月机经北外雅思阅读

ThepsychologyNumeracy:animalsAnimalmindsLeaf-CuttingAntsandRightWhalesAWonder TidalPower!inBritainBiologyofBitternessWeholdanopinionon CanWeHoldBackthe GiantsFallin DoesAnIQTestProve Canada BeingLeft-handedinaRight-handed Seed California’sageof Grey Silent CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBall 324 Activatingthe IETS 1主编 管永川主 学专家，计算机及语言测试学，澳洲IDP教育机构（雅思三大考试主办方之一）地区指定合作方。曾在、加拿大地区从事雅思、托福、SAT等留学考试的中流合作，长期和雅思、托福领域顶级学校及著名教师进行合作交流、、雅思等雅思机构和培训机构、为数百万雅思考生排忧解难，指引雅思考试的方向。自2003年开始，每年连续推出《无忧雅思机经》《无忧托福机经》各种版本，销量及量累计超过500万册次以上。毕业于外国语大学，随后赴澳洲取得MBA，语言学源流，深入钻研各种考试，参与雅思、托福等考试的测试。回国后在众家国内顶级学校任教，从事雅思、托福、SAT等考试的研发和教学工作。从事教育工作长达十年之久，2011年创造雅思阅读、11种考点串联，开拓阅读领域教学新篇章。2012年任职外国语大学雅思学院，开办8小时雅思全日制A+A保分课程，学员保分成功率达到98%，缔造业绩又一个。2013年联合业界顶级雅思研发团队（无忧雅思网）一同推A类阅读：三个部分分别为三篇长文章，每篇长度在900－1000个单词左G类阅读：第一部分通常有两篇较短的文章，阅读的是提供某种产品或服务AG40A类和G类阅读考试时间均为60分钟，紧接在雅思考试之后。阅读考雅思考试按题型形式分为10种题型，但针考生的惯特点，培训机构一般在雅思教学培训中按解题思路的不同分为下面10种题型分别进行9(AG类10—415—413—18—16—520—520—23—23—625—626—28—28—730—731—33—33—835—836—38—39—99A类文章内容主要由选自世界各大重要（相关如 ）的文章改写而成。内容涉及G类文章内容与日常生活关。文章来自于布告、、文件、小册子、报纸、说明书、时间表、，以及学校的各种规章制度等。 ◦（Glossary雅思A类阅读最大特点是阅读量大。三篇文章，最常见的文章长度为900在10分钟内快速的浏览完一篇文章，把握文章结构大意，留出的时间做题readingwithpurpose的能力，山的课后阅读材料是大有裨益的。而且，我们“有幸”信息时代，每个人都不缺乏信息，相反都是informationoverloaded。那么雅思阅读其实培养了我们所以，A类阅读考试的考核重点是：阅读文章时能正确理解文章，把握文章雅思G类考到的题目涉及考生在英语国家必备的生存技能，即是否具备获取、理解并处理基本信息的能力。就考核技能而言，雅思G类阅读主要涉及抓六级水平的考生，其单词量（5500左右）和语法程度达到雅思阅读的基本要求，再通过对雅思阅读特点和方法的掌握，可望在短期内达到6分以上的水雅思的语法掌握侧重对句子的理解，应学会从句子的主干成分主谓结构入手，对并列句、比较句、指代句、复合句和双重否定句有充分的把握，注意人称、语态在句子中的变化，并结合句子上下文，正确地掌握其要表达的意思。要逐渐培养将一个长句子读成一个相对短的句子，即长句短读的能力。读完一个长句后自己能总结归纳，提炼其陈述的要点。种雅思阅读材料有的是过去读过OE E和T的各类文，有的是因为工作需要每上网快阅读英参考文献⋯以，积累扩大自己的英语阅读量迈向高的必由。G类考试阅读前两部分常是实性强的功能性短，如菜、产品明、通、住宿排等，常贴近方的实际生活，但对国内绝大多数考生而言很陌生。建议争取每天阅读一定量的原版英文报书籍，如e、ae’sDest，尤注意其中各类。而A类阅读则意多阅篇幅较的科普章或学性议，建每天坚半小时以上浏览 、 ai 、 m等。它们的文风、常用词汇和句子结构都和雅思A雅思考试的阅读部分，无论是A类还是G类都是同时测试考生的阅读速度过，至少阅读到3－5个单词把握长文章结构（Understandingframeworkofapassage）快速浏览长文章（Skimming）扫描特定信息（Scanning）理解复杂句子结构（Understandingcomplexstructures）通过上下文猜测词义（Understandingmeaningfromcontext）形成概念（Formingamentalimage）雅思阅读题库分 欧洲和渔语言的发展和古代一些人类文明及产品与模画与讲乡村小型交

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市家妇女文化水平健业余自然月日 科 月日 月日 月19 雅思雅思4月24月9科4 水 6116 月日 史月23和的8月68 月日移 月17塔101510221029111211 亚洲去欧月日10况1217FindingOur“Drive200yards,andthenturnright,”saysthecar’scomputervoice.Yourelaxinthedriver’sseat,followthedirectionsandreachyourdestinationwithouterror.It’scertainlynicetohavetheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)todirectyoutowithinafewyardsofyourgoal.Yetifthesaliteservice’sdigitalmaps eevenslightlyoutdated,youcan