英国文学复习要点(刘炳善《英国文学简史》)

英国文学复习要点（教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》）PartOne:EarlyandMedieval

1.Beowulf:nationalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Denmarkstory;alliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.*2.Romance（名词解释）(1).Thebasicmaterialofmedievalromanceisknightlyactivityandadventure;wemightbestdefinemedievalromanceasastoryofadventure--fictitious,frequentlymarvelousorsupernatural--inverseorprose.(2).Alongcompositiondescribingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterwastheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweaponswhowasverydevotedtothekingortothechurch.(3).Onewhowantedtobeaknightshouldservepatientlyuntilhewasadmittedtotheknighthoodwithsolemnceremonyandtheswearingofoaths.TheNatureoftheRomance:(4).TheNatureoftheRomance:Themes:Loyaltytothekingandthelord,whichwasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality.Theaudiencewasofnoblepeoplefromthecourtorthecastle.TheRomancehadnothingtodowiththecommonpeople.TheRomancewerewrittenforthenoble,ofthenobleandinmostcasesbythepoetspatronizedbythenoble.*3.PiersthePlowman.Over7000lines,writtenbyWilliamLangland.*4.Ballad民谣（名词解释）1.Ashortnarrativepoemwithstanzasoftwoorfourlinesandusuallyarefrain.Thestory,folklorepopularlegends.straightforwardverse,swithgraphicsimplicityandforce.suitableforsinginggenerallywritteninballadmeter,withthelastwordsofthesecondandfourthlinesrhyming.2.thesubjectsofBallad:(1)thestruggleofyoungloverswhoarefightagainstthefeudalism(2)theconflictbetweenloveandwealth(3)thecrueltyofjealousy(4)thecriticismofthecivilwar(5)themattersofclassstruggles.

5.CharacterofRobinHood1.RobinHood---AlegendaryEnglishheroofmanyballads,whorobbedtherichtogivetothepoor;apopularmodelofcourage,generosityandjustice.2.strong,brave,clever,tender-hearted,affectionate.Hatredtothecrueloppressors,loveforthepoorandthedowntrodden*6.GeoffreyChaucer桥搜:founderofEnglishpoetry;TheCanterburyTales(maincontents;124storiesplanned,only24finished;writteninMiddleEnglish;significance;form:heroiccouplet)7.Heroiccouplet(名词解释)AheroiccoupletisatraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry;itreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.Troditionalformforenglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry,asequenceofrhymingparisofiambicpentameter.8.TheAuthorizedVersionofEnglishBibleanditssignificance.

*9.Renaissance（名词解释）1.aculturalandartisticmovementinEnglandfromtheearly16thcenturytotheearly17thcentury.TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.TheRenaissanceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattempts:togetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.*10.ThomasMore——Utopia

*11.Sonnet（名词解释）Thesonnetisapoemin14lineswithoneortheotherrhymeschme,aformmuchinvogueinRenaissanceEurope,