届江苏高考专题辅导阅读理解

二、阅读理解

A(·辽宁高考·记叙文)

Goinggreenseemstobeafad(时尚)foralotofpeoplethesedays.Whetherthatisgoodorbad,wecan’treallysay,butforthetwoofus,goinggreenisnotafadbutalifestyle.OnApril22,2011,wedecidedtogogreeneverysingledayforanentireyear.Thismeantdoing365differentgreenthings,anditalsomeantchallengingourselvestogogreenbeyondtheeasythings.Ratherthanrecycleandreduceourenergy,wehadtothinkof365differentgreenthingstodoandthiswasnoeasytask.Withtheideaofgoinggreeneverysingledayforayear,OurGreenYearstarted.MywifeandIdecidedtoeducatepeopleabouthowtheycouldgogreenintheirlivesandhopedwecouldshowpeopleallthegreenthingsthatcouldbedonetohelptheenvironment.Wewantedtopushthemessagethateverylittlebithelps.OverthecourseofOurGreenYear,wecompletelychangedourlifestyles.Wenowshopatorganic(有机的)stores.Weconsumelessmeat,choosinggreenfood.Wehavegreatlyreducedourbuyingwedon’tneed.Wehavegivenawayhalfofwhatweownedthroughwebsites.Ourhomeiskeptcleanbyvinegarandlemonjuice,withnochemicalcleaners.Wemakeourownbutter,enjoyingthesmellofhome-madefreshbread.Inourhomeofficeanyonecaughtdoingsomethingungreenmightbepunished.OurmindshavebeenchangedbyOurGreenYear.Wearegratefulforthechancetohavebeenabletogogreenandeducateothers.Webelievethatwedohavethepowertochangethingsandhelpourplanet.

【文章大意】本文介绍了作者在一年中崇尚环保,过绿色环保生活的经历。1.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.GoingGreenB.ProtectingthePlanetC.KeepingOpen-MindedD.CelebratingOurGreenYear【解析】选A。主旨大意题。从文章的第一段可以看出本文主要介绍了绿色生活的经历。2.Itwasdifficultforthecoupletoliveagreenlifeforthewholeyearbecause______.A.theywereexpectedtofollowthegreenfadB.theydidn’tknowhowtoeducateotherpeopleC.theywereunwillingtoreducetheirenergyD.theyneededtoperformunusualgreentasks【解析】选D。细节理解题。从文章的第二段可以看出过环保生活对于作者夫妇是个挑战,他们要做的事情也很多。3.WhatdidthecoupledooverthecourseofOurGreenYear?A.Theytriedtogetoutoftheirungreenhabits.B.Theyignoredothers’ungreenbehavior. C.Theychosebetterchemicalcleaners.D.Theysoldtheirhome-madefood.【解析】选A。细节理解题。从文章的倒数第二段中...wecompletelychangedourlifestyles.以及其后的介绍可知他们改变了以前的不环保的生活习惯。4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Thegovernmentwillgivesupporttothegreenproject.B.Thecouplemaycontinuetheirprojectinthefuture.C.Somepeopledisagreewiththecouple’sgreenideas.D.OurGreenYearisbecominganationalcampaign.【解析】选B。推理判断题。从文章最后一段中Wearegratefulforthechancetohavebeenabletogogreenandeducateothers.可以看出作者一家从这次活动中受益良多,有可能会继续下去。B(·江苏高考·说明文)Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen(氮)dissolved(溶解)inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubbles(气泡)accumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression(减压)sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil(化石)bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimen(标本)showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.

Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator(捕食动物)suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,theywereprey(猎物)aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.【文章大意】科普知识类文章。文章主要介绍Rothschild教授关于鱼龙类生物在近1亿5千万年里如何适应减压问题的研究。在开始研究时,他原本认为年轻化石里弯曲的迹象会比老化石里的少,因为这标志着鱼龙类生物逐渐进化出反减压器官,然而他的研究结果得出相反的结论。1.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymptomofthebends?A.Atwistedbody.B.Agradualdecreaseinbloodsupply.C.Asuddenreleaseofnitrogeninblood.D.Adropinbloodpressure.【解析】选A。细节理解题。第一段第三句提到遭遇bend的症状是“sharppainandabentbody”,此处bent等于twisted,意为“扭曲的,弯曲的”。2.ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee_______.A.howoftenichthyosaurscaughtthebendsB.howichthyosaursadaptedtodecompressionC.whyichthyosaursbenttheirbodiesD.whenichthyosaursbroketheirbones【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashow...”可知答案为B。3.Rothschild’sfindingstatedinParagraph4_______.A.confirmedhisassumptionB.speededuphisresearchprocessC.disagreedwithhisassumptionD.changedhisresearchobjectives【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.”可知研究结果与他原本的假设相反,因此答案为C。4.Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs______.A.failedtoevolveananti-decompressionmeansB.graduallydevelopedmeasuresagainstthebendsC.diedoutbecauseoflargesharksandcrocodilesD.evolvedananti-decompressionmeansbutsoonlostit【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句可以推断出答案。Rothschild可能已经得出结论:鱼龙类生物未能进化出反减压器官。C(·江苏高考·议论文)We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestanders,buyingticketsfromscalpers(票贩子),orpurchasingline-cuttingprivilegesdirectlyfrom,say,anairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeue(waitingyourturn)withthemoralsofthemarket(payingapriceforfasterservice).Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings,andeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.Themoralsofthequeue,“Firstcome,firstserved,”haveanegalitarian(平等主义的)appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilege,power,anddeeppockets.Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsale,Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong,simplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivities,properlygovernedbydifferentstandards.Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhear,playedoverandover,asyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:“Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.”Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness.Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Today,somepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score”incomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping.Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymerit,othersbyneed,stillothersbychance.However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,andothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparks,incallcenters,doctors’offices,andnationalparks—arerecentdevelopments,scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcern,butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.【文章大意】社会生活类文章。文章主要议论分配事物的两种准则:序列准则和市场准则,序列准则讲究公平,崇尚“先到先得”,而市场准则讲究快速服务。序列准则适用于某些情况,例如在操场上或公交车站,但是此准则并不能控制所有的场合,例如在卖房子时无需遵循此准则。随后作者介绍在分配事物时这两种准则的标准已经发生了改变,而且除了这两种准则外,还有其他准则。1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprinciple“Firstcome,firstserved”?A.Takingbuses.B.Buyinghouses.C.Flyingwithanairline.D.Visitingamusementparks.【解析】选A。细节理解题。从第三段第一句“Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.”可知答案为A。2.TheexampleoftherecordedmessageinParagraphs4and5illustrates______.A.thenecessityofpatienceinqueuingB.theadvantageofmoderntechnologyC.theuncertaintyofallocationprincipleD.thefairnessoftelephonicservices【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第四段和第五段的开头中心句可知事例服务于中心句,第四段第一句明确提到“itisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.”,因此可以推断答案为C。