elost.Thenyouhavetorelyontheancienthumanskillofnavigatinginthree-dimensionalspace.Luckily,yourbiologicalfinderhasanimportantadvantageoverGPS:itdoesnotgoawryifonlyonepartoftheguidancesystemgoeswrong,becauseitworksinvariousways.Youcanaskquestionsofpeopleonthesidewalk.Orfollowastreetthatlooksfamiliar.Orrelyonanavigationalrubric:“IfIkeeptheEastRiveronmyleft,Iwilleventuallycross34thStreet.”Thehumanpositioningsystemisflexibleandcapableoflearning.AnyonewhoknowsthewayfrompointAtopointB~andfromAtoC—canprobablyfigureouthowtogetfromBtoC,too.Buthowdoesthiscomplexcognitivesystemreallywork?Researchersarelookingatseveralstrategiespeopleusetoorientthemselvesinspace:guidance,pathintegrationandroutefollowing.Wemayuseallthreeorcombinationsthereof.Andasexpertslearnmoreaboutthesenavigationalskills,theyaremakingthecasethatourabilitiesmayunderlieourpowersofmemoryandlogicalthinking.GrandCentral,PleaseImaginethatyouhavearrivedinaceyouhavenevervisited—NewYorkCity.YougetoffthetrainatGrandCentralTerminalinmidtownManhattan.Youhaveafewtoexplorebeforeyoumustreturnforyourridehome.Youheaduptowntoseepopularspotsyouhavebeentoldabout:RockefellerCenter,CentralPark,theMetropolitanMuseumofArt.Youmeanderinandoutofshopsalongtheway.Suddenly,itistimetogetbacktothestation.Buthow?Ifyouaskpassersbyforhelp,mostlikelyyouwillreceiveinformationinmanydifferentforms.A whoorientsherselfbyaprominentlandmarkwouldgesturesouthward:“Lookdownthere.Seethetall,broadMetLifeBuilding?Headforthat—thestationisrightbelowit.”Neurologistscallthisapproach“guidance,”meaningthatalandmarkvisiblefromadistanceservesasthemarkerforone’sdestination.Anothercitydwellermightsay:“Whatcesdoyourememberpassing?...Okay.GotowardtheendofCentralPark,thenwalkdowntoSt.Patrick’sCathedral.Afewmoreblocks,andGrandCentralwillbeofftoyourleft.”Inthiscase,youarepointedtowardthemostrecentceyourecall,andyouaimforit.Oncethereyouheadforthenextnotableceandsoon,retracingyourpath.Yourbrainisaddingtogethertheindividuallegsofyourtrekintoacumulativeprogressreport.Researcherscallthisstrategy“pathintegration.”Manyanimalsrelyprimarilyonpathintegrationtogetaround,includinginsects,spiders,crabsandrodents.ThedesertantsofthegenusCataglyphis(沙蚁）employthismethodtoreturnfromforagingasfaras100yardsaway.Theynotethegeneraldirectiontheycamefromandretracetheirsteps,thepolarizationofsunlighttoorientthemselvesevenunderovercastskies.Ontheirwaybacktheyarefaithfultothisinnerhomingvector.Evenwhenascientistpicksupanantandputsitinatotallydifferentspot,theinsectstubbornlyproceedsintheoriginallydetermineddirectionuntilithasgone“back”allofthedistanceitwanderedfromitsnest.Onlythendoestheantrealizeithasnotsucceeded,anditbeginstowalkinsuccessivelylargerloopstofinditswayhome.Whetheritistryingtogetbacktotheanthillorthetrainstation,anyanimalusingpathintegrationmustkeeptrackofitsownmovementssoitknows,whilereturning,whichsegmentsithasalreadycompleted.Asyoumove,yourbraingathersdatafromyourenvironment—sights,sounds,smells,lighting,musclecontractions,asenseoftimepassing—todeterminewhichwaybodyhasgone.Thechurchspire,thesizzlingsausagesonthatvendor’sgrill,theopencourtyard,andthetrainstation-allrepresentsnapshotsofmemorablejuncturesduringyourjourney.Inadditiontoguidanceandpathintegration,weuseathirdmethodforfindingourway.AnofficeworkeryouapproachforhelponaManhattanstreetcornermightsay:“WalkstraightdownFifth,turnlefton47th,turnrightonPark,gothroughthewalkwayundertheHeleyBuilding,thencrossthestreettotheMetLifeBuildingintoGrandCentral.”Thisstrategy,calledrouteuseslandmarkssuchasbuildingsandstreetnames,plusdirections-straight,turn,gothrough—forreachingintermediatepoints.Routefollowingismoreprecisethanguidanceorpathintegration,butifyouforgetthedetailstakeawrongturn,theonlywaytorecoveristobacktrackuntilyoureachafamiliarspot,becauseyoudonotknowthegeneraldirectionorhaveareferencelandmarkforyourgoal.Theroute-followingnavigationstrategytrulychallengesthebrain.Wehavetokeepallthelandmarksandintermediatedirectionsinourhead.Itisthemostdetailedandthereforemostreliablemethod,butitcanbeundonebyroutinememorylapses.Withpathintegration,ourcognitivememoryislessburdened;ithastodealwithonlyafewgeneralinstructionsandthehomingvector.Pathintegrationworksbecauseitreliesmostfundamentallyonourknowledgeofourbody’sgeneraldirectionofmovement,andwealwayshaveaccesstotheseinputs.Nevertheless,peopleoftenchoosetogiveroute-followingdirections,inpartbecausesaying“Gostraightthatway!”justdoesnotworkinourcomplex,man-madesurroundings. orMetaphor?OnyournextvisittoManhattanyouwillrelyonyourmemorytogetaround.Mostlikelyyouwilluseguidance,pathintegrationandroutefollowinginvariouscombinations.Buthowexactlydotheseconstructsdeliverconcretedirections?Dowehumanshave,asanimageoftherealworld,akindofinourheads—withsymbolsforcities,trainstationsandchurches;thicklinesforhighways;narrowlinesforlocalstreets?Neurobiologistsandcognitivepsychologistsdocalltheportionofourmemorythatcontrolsnavigationa“cognitivemap.”Themapmetaphorisobviouslyseductive:mapsaretheeasiestwaytopresentgeographicinformationforconvenientvisualinspection.Inmanycultures,mapsweredevelopedbeforewriting,andtodaytheyareusedinalmosteverysociety.Itisevenpossiblethatmapsderivefromauniversalwayinwhichourspatial-memorynetworksare Yetthenotionofali lmapinourheadsmaybemisleading;agrowingbodyofresearchimpliesthatthecognitivemapismostlyametaphor.Itmaybelikeahierarchicalstructureofrelationships.TogetbacktoGrandCentral,youfirstenvision(想象）thelargescale—thatis,youvisualizethegeneraldirectionofthestation.Withinthatsystemyouthenimaginetheroutetothelastceyouremember.Afterthat,youobserveyournearbysurroundingstopickoutarecognizablestorefrontorstreetcornerthatwillsendyoutowardthatce.Inthishierarchical,ornested,scheme,positionsanddistancesarerelative,incontrastwitha,wherethesameinformationisshowninageometricallyprecisescale.20132013年提供新版考 重点补丁#都知道 ，查一查.......(正版淘宝店 Questions14-18Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchthecategoryofeachnavigationmethod(listedA-C)withcorrectstatement.WritetheappropriaettersA-Cinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet,NByoumayuseanylettermorethanABPathCRouteUsingbasicdirectionfromstartingpointandlightintensitytomoveUsingcombinationofceanddirectionheadingforUsinganiconicbuildingnearyourdestinationasUsingaretracemethodfromaknownceifamistakeUsingapassedspotasreferenceforanew