英语专业四级词汇语法辅导非谓语动词课件

非谓语动词非谓语动词1不定式不定式2不定式的时态主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing不定式的时态主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedo3不定式时态1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例如：

Thousandsofyoungpeoplearelearningtoski．数以千计的年轻人在学习滑雪。(同时)Wherecanwegetsomesicklestocutthericewith?我们到哪儿去弄些镰刀割稻’呢?不定式时态1)不定式的一般式4真题TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_____ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(2004--48)A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothinkB真题TheMinisterofFinanceisb5不定式时态不定式的进行式1.不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。e.g.Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.Heissaidtowriteaprefacetothebook.(Hewillwrite)Heissaidtobewritingaprefacetothebook.(Heiswriting)Comparethetwosentences:不定式时态不定式的进行式Heissaidtowrit6不定式时态2.不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生，而且一直进行。e.g.Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.e.g.Helookedtoyoungtohavebeenpublishingbooksforsixyears.他看上去很年轻，不像是已经出版了六年书的人。不定式时态2.不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓7不定式的完成式1.用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,wanted,promised,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待等。也可用来表示先于谓语动词发生动作或状态，tohave+过去分词表示动作，tohavebeen表示状态。不定式的完成式1.用在intended,expected8ExamplesIintendedtohavecometoseeyou.(我本打算来看你的)Hewastohavefetchedyouhere．他本该去把你带来的。TheyweretohavebeenmarriedinMaybuthadtopostponetheweddinguntilJune.ShehastohavepassedAdvancedLevelintwosubjectsbeforeshegoestouniversity.(必先通过……，才能)Youareluckytohavewonthegirl’sheart．(Youhavewon．．．)Thegirlwasreportedtohavebeenmissingforamonth．(Shehasbeen…)Iamsorrytohavelostyourkey．把你的钥匙弄丢了，我很抱歉。Shewasreportedtohavedied．据报道她已经死了。Hewasimpatienttohavefinishedthejob．他渴望已经完成了工作。ExamplesIintendedtohaveco9不定式的完成式2.用在seem,appear,think,consider,believe等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前，它一般强调事情的完成或结果。e.g.Judgingfromhismannersattheparty,hedoesn’tseemtohavereceivedmucheducation.Hewasbelievedtohavebeenareporter.不定式的完成式2.用在seem,appear,think10不定式的完成式3.在should/wouldlike或should/wouldhaveliked后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。Ishouldliketohavegonewithher.(但没有去)Ishouldhavelikedtohaveseenherfacewhenshereadtheletter.(我真想见到她读信时的表情。)不定式的完成式3.在should/wouldlike或s11真题1.AIDSissaid__thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.(2002--46)beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen2.ProfessorJohnsonsaid____somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(1999--43)havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake3.Atthreeo’clockthismorning,Iseemed_____someonescreaminthestreet.(1990--39)hearingB.havingheardC.tohaveheardD.tohearC真题1.AIDSissaid__thenumbe12练习1.TheVikingsarebelieved______America.A.tohavediscoveredB.indiscoveringC.todiscoverD.tohavebeendiscovered2.Thestudentswereto_____attheauditoriumbefore1:30p.m.,butthelecturewascancelledatthelastminute.A.assembledB.haveassembledC.assemblingD.beassembled3.Hewasto____thenewambassador,buthefellill.A.havingtelephonedB.havetelephonedC.hastelephonedD.telephoningABB练习1.TheVikingsarebelieved_13be+动词不定式1.表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于begoingto）Youaretoseehimtodayatsixo’clock.2.表示该做或不该做的事（相当于should/must/oughtto/haveto等）。e.g.Youaretoexplainthis.3.表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等）e.g.SimilarconditionsaretobefoundinallotherLatinAmericancountries.4.表示不可避免将要发生的事。e.g.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.5.用于条件从句，表示如果……想，设想（相当于if…should,或if…want）。e.g.Ifwearetobethereintime,we’llhavetohurryup.be+动词不定式1.表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于be14真题I_____writingthepaperasscheduled,butmymother'sillnessinterfered.Ihopeyouwillexcuseme.(1993--54)A.amtohavefinishedB.wastohavefinishedC.wastofinishD.oughttofinishB真题I_____writingthepaperas15动词＋疑问句+带to的不定式用于此结构的常见动词：adviseconsiderdecidediscussexplainfindoutforgethearinquireknowlearnregardrememberseesettleshowteachtellthinkunderstandwondere.g.Pleaseshowmehowtodothat.(做宾语)e.g.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided.（做主语）e.g.Theproblemishowtogetthereintime.（做表语）e.g.Ihadnoideawhichtoreadfirst.（做名词同位语）动词＋疑问句+带to的不定式用于此结构的常见动词：advis16真题TheClarkshaven'tdecidedyetwhichhotel____.(1998--49)A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstayingC真题TheClarkshaven'tdecidedy17不定式的特殊句型1.suchasto,such…asto,so…asto表程度e.g.Hisstorywassuchastodeceiveeveryone.e.g.Itwassuchanaccidentastoclaim20lives.e.g.Whocouldbesomeanastodoathinglikethat?2.soas(not)to,onlyto,inorderto,so(such)…asto…(如此…以便…)表目的