3.Thepassageismeantto______.A.justifypayingforfasterservicesB.discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC.analyzethereasonforstandinginlineD.criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping【解析】选B。主旨大意题。根据文章的首段、尾段以及各段中心句可知本文主要讲述分配事物的准则。D(·新课标全国卷Ⅱ·应用文)Low-CostGiftsforMother’sDayGiftNo.1Offertobeyourmother’shealthfriend.Promisetobethereforanyandalldoctor’svisitswhetheradiseaseoraregularmedicalcheck-up.Mostmothersalwayssay“noneed,”butanothersetofeyesandearsisalwaysagoodideaatadoctor’svisit.Thebestpart?Thisoneisfree.GiftNo.2Helpyourmotherorganizeallofhermedicalrecords,whichincludethetestresultsandmedicalinformation.Putthemallinoneplace.Besuretomakealistofallofhermedicinesandwhattimesshetakesthem.“Havingallthisinformationinoneplacecouldendupsavingyourmother’slife,”Dr.MarieSavardsaid.GiftNo.3Enoughsleepisconnectedtogeneralhealthconditions.“Buyyourmothercottonsheetsandcomfortablepillowstoencouragebettersleep,”Savardsaid.“Weknowthatgoodsleepisveryimportanttoourhealth.”GiftNo.4SomegiftcompaniessuchasPresentsforPurposeallowyoutopayitforwardthisMother’sDaybypickinggiftsinwhich10percentofthepriceyoupaygoestoacharity(慈善机构).Giftgiverscanchoosefromawidevarietyofusefulbutinexpensivethings—manyofwhichare“green”—andthenchooseameaningfulcharityfromalist.Whenyourmothergetsthegift,shewillbetoldthatshehashelpedthechosencharity.【文章大意】这是一则广告,告诉消费者母亲节要到了,推荐给大家几件可以送给母亲的礼物,即陪母亲看病、做体检;帮母亲整理就诊记录;买舒适的床上用品;从PresentsforPurpose买礼物。1.Whatareyouadvisedtodoforyourmotheratdoctor’svisits?A.Takenotes.B.Bewithher.C.Buymedicine.D.Givehergifts.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据GiftNo.1的内容可知,母亲去看医生时要陪着。由此可知选B。2.Whatcanbeagiftoforganizationforyourmother?A.Keepinghermedicalinformationtogether.B.Buyingallgiftsforherfromonecompany.C.Makingalistofhermedicalcheck-ups.D.Storinghermedicinesinasafeplace.【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据GiftNo.2的内容可知,要把母亲的医疗检查结果和信息放在一个地方。故选A。3.Wherecanyoufindagiftideatoimproveyourmother’ssleep?A.InGiftNo.1.B.InGiftNo.2.C.InGiftNo.3.D.InGiftNo.4.【解析】选C。细节理解题。GiftNo.3的内容提到了改善母亲睡眠的事情。故选C。4.BuyinggiftsfromPresentsforPurposeallowsmothersto_________.A.enjoygoodsleepB.bewell-organizedC.getextrasupportD.giveothershelp【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据GiftNo.4的内容可知,从PresentsforPurpose买东西,要把你付的价钱中的十分之一捐给慈善机构,从而间接帮助母亲做了善事,即帮助了别人。故选D。热点考向1主旨大意题1.设题角度:(1)选出文章最佳标题;(2)概括文章或段落大意2.设问方式:(1)Whatisthemainidea/topicofthepassage?(2)Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(3)Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?(4)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?(5)Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?3.解题思路:(1)寻找主题句,确定文章大意。在许多情况下,尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况:开头、中间、结尾,因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法,即浏览文章的首段和尾段的首句和尾句或每段的首句或尾句,重点搜索主题信息。(2)抓住段落大意,概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落,而应该观察全文的结构安排,理解文章浓墨重彩的“重心”,考虑文章的材料组织及支撑性细节是服务于什么的,分析故事情节围绕什么展开的,最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。(3)抓主线和关键词,归纳文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句隐含在段落中。阅读这样的文章,就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析,继而概括出段落的主题,推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是,先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。【典例】(·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)...IfirstreadaboutCRMin1980.Notlongafterthat,anattendingdoctorandIwereflyinginbadweather.Thecontrollerhadusturntoolatetogetourlandingready.Theattendingdoctorwasflying;Iwassafetypilot.Hewassobusybecauseofthebadturn,hehadforgottentoputthelandinggear(起落架)down.Hewasabetterpilot—andmyboss—soitfeltunusualtospeakup.ButIhadto:Ourliveswereindanger.Iputasidemyuneasinessandsaid,“Weneedtoputthelandinggeardownnow!”ThatwasmyfirstreallessoninthepowerofCRM,andI’veuseditintheoperatingroomeversince...Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.CRM:ANewWaytoMakeFlyingSafeB.FlyingMakesMeaBetterDoctorC.TheMakingofaGoodPilotD.APilot-TurnedDoctor【点拨】【跟踪演练】1.(·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)...Itellyouthisbecausethereisnoshameingettingyourmoney’sworth.I’malsotightfistedwhenitcomestoshoes,clothesformychildren,andexpensiverestaurants.ButIwouldn’thesitatetospendonagoodhaircut.Itkeepsitsshapelonger,andit’sthefirstthingpeoplenotice.AndIwillalsospendonaclassicpieceoffurniture.Qualitylasts.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Howtoexposebadtricks.B.Howtoreserveairlineseats.C.Howtospendmoneywisely.D.Howtomakeabusinessdeal.【解析】选C。主旨大意题。文章关键句为Itellyouthisbecausethereisnoshameingettingyourmoney’sworth,以及下文给孩子买鞋、衣服和给自己做发型方面的花费的对比。归纳中心,即理智消费,有些方面要敢花钱,有些方面就要节俭。故选C项。2.(·全国卷Ⅱ)ADDISABABA,Ethiopia—Oneoftheworld’smostfamousfossils(化石)—the3.2million-year-oldLucyskeleton(骨骼)unearthedinEthiopiain1974—willgoonanexhibitiontourabroadforthefirsttimeintheUnitedStates,officialssaidTuesday.Theauthorwritesthistextmainlyto______.A.introduceafewU.S.museumsB.describesomeresearchworkC.discussthevalueofanape-manD.reportacomingevent【解析】选D。主旨大意题。从文章第一句就可以看出,这是来自埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴的一则新闻,告诉人们在埃塞俄比亚出土的具有320万年历史的Lucy化石将要从埃塞俄比亚出发踏上为期6年的美国之旅。故选D。热点考向2细节理解题1.设题角度:(1)直接事实题;(2)间接事实题2.设问方式:(1)Whichofthefollowingistrue/false/mentioned?(2)Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.(3)Allofthefollowingstatementsmaybetrue/falseexcept______.(4)What/Why/Howmany/Howmuch...?(5)WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthepassage?3.解题思路:(1)浏览全文,了解信息。快速通读全文,大致了解不同信息间的差异,为解决问题做好信息储备。(2)抓关键词,快速寻读。根据题目要求,从题干中抓住关键性词语,然后以此为线索,通过略读和寻读的方法快速而准确地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的信息,找到后仔细阅读,反复品味,认真比较选项和文中细节,在准确理解该细节的前提下,排除干扰项,从而确定答案。(3)回读信息,验证答案。确定答案后,必须回读原文,再一次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。(4)掌握技巧,高效提能。对于细节理解题,我们要恰当地运用略读、查读等技巧,在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案,从而迅速高效提升阅读能力。【典例】(·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)...Atthesametime,the“Fringe”appearedasachallengetotheofficialfestival.Eighttheatregroupsturnedupuninvitedin1947,inthebeliefthateveryoneshouldhavetherighttoperform,andtheydidsoinapublichousedisusedforyears.Soon,groupsofstudentsfirstlyfromEdinburghUniversity,andlaterfromtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge,DurhamandBirminghamweremakingthejourneytotheScottishcapitaleachsummertoperformtheatrebylittle-knownwritersofplaysinsmallchurchhallstothepeopleofEdinburgh...Whojoinedthe“Fringe”afteritappeared?A.Popularwriters.B.Universitystudents.C.Artistsfromaroundtheworld.D.Performersofmusicanddance.【点拨】【跟踪演练】1.(·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)...Thebabyisjustonedayoldandhasnotyetlefthospital.Sheisquietbutalert(警觉).Twentycentimetersfromherfaceresearchershaveplacedawhitecardwithtwoblackspotsonit.Shestaresatitcarefully.Aresearcherremovesthecardandreplacesitbyanother,thistimewiththespotsdifferentlyspaced.Asthecardschangefromonetotheother,hergaze(凝视)startstoloseitsfocus—untilathird,withthreeblackspots,ispresented.Hergazereturns;shelooksatitfortwiceaslongasshedidatthepreviouscard.Canshetellthatthenumbertwoisdifferentfromthree,just24hoursaftercomingintotheworld?...TheexperimentdescribedinParagraph1isrelatedtothebaby’s______.A.senseofhearing.B.senseofsight.C.senseoftouch.D.senseofsmell.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词“Paragraph1”以及“theexperiment,baby”寻找信息:Shestaresatit...hergazestarts...以及Hergazereturns;shelooksatit...可知,这个实验和婴儿的视力有关。故选B。2.(·辽宁高考)...