeItisgene36TranslationPracticeWhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforceTranslationPracticeWhetherth374.Syntactic/grammatical

Features5.AnothertypicalgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofsimplepresenttense.Sincethesimplepresenttenseisoftenusedtoshowageneraltruth,ortoindicateastate,orregularactionsorprocess,itismostcommonlyusedinESTwritings4.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatur384.Syntactic/grammatical

Features6.Apartfromthesimplepresenttense,thesimplepast,thesimplefuture,thepresentperfectandthepresentcontinuousarealsousedinESTwritings,