Wehavegotsoplentyoffoodastotreatourguests.e.g.Hekeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.e.g.Icomehereonlytosaygoodbyetoyou.不定式的特殊句型1.suchasto,such…as18真题Hisremarkswere_____annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005--53)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchastoHisstrongsenseofhumourwas____makeeveryoneintheroomburstoutlaughing.(1998--50)A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthatBB真题Hisremarkswere_____annoy19不定式的特殊句型3.too…to…结构:1)太…以至于…2)当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是“非常”，too等于very。e.g.Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.3)当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时，too等于very。e.g.Heistoowisenottoseethat.4)当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,east,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时，too等于very。e.g.Theyaretooreadytohelpothers.5)too与cannot连用，表示无止境。e.g.Youcannotbetoocareful.越仔细越好。无论怎么仔细也不过分6)当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，表示so(many/much)。e.g.Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.不定式的特殊句型3.too…to…结构:20不定式的特殊句型4)onlyto+动词原形（不料竟会……，没想到会……）表示不好的结果。e.g.Theyhurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.不定式的特殊句型4)onlyto+动词原形（不料竟会…21真题Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,_____bythepoliceeachtime.(1999-42)A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycapturedc真题Thethreementriedmanytim22动词不定式的复合结构1.强调不定式的行为属性，可用“Itis+形容词＋forsomebody+不定式”句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。Easydifficulthardimportantpossibleimpossiblebetternecessarycomfortablenotenoughessentialthefirstthenextthelastthebesttoomuchtoolittlee.g.ItwasverydifficultformetolearnSpanish.间或也可用“for+theretobe”表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)e.g.It’sagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.e.g.Wouldyouliketheretobeameetingtodiscusstheproblem？动词不定式的复合结构1.强调不定式的行为属性，可用“It23动词不定式的复合结构2.强调任务的性格和特征，则用“Itis+形容词＋ofsomebody+不定式”句型。动态形容词多用于此句型。Kindnicestupidrudecleverthoughtfulbraveconsideratesillyselfishcarelessimpolitegoodnaughtyboldhonestsensiblewrongrightbad动词不定式的复合结构2.强调任务的性格和特征，则用“It24真题Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential____forthat.(2003--47)A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingpreparedA真题Theopeningceremonyisagr25省略to的动词不定式