“It’sbasedontrust,andit’sworkingallright,”saysco-ownerBradBirky,whostartedthecafein2006withhiswifeLibby.Previouslyvolunteeringatsoupkitchens,theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealstheyservedthere...WhatcanwelearnaboutthesoupkitchenstheBirkyspreviouslyworkedfor?A.Theyrefusedtohavevolunteers.B.Theyofferedlowqualityfood.C.Theyprovidedcustomerswithagoodenvironment.D.Theycloseddownbecauseofpoormanagement.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据Previouslyvolunteeringatsoupkitchens,theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealstheyservedthere.可知,原来的那家餐馆提供的饭菜质量不好。热点考向3推理判断题1.设题角度:(1)推断隐含含义;(2)推断作者的观点、态度、写作目的和意图;(3)推断文章的出处;(4)推断文章中人物的性格态度等。2.设问方式:(1)Wecaninfer/learnfromthe(last)paragraphthat______.(2)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.(3)Thepassageimplies/suggeststhat______.(4)Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassageis______.(5)Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat______.(6)Theauthorbelievesthat______(7)Itismostlikelytobeinferredfromthepassagethat______.(8)Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?(9)Theauthormostprobablyimpliesinthissectionthat______.3.解题思路:(1)抓关键信息,逆(正)向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正向推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。(2)整合全文(段)信息,综合推断。做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳选项。(3)用语境褒贬性,看写作意图。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性,它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好这一点,就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。(4)寻字里行间,定情感脉络。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。(5)据上下文逻辑,实事求是判断。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。【典例】(·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)...NowsomepeoplemaythinkI’mabadmotherandnotsuchagreatwifeeither.Butasabig-timebargainhunter,Iknowthevalueofadollar.Andthesedays,agooddealissomethingfewofuscanaffordtopassup....Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthor?A.Sherarelymissesagooddeal.B.Sheseldommakesacompromise.C.Sheisverystrictwithherchildren.D.Sheisinterestedincheapproducts.【点拨】【跟踪演练】1.(·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Ithappenedtomerecently.IwastellingsomeonehowmuchIhadenjoyedreadingBarackObama’sDreamsFromMyFatherandhowithadchangedmyviewsofourPresident.AfriendIwastalkingtoagreedwithmethatitwas,inhiswords,“abrilliantly(精彩地)writtenbook”.However,hethenwentontotalkaboutMrObamainawaywhichsuggestedhehadnoideaofhisbackgroundatall.IsensedthatIwastalkingtoabookliar.Howdidtheauthorfindhisfriendabookliar?A.Byjudginghismannerofspeaking.B.Bylookingintohisbackground.C.Bymentioningafamousname.D.Bydiscussingthebookitself.【解析】选D。推理判断题。由关键信息第一段的内容可知,作者的朋友说他读过奥巴马的DreamsFromMyFather,但是他却以一种不了解奥巴马的背景的方式谈论奥巴马,据此作者判断出他撒谎了。故选D。2.(·全国卷Ⅱ)...Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnit.Youdonotneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind...Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?A.Inapopularmagazine.B.Inatouristguidebook.C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.【解析】选A。推理判断题。文章向我们介绍的帆船运动与风向,这是社会生活的技巧和妙招,不可能出自atouristguidebook旅游指南或anofficialreport官方报道或aphysicstextbook物理课本。故选A(流行杂志)。热点考向4词义猜测题1.设题角度:(1)对文中陌生词汇直接理解;(2)对文中代词、多义词或短语确定指代对象或含义;(3)对文中表达、格言等进行解释性描述2.设问方式:(1)Theword“...”inthecontextmeans______.(2)Theword“...”couldbebestreplacedby______.(3)Whichofthefollowingisnearestinmeaningto______?(4)Fromthecontext,wecaninferthattheword“...”means______.(5)Bysaying“...”,theauthormeans______.(6)Thepassageusedtheword“...”toreferto______3.解题思路:(1)据定义信息,猜词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say等)或同位语从句来定义,或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号中的内容加以解释,那么理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。(2)据逻辑关系,猜词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或现象的对比性描述,我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词或短语主要有:unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示对比关系的句子有:while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词或短语主要有:similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。(3)据构词法,猜词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分、词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。(4)特别提醒:①不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思②不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定语境中的意思【典例】(·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)...TheCRF’sproduceis“green”,madewithinthecountryanddividedinto10lines,withtheAlcoholSeriesbeingthemostpopular.TheExoticSeries—withSichuanpepper,redbean(豆)cheeseandotherflavors—alsodoeswellandisfuntotaste.Andforchocolatesnobs,whothinkthattheyhaveabetterknowledgeofchocolatethanothers,theConnoisseurSeriesusescocoabeansfromTogo,Cuba,Venezuela,andGhana,amongothers.Thewords“chocolatesnobs”inParagraph3probablyrefertopeoplewho______.A.areparticularaboutchocolateB.knowlittleaboutcocoabeansC.lookdownuponothersD.liketotrynewflavors【点拨】【跟踪演练】1.(·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)...Hewassobusybecauseofthebadturn,hehadforgottentoputthelandinggear(起落架)down......CRMrequiresthatthepilot/surgeonencourageotherstospeakup.Itfurtherrequiresthatwhenopinionsarefromtheopposite,thedoctordoesn’toverreact,whichmightpreventfellowdoctorsfromvoicingopinionsagain.SowhenI’mintheoperatingroom,Iaskforideasandhelpfromothers.Sometimesthey’renotwillingtospeakup.ButIhopethatifIcontinuetoencouragethem,somedaysomeonewillkeepmefrom“landinggearup”..Inthelastparagraph“landinggearup”probablymeans_____.A.followingflyingrequirementsB.overreactingtodifferentopinionsC.listeningtowhatfellowdoctorssayD.makingamistakethatmaycostlives【解析】选D。词义猜测题。本题需要根据上下文逻辑关系推测。由选文第一段可知,飞机在着陆时,要放下起落架(putthelandinggeardown),否则就会出事故。由此可知,此处的landinggearup指起落架收起,表示无法正常着陆,这样就会出事故。故选D。2.(·北京高考)...Weekslater,standingbeforethisunfriendlymass,Iwastotallylost.Ohwell,Iloweredthepaperandsatdownatmydesk,burningtofindoutwhatIhaddonewrong.Asaclassmatebeganhisreport,itallbecameclear,“MyreportisonGeorgeWashington,themanwhostartedtheAmericanRevolution.”Thewholeworldbecamequiet!HowcouldIknowthatshemeantthatGeorgeWashington?...Theunderlinedword“burning”inPara.3probablymeans______.A.annoyedB.ashamedC.readyD.eager【解析】选D。词义猜测题。由上文可知,作者很困惑,不知道同学们和老师为什么会有那样的反应,所以当他坐回座位上时,非常渴望知道自己哪儿做错了。annoyed苦恼的;ashamed羞愧的;ready准备好的;eager渴望的。热点考向5逻辑结构题1.设题角度:(1)按段落的组织方法理解文章结构;(2)按写作方法理解文章结构2.设问方式:(1)Howisthepassageorganized?(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?(3)Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby...(4)Thistextisdeveloped...(5)ThemethodthewriterusestodevelopParagraph...is...3.解题思路:(1)分析上下文,抓住关键词。分析文章上下文的逻辑关系,抓住关键性的词语如“furtherdiscuss”等对文章将要讲述的内容进行推理。(2)把握脉络,理清段落关系。把握文章的脉络,理解段落层次之间的关系,按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构。这种考查文章的组织方法的题目通常以图形的形式呈现。(3)了解写作方法,理解文章结构。按写作方法或论证方法理解文章的结构。从论证方法上讲,常见的议论文结构有以下两类:①Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion,即“提出问题,分析问题,解决问题”的过程;②Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatetheidea,即先提出论点,再提供论据,最后得出结论。同时为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。【典例】(·陕西高考)

Accordingtosociologists(社会学家),everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification(阶层).Class,powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople’srankinsociety.Classmeansaperson’seconomicpositioninsociety.Acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass,middleclassandupperclass.Whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined,theydodescribesocietiesliketheUnitedStatesquitewell.Onestudyshowsthat53%ofAmericansbelongtothelowerclass,46%themiddleclass,and1%theupperclass.Interestingly,asurgeonearning$500,000ayearandabusdriverearning$50,000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass!Power