Questions19-21Choosethecorrectletter,A，B，CorWriteyouranswersinboxes19-21onyouranswerWhatdosetheantofCataglyphisrespondifithasbeentakentoanotherlocationaccordingtothepassage?ChangestheorientationsensorsReleasesbiologicalscentforhelpfromContinuestomovebytheoriginalTotallygetslostonceWhichofthefollowingsistrueabout“cognitivemap”inthisThereisnotobviousdifferencecontrastbyrealItexistsinourheadandisalwaysItonlyexistsundersomeItwasmanagedbybrainWhichoffollowingdescriptionofwayfindingscorrectlyreflectsthefunctionofcognitivemap?ItvisualisesavirtualrouteinalargeItreproducesanexactdetailsofeveryObservationysamoreimportantStoreorsupermarketisamustinthe Questions22-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes22-26onyouranswersheet, ifthesataementagreeswiththeinformation ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisBiologicalnavigationhasastateofYouwillalwaysreceivegoodreactionwhenyouaskWhensomeonefollowsaroute,heorshecollectscomprehensiveperceptionalinformationinmindontheway.Pathintegrationrequiresmorethoughtfrombraincomparedwithroute-Inafamiliarsurrounding,anexactmapofwhereyouarewillautomaticallyemergeinyourhead. TheHistoryofThestoryofteabeganinancient over5,000yearsago.Accordingtothelegend,ShenNung,anearlyemperorwasaskilledruler,creativescientistandpatronofthearts.Hisfar-sightededictsrequired,amongotherthings,thatalldrinkingwaterbeboiledasahygienicprecaution.Onesummerdaywhilevisitingadistantregionofhisrealm,heandthecourtstoppedtorest.Inaccordancewithhisruling,theservantsbegantoboilwaterforthecourttodrink.Driedleavesfromthenearbybushfellintotheboilingwater,andabrownliquidwasinfusedintothewater.Asascientist,theemperorwasinterestedinthenewliquid,dranksome,andfounditveryrefreshing.Andso,accordingtolegend,teawascreated.Teaconsumptionspreadthroughoutthe culturereachingintoeveryaspectofthesociety.In800A.D.LuYuwrotethefirstdefinitivebookontea,theCh’aChing.ThisamazingmanwasorphanedasachildandraisedbyscholarlyBuddhistmonksinoneof ’sfinestmonasteries.PatronizedbytheEmperorhimself,hisworkclearlyshowedtheZenBuddhistphilosophytowhichhewaposedasachild.ItwasthisformofteaservicethatZenBuddhistmissionarieswouldlaterintroducetoimperialJapan.ThefirstteaseedswerebroughttoJapanbythereturningBuddhistpriestYeisei,whohadseenthevalueofteain inenhancingreligiousmediation.Asaresult,heisknownasthe“FatherofTea”inJapan.Becauseofthisearlyassociation,teainJapanhasalwaysbeenassociatedwithZenBuddhism.TeareceivedalmostinstantimperialsponsorshipandspreadrapidlyfromtheroyalcourtandmonasteriestotheothersectionsofJapanesesociety.TeawaselevatedtoanartformresultinginthecreationoftheJapaneseTeaCeremony(“Cha-no-yu”or“thehotwaterfortea”).ThebestdescriptionofthiscomplexartformwasprobablywrittenbytheIrish-Greekjournalist-historianLafcadioHearn,oneofthefewforeignersevertobegrantedJapanesecitizenshipduringthisera.Hewrotefrom alobservation,“TheTeaceremonyrequiresyearsoftrainingandpracticetograduateinart...yetthewholeofthisart,astoitsdetail,signifiesnomorethanthemakingandservingofacupoftea.Thesupremelyimportantmatteristhattheactbeperformedinthemostperfect,mostpolite,mostgraceful,mostcharmingmannerpossible”.Suchapurityofform,ofexpressionpromptedthecreationofsupportiveartsandservices.Aspecialformofarchitecture(chaseki)developedfor“teahouses”,basedontheduplication()ofthesimplicityof Thecultural/ichostessesofJapan,theGeishi,begantospecializeinthepresentationoftheteaceremony.Asmoreandmorepeoplebecameinvolvedintheexcitementsurroundingtea,thepurityoftheoriginalZenconceptwaslost.Theteaceremonybecamecorrupted,boisterousandhighlyembellished.“TeaTournament”wereheldamongthewealthywherenoblescompetedamongeachotherforrichprizesinnamingvariousteablends.Rewardingwinnerswithgiftsofsilk,armor,andjewelrywastotallyalientotheoriginalZenattitudeoftheceremony.ThreegreatZenpriestsrestoredteatoitsoriginalceinJapanesesociety.OneofthemisSen-noRikkyu(1521-1591)-priestwhosettherigidstandardsfortheceremony,largelyusedintacttoday.RikyowassuccessfulininfluencingtheShogunToyotomiHideyoshi,whobecameJapan’sgreatestpatronofthe“artoftea”.Abrilliantgeneral,strategist,poet,and thisuniqueleaderfacilitatedthefinalandcompleteintegrationofteaintothepatternofJapaneselife.Socompletewasthisacceptance,thatteawasviewedastheultimategift,andwarlordspausedforteabeforebattles.WhileteawasatthishighlevelofdevelopmentinbothJapanand informationconcerningthisthenunknownbeveragebegantofilterbackEurope.Earliercaravan旅行队)leadershadmentionedit,butwereunclearastoitsserviceformatorappearance.(Onereferencesuggeststheleavesboiled,salted,buttered,andeaten)ThefirstEuropeantoallyencounterteaandwriteaboutitwasthePortugueseJesuitFatherJasperdeCruzin1560.Portugal,withhertechnologicallyadvancednavy,hadbeensuccessfulingainingthefirstrightoftradewith.ItwasasamissionaryonthatfirstcommercialmissionthatFatherdeCruzhadtastedteafouryearsbefore.ThePortuguesedevelopedatraderoutebywhichtheyshippedtheirteatoLisbon,andthenDutchshipstransportedittoFrance,Holland,andtheBalticcountries.(AtthattimeHollandwaspoliticallyaffiliatedwithPortugal.Whenthisalliancewasalteredin1602,Holland,withherexcellentnavy,enteredintofullPacifictradeinherownright.)BecauseofthesuccessoftheDutchnavyinthePacific,teabecameveryfashionableintheDutchcapital,theHague.Thiswasdueinparttothehighcostofthetea(over$100perpound)whichimmediaymadeittheoftheSlowly,astheamountofteaimportedincreased,thepricefellasthevolumeofsaleexpanded.Initiallyitwasavailabletothepublicinapothecariesalongwithsuchrareandnewspicesasgingerandsugar,andby1675itwasavailableincommonfoodshopsthroughoutHolland.AstheconsumptionofteaincreaseddramaticallyinDutchsociety,doctorsanduniversity arguedbackandforthastothenegativeand/orpositivebenefitsoftea.Knownas“teaheretics”,thepubliclargelyignoredthescholarlydebateand toenjoytheirnewbeveragethoughthecontroversylastedfrom1635toroughly1657.ThroughoutthisperiodFranceandHollandledEuropeintheuseoftea.AsthecrazeforthingsorientalsweptEurope,teabecamepartofthewayoflife.ThesocialcriticMariedeRabutin-Chantal,theMarquisedeStevenmakesthefirstmentionin16800faddingmilktotea.Duringthesameperiod,Dutchinnsprovidedthefirstrestaurantserviceoftea.Tavernownerswouldfurnishguestswithaportableteasetcompletewithaheatingunit.TheindependentDutanwouldthenprepareteaforhimselfandhisfriendsoutsideinthetavern’sgarden.TearemainedpopularinFranceforonlyaboutfiftyyears,beingrecedbyastrongerpreferenceforwine,chocolate,andexoticcoffees.GreatBritainwasthelastofthethreegreatsea-faringnationstobreakintotheandEastntraderoutes.ThiswasdueinparttotheunsteadyascensiontothethroneoftheStuartsandtheCromwellianCivilWar.ThefirstsamplesofteareachedEnglandbetween1652and1654.TeaquicklyprovedpopularenoughtorecealeasthenationaldrinkofEngland.AsinHolland,itwasthenobilitythatprovidedthenecessarystampofapprovalandsoinsureditsacceptance.KingCharlesIIhadmarried,whileinexile,thePortugueseInfantaCatherinedeBraganza(1662).CharleshimselfhadgrownupintheDutchcapital.Asaresult,bothheandhisPortuguesebridewereconfirmedteadrinkers.Whenthemonarchywasre-established,thetworulersbroughtthisforeignteatraditiontoEnglandwiththem.ImperialRussiawasattemptingtoengage andJapanintradeatthesametimeastheEastn.TheRussianinterestinteabeganasearlyas1618whenthe embassyinMoscowpresentedseveralchestsofteatoCzarAlexis.By1689theTradeTreatyofNewchinskestablishedacommonborderbetweenRussiaand ,allowingcaravanstothencrossbackandforthly.Still,thejourneywasnoteasy.Thetripwas11,000 longandtookoversixteenmonthstocomplete.Theaveragecaravanconsistedof200t0300camels.Asaresultofsuchfactors,thecostofteawasinitiallyprohibitiveandavailableonlytothewealthy.BythetimeCatherinetheGreatdied(1796),thepricehaddroppedsome,andteawasspreadingthroughoutRussiansociety.Question1-8Readingpassagelhaseightparagraphs,A-ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA–Hfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes1-80nyouranswersheet.Listof Goodorbadof iii.Difficultiesof Religiousobjectionof Achance Inandoutofvii.Aluxuryviii.Aconnectionbetweenteaand Shortageof NewsofteagoingtonewParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphQuestions9-13Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchthecountry(listedA-G)withstatementsbelow.WritetheappropriaettersA-Ginboxes9-130nyouranswersheet.ABCJapanEFGhousedesignedparticularlyforteateabeingsubstituted shortusinganimalsforteapopularityofteadespiteofsomefavorofteaforruler’sspecialised ThepsychologyinInthelate1990s,psychologistMartinSeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaurgedcolleaguestoobserveoptimalmoodswiththesamekindoffocuswithwhichtheyhadforsolongstudiedillnesses:wewouldneverlearnaboutthefullrangeofhumanfunctionsunlessweknewasmuchaboutmentalwellnessaswedoaboutmentalillness.Anewgenerationofpsychologistsbuiltuparespectablebodyofresearchonpositivecharactertraitsandhappiness-boostingpractices.Atthesametime,developmentsinneuroscienceprovidednewcluestowhatmakesushappyandwhatthatlookslikeinthebrain.Self-appointedexpertstookadvantageofthetrendwithguaranteestoeliminateworry,stress,dejectionandevenboredom.Thishappinessmovementhasprovokedagreatdealofoppositionamongpsychologistswhoobservethatthereoccupationwithhappinesshascomeatthecostofsadness,animportanteelingthatpeoplehavetriedtobanishfromtheiremotionalrepertoire.AllanHorwitzofRutgerslaments哀悼）thatyoungpeoplewhoarenaturallyweepyafterbreakupsareoftenurgedtomedicatethemselvesinsteadofthroughtheirsadness.Wake University’sEricWilsonfumesthattheobsessionwithhappinessamountstoa“craven(懦夫）disregard”formelancholic(忧郁的）thathasgivenrisetothegreatestworksart.“Thehappyman”hewrites,“isahollowAfterallpeopleareremarkablyadaptable.Followingavariableperiodofadjustment,webouncebacktoourpreviouslevelofhappiness,nomatterwhathappenstous.(Therearesomescientificallyprovenexceptions,notablysufferingtheunexpectedlossofajoborthelossofaspouse.Botheventstendtopermanentlyknockpeoplebackastep.)Ouradaptabilityworksintwodirections.Becausewearesoadaptable,pointsoutProfessorSonjaLyubomirskyoftheUniversityofCalifornia,wequicklygetusedtomanyof plishmentswestriveforinlife,suchaslandingthebigjoborgettingmarried.Soonafterwereachatone,westarttofeelthatsomethingismissing.Webegincovetinganotherworldlypossessionoreyeingasocialadvancement.Butsuchanapproachkeepsustetheredtoatreadmillwherehappinessisalwaysjustoutofreach,onetoyoronestepaway.It’spossibletogetoffthetreadmillentirelybyfocusingonactivitiesthataredynamicsurprising,andattention-absorbing,andthuslesslikelytoboreusthan,say,acquiringshinynewtoys.Moreover,happinessisnotarewardforescapain.RussHarris,theauthorofTheHappinessTrap,callspopularconceptionsofhappinessdangerousbecausetheysetpeopleupfora“struggleagainstreality”.Theydon’tacknowledgethatreallifeisfullofdisappointments,loss,andinconveniences.“Ifyou’regoingtolivearichandmeaningfullife,”Harrissays,“you’regoingtofeelafullrangeofemotions.”Actiontowardgoalsotherthanhappinessmakespeoplehappy.Itisnotcrossingthefinishlinethatismostrewarding,itisanticipatingachievingthegoal.UniversityofWisconsinneuroscientistRichardDavidsonhasfoundthatworkinghardtowardagoal,andmakingprogresstothepointofexpectingagoaltoberealised,notonlyactivatespositivefeelingsbutalsosuppressesnegativeemotionssuchasfearanddepression.Weareconstantlymakingdecisions,rangingfromwhatclothestoputon,towhomweshouldmarry,nottomentionallthoseflavorsoficecream.Webasemanyofourdecisionsonwhetherwethinkaparticularpreferencewillincreaseourwell-being.Intuitively,weseemconvincedthatthemorechoiceswehave,thebetteroffwewillultimaybe.Butourworldofunlimitedopportunityimprisonsusmorethanitmakesushappy.InwhatSwarthmorepsychologistBarrySchwartzcalls“theparadoxofchoice/facingmanypossibilitiesleavesusstressedout—andlesssatisfiedwhateverwedodecide.Havingtoomanychoiceskeepsuswonderingaboutalltheopportunitiesmissed.Besides,noteveryonecanputonahappyface.BarbaraHeld,aprofessorofpsychologyatBownCollege,railsagainst“thetyrannyofthepositiveattitude”.“Lookingonthebrightsideisn’tpossibleforsomepeopleandisevencounterproductive”sheinsists.“Whenyouputpressureonpeopletocopeinawaythatdoesn’tfitthem,itnotonlydoesn’twork,itmakesthemfeellikeafailureontopofalreadyfeelingbad.”Theone-size-fits-allapproachtomanagingemotionallifeismisguided,agreesProfessorJulieNorem,authorofThePositivePowerofNegativeThinking.Inherresearch,shehasshownthatthedefensivepessimismthatanxiouspeoplefeelcanbeharnessedtohelpthemgetthingsdone,whichinturnmakesthemhappier.Anaturallypessimisticarchitect,forexample,cansetlowexpectationsforan presentationandreviewallofthebad esthatshe’simagining,sothatshecanpreparecarefullyandincreaseherchancesofsuccess.Bycontrast,anindividualwhoisnotlivingaccordingtotheirvalues,willnotbehappy,nomatterhowmuchtheyachieve.Somepeople,however,arenotsurewhattheirvaluesare.InthatcaseHarrishasagreatquestion:“ImagineIcouldwaveamagicwandtoensurethatyouwouldhavetheapprovalandadmirationofeveryoneonthenet,forever.What,inthatcase,wouldyouchoosetodowithyourlife?”Oncethishasbeenansweredhonestly,youcanstarttakingstepstowardyouridealvisionofyourself.Theactualanswerisunimportant,aslongasyou’relivingconsciously.Thestateofhappinessisnotreallyastateatall.It’sanongoing alexperiment.Questions1-6ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphs,A-F.Whichparagraphmentionsthefollowing?Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes1-6onyouranswerNBYoumayuseanylettermorethantheneedforindividualstounderstandwhatreallymatterstotensionresultingfromawidevarietyofthehopeofsuccessasameans ingunhappypeoplewhocallthemselveshumanbeings’capacityforcowithngthingswhichareinterestinginQuestions7-8ChooseTWOletters,A-Writethecorrectlettersinboxes7and8onyouranswerWhichTWOofthefollowingpeopleargueagainstaimingforconstantEMartinSeligmanEricWilsonRussHarrisBarryQuestions9-10ChooseTWOletters,A-E.Writethecorrectlettersinboxes9andWhichTWOofthefollowingbeliefsareidentifiedasmistakenintheInheritedwealthbringslesshappinessthanearnedSocialstatusaffectsourperceptionofhowhappyweAnoptimisticoutlookensuresUnhappinesscanandshouldbeExtremesofemotionarenormalintheCompletethesentencesChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswerInordertohaveacompleteunderstandingofhowpeople’smindswork,MartinSeligmansuggestedthatresearchshouldexamineourmost ascloselyasitdoesourpsychologicalproblems.Soonafrrivingata intheirlives,people eaccustomedtowhattheyhaveachievedandhaveasensethattheyarelackingsomething.Peoplewhoare bynaturearemorelikelytosucceediftheymakethoroughpreparationforapresentation.Numeracy:can lnumbersPrimeamongbasicnumericalfacultiesistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenalargerandasmallernumber,sayspsychologistElizabethBrannon.Humanscandothiswithease-providingtheratioisbigenough-butdootheranimalssharethisability?Inoneexperiment,rhesusmonkeysanduniversitystudentsexaminedtwosetsofgeometricalobject