省略to的动词不定式

26e.g.I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.I’dsoonerstayathome.Iwouldassoondoitbymyself.Sinceit’safinedaywemightaswellwalk.Hewouldratherlistentoothersthantalkhimself.Iwouldjustassoonstayasgo.A在情态成语之后在wouldrather,wouldsooner,would(just)assoon(宁愿),may/might(just)aswell(不妨，可以),cannotbut/cannothelpbut(不能不，不由得不)之后，接不带to不定式。Note:在否定句中，not放在wouldrather,hadbetter后，但在否定疑问句中，not放在had,would后。Iwouldrathernotdrinkanything.Hadn’tyoubettermakehaste?HadInotbetterdoittomorrow?e.g.I’drathernothaveeggs27真题Thatmanhasabadreputation.You_____anythingtodowithhim.(1991--10)A.hadbetternothaveB.havebetterhaveC.havebetternothaveD.hadbetternottohaveA真题Thatmanhasabadreputatio28Theydidnothingexceptwork.There’snochoicebuttowait.Whathewilldoistospoilthewholething.Allyoudonowistocompletetheform.TheonlythingIcandonowistogoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowistoclearupthismess.B.在介词except/but之后如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带to。如果主语是由all,what等词引导的从句，或者是主语受only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰，主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式，则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to，也可不带to。Theydidnothingexceptwork.B29Whyarguewithhim?WhynotgiveMarysomeflowers?C.在“why.../whynot...?”之后Why…表示不满，或者是委婉的批评；whynot…表示建议，二者都不带to_______himtomorrow?(2001--43)A.WhynottocallonB.Whydon'tcallonC.WhynotcallingonD.WhynotcallonDWhyarguewithhim?C.在“why...30必须带to的特殊情况1.knowbetterthan后的不定式必须加toe.g.Heknowsbetterthantolendherthemoney.他很明智，不会把钱借给她。Heknewbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal.必须带to的特殊情况1.knowbetterthan后31必须带to的特殊情况2.“比较级+名词+than”后的不定式要加toe.g.Shehadmoresensethantobedeceivedbyhim.她有理智，不会上当。Hehasabetterheartthantobetrayhiscountry.他有良心，不会叛国。必须带to的特殊情况2.“比较级+名词+than”后的不定32动名词动名词33动名词时态和语态意义主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone动名词时态和语态意义主动语态被动语态一般式doingbein34动名词的时态动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的时态意义，其时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。一般式：表明动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般情况。使用doing.Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用havingdone.Hewaspraisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohiscountry.Hishavingbeenelectedchairmanoftheclubsurprisedusgreatly.动名词的时态动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的时态意义，其35真题Ineverregretted____offer,foritwasnotwheremyinterestlay.(1993-53)A.nottoacceptB.nothavingacceptedC.havingnotacceptedD.notacceptingB真题Ineverregretted____offer36动名词的语态被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者Hediditwithoutbeingasked.Theyinsistedonbeinggiventhetask.Beingtakenadvantageofisnotagoodthing.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require,repay,bear,take需要，brook忍受，stand等表示“需要、值得、忍受”等动词及形容词worth后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.Hermethodisworthtrying.动名词的语态被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者37

在need,want后用主动态动名词表示被动意义，与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别，但以用动名词较为普遍。Thedooriscracking.Itneedsoiling/tobeoiled.Theroomwantscleaning/tobecleaned.require,deserve也能这样用，但不及need,want普通。在need,want后用主动态动名词表示被动意义，与38动名词的复合结构如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。两种形式：1)人称代词所有格+动名词Heinsistedonmygoingwithhimtotheparty.Compare:Tominsistedongoingwiththem.Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem.2)名词所有格+动名词Shedislikesherhusband’scomingbackhomelate.Compare:Hehatesworkinglate.Hehateshiswife'sworkinglate.若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。动名词的复合结构如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需39练习Thoughherfatherneverapprovedof__todramaschool,shebecameawell-knownactress.(1991--16)A.goingB.hertogoC.hergoingD.hergoSheregrets____idlewhenyoung.a.tohavebeenb.herbeingc.herhavingd.havingbeenKey:CD

练习Thoughherfatherneverappr40动名词和不定式的比较1）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。2）动名词通常指持续、反复的动作；不定式通常指一时、一次的动作。3）动名词通常用于书面语；不定式则倾向口语。动名词和不定式的比较1）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。41作主语的动名词与不定式在意义上的区别

动名词通常表示抽象动作，而不定式通常表示具体动作，特别是将来的未完成动作。It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.（抽象动作）Hismotherhadadvisedhim,however,thatitwasnousetoarguewithSelma.（具体动作）（指抽象动作,泛指）（指具体的一次动作）Spittingeverywhereisnotpolite.Tospitherewillbepunished随地吐痰是不礼貌的在这里吐痰要受惩罚。作主语的动名词与不定式在意义上的区别动名词通常表示抽象动42动名词和不定式的比较动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。但在It’snouse(good)，it’suseless后面常用动名词作主语。Herpresentjobisteachingmusic.=Teachingmusicisher…(泛指)ToteachmusictoGradeOneisherpresentjob.=Herpresentjobistoteach…(特指)It’sdifficultforhimtofinishthejobinaweek.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收动名词和不定式的比较动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来43分词分词44分词的形式态主动态被动态式一般式1.being2.doing

beingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone

现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表面形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分。

过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。分词的形式式1.being现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般45去分词与现在分词被动式的区别

现在分词的被动形式是beingdone，表示某一动作在讲话时下在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?

正在被做手术的病人是谁？Youwillfindthematterbeingtalkedaboutalloverthetown.

你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外，还表示这个动作已经完成。如

Thepatientoperatedonyesterdayisafamousscientist.

昨天被做手术的病人是一个著名科学家。去分词与现在分词被动式的区别现在分词的被动形式是being46真题1.Henoticedthehelicopterhoveringoverthefield.Thentohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder______outandthreemenclimbingdownit.(1995--52)A.throwingB.beingthrownC.havingthrownD.havingbeenthrown2.Mr.Brownhadthereport_____assoonashefinished_____it.(1990--33)A.tobetyped,towriteB.typed,towriteC.beingtyped,writingD.typed,writingBD真题1.Henoticedthehelicopter47在lookat，listento,feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式说明动作的全过程。Didyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?你刚才听到有人敲门吗?YesIdid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.是的，我听到他敲了三下.Isawyourfatherworkinginyourgardenyesterday.昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。Isawyourfatherworkinyourgardenyesterday.昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。注意：find后面用分词(现在分词和过去分词)作宾补，不用不定式。如：正：Ifoundhimlyingontheground.误：Ifoundhimlieontheground.分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别在lookat，listento,feel，hear，48分词作状语1.表时间

e.g.Hearingthenews,weimmediatelysetoffforLondon.e.g.Shesatdown,listeningtotheirtalk.

注意：on/in+doing也是常用的时间表示法，有些细微差别。On+doing相当于assoonas，强调瞬间动作。In+doing相当于when或while，强调的是连续的缓慢的动作。Onenteringtheroom,hefoundthewomanlyingdeadonthefloor.Indoingtheworkshemetalotofdifficulties.分词作状语1.表时间49分词作状语表时间时的位置A.相当于when引导的从句这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分。Hearingthenews,weimmediatelysetoffforBeijing．(Whenweheardthenews，we…)Whenleavingtheairport，wewavedagainandagaintohim.B.也可放在主语后或句尾，放在句尾时表示强调。Ilistenedtothemusicforawhile，havingwrittenanimportantletter．

He，havingfinishedhishomework，goestobed．C.如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，分词应放在句尾。Sheopenedthedoor，greetingherguests．Hesatdown，listeningtotheirtalk．D.如果分词表示的动作先发生，谓语动词动作紧接着发生，分词短语应放在句首，不能放在句尾。Theystoppedtalking，hearingastrangesound．(错)Hearingastrangesound，theystoppedtalking．(对)分词作状语表时间时的位置A.相当于when引导的从句这类50分词作状语2.表原因,相当于as,since,because引导的从句Notknowinganythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkaswell.3.表方式或伴随e.g.Shewassittinginanarmchairreadingabook.e.g.Theyallreturnedtothevillageconvincedthatthedangerwasover.分词作状语2.表原因,相当于as,since,beca51分词作状语4.表条件，相当于if,unless等引导的从句

e.g.Givenanotherchance,hewilldoitmuchbetter.5.表结果，相当于sothat引导的从句

e.g.Theoldscientistdiedallofasudden,leavingtheprojectunfinished.6.表让步，相当于though,evenif引导的从句

e.g.Grantinghishonesty,westillcan’temployhim.分词作状语4.表条件，相当于if,unless等引导的从52真题1.______atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesn'tseemsogloomy.(2000--51)A.LookingB.LookedC.HavinglookedD.Tolook2.______enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.(1998--51)A.GivingB.TogiveC.GivenD.BeinggivenBC真题1.______atinthisway,th53真题3.______time,he'llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(1996--42)A.HavingB.GivenC.GivingD.Had4.______,hewaschosenandtrainedasaprofessionalswimmer.(1991--20)A.HewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageB.BornandraisedinafishingvillageC.ThathewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageD.InadditiontohewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageBB真题3.______time,he'llmakea54作状语的分词短语前的连词分词短语作状语时，有时前面可以加一个连词，表示强调或出于表达的需要。常用的连词有：when,while,after,before,if,though,whether…or…,unless,asif等

e.g.Aftertakingthemedicine,hefeltbetter.e.g.Thesoldierwalkedveryslowlyasifhavingbeenwounded.如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being，则being可以省略。

e.g.While(being)atschool,shebegantowritethenovel.If(being)wellread,thebookwillgiveyoumuchtothink.e.g.Jack,(being)inabadmood,didnothingyesterday.作状语的分词短语前的连词分词短语作状语时，有时前面可以加一个55和句子主语不保持一致的分词短语形式。1._____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.HavinggivenAGiven作“鉴于，考虑到”解，为介词。和句子主语不保持一致的分词短语形式。1._____the56与此类似的有：Considering(考虑到）…judgingfrom,seeingthat…(鉴于、由于）generallyspeaking/frankly/strictlyspeakingfollowingthis….(在…之后)takingallintoconsideration（从各方面考虑）…talkingof（谈到）taken…asawhole…（从整体上看）…与此类似的有：Considering(考虑到）…57

Talkingofcleaning,it’sabouttimeyoudidthewindows,isn’tit?Consideringhisage,thelittleboyreadsverywell.Followingthis,60,000Indians,includingGandhi,wereputinprison.Takenasawhole,thereisnothingwrong.Talkingofcleaning,it’sab58练习1._____theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.(CET-41996,6)A)Havingbelieved

B)Believing

C)Believed

D)Beingbelieved2.Nomatterhowfrequently_____,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.(CET-41995,6)A)

performing

B)performed

C)tobeperformed

D)beingperformed3._____asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(CET-41996,1)

A)BeingpublishedB)PublishedC)PublishingD)Tobepublished

BBB练习1._____theearthtobefla59独立主格独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absoluteconstruction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absoluteco60独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语＋v-ing2、逻辑主语＋v-ed3、逻辑主语＋形容词（副词）4、逻辑主语＋不定式5、逻辑主语＋介词短语6、With的复合结构独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语＋v-ing61分词的独立主格在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词的独立结构（或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构）。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。分词的独立主格在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语621.“逻辑主语＋v-ing”表主动意义1>表条件

e.g.Advicefailing(=Ifadvicefails),wehavetouseforce.2>表原因

e.g.Nobodyhavinganymoretosay(=sincenobodyhadanymoretosay),themeetingwasclosedquickly.3>表伴随状况

e.g.Shewalkedalongthepath,hersonfollowingclosebehind(=andhersonfollowedclosebehind.)1.“逻辑主语＋v-ing”表主动意义1>表条件632.“逻辑主语＋v-ed”表被动意义1>表时间

e.g.Thetestfinished(Whenthetestwasfinished),webeganourholiday.2>表条件

e.g.Alltakenintoconsideration(Ifallisconsidered),hisplanseemstobemoreworkable.3>表原因

e.g.Allmysavingsgone(=sinceallmysavingsweregone),Istartedlookingforjobs.4>表伴随状况

e.g.Hereturnedfourdayslater,hisfacecoveredwithmud.(=andhisfacewascoveredwithmud).2.“逻辑主语＋v-ed”表被动意义1>表时间64真题Time______,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.(2003-48)A.permitB.permittingC.permittedD.permitsB真题Time______,thecelebration653.“逻辑主语＋分词的完成式或完成被动式”表示先完成的主动意义或先完成的被动意义

e.g.Themoonhavingrisen,theytookawalkinthegarden.e.g.Somuchmoney(havingbeen)wasted,Tedwillbepunished.3.“逻辑主语＋分词的完成式或完成被动式”表示先完成的主动意664.“there+being+其他成分”的独立主格结构作状语（therebe的非谓语详解见后）该结构多放于句首，也可放于句尾，其中的being不可省略。

e.g.Therebeingnothingtodo,weplayedgames.e.g.Shestolethevase,therebeingnobodyaround.4.“there+being67真题1.There______nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.(2000-45)A.

tobe

B.tohavebeen

C.being

D.be2.____nocauseforalarm,theoldmanwentbacktohisbedroom.(1996-51A.TherewasB.SinceC.BeingD.TherebeingCD真题1.There______nothingmore68逻辑主语＋形容词（副词）1.Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident，myheartfullofworry．我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。2.Hestoodsilentinthemoon-light，hisdooropen．月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。3.Lunchover，heleftthehouse．Buthewasthinking．午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。逻辑主语＋形容词（副词）1.Iheardthatsh69练习Somanydirectors____,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.（CET42000,6）A）wereabsentB）beingabsentC）beenabsentD）hadbeenabsentB练习Somanydirectors____,theb70逻辑主语+不定式Herearethefirsttwovolumes，thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth．这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。Wearegoingtohaveapicnic,Helen(being)tolendhercartous.逻辑主语+不定式Herearethefirsttw71逻辑主语+介词短语Hestoodondeck,pipe(being)inmouth.Thehuntsmanenteredtheforest，guninhand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。注意：这里，guninhand还可以说成withaguninhishand，但不可以说aguninhand或guninhishand。逻辑主语+介词短语Hestoodondeck,pip72真题1.Thetaperecorder____outoforder,thestudentsdidnotknowwhattodo.(1990--40)A.wasB.beingC.hasbeenD.wasbeing2.Thecountry’schiefexportsarecoal,carsandcottongoods,cars____themostimportantofthese.A.havebeenB.areC.beingD.arebeingBC真题1.Thetaperecorder____o73With的复合结构形式为：with＋名词（代词)＋现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（1）Shecameintotheroom，withhernoseredbecauseofcold.（with＋名词＋形容词，作伴随状语）（2）Withthemealover，weallwenthome.（with＋名词＋副词，作时间状语）（3）Themasterwaswalkingupanddownwiththerulerunderhisarm。（with＋名词＋介词短语，作伴随状语。）Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand.（4）Helayinthedarkemptyhouse，withnotaman，womanorchildtosayhewaskindtome.（with＋名词＋不定式，作伴随状语）Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.（without＋代词＋不定式，作条件状语）（5）Shefellasleepwiththelightburning.（with＋名词＋现在分词，作伴随状语）With的复合结构形式为：74With(without)+逻辑主语＋现在分词表示主动意义（正在进行或发生）

with(without)+逻辑主语＋过去分词表示被动意义（已经完成）e.g.Hewalkedacrossthemeetingroomwitheveryonelookingather.

e.g.Withoutawordmorespoken,shelefttheroom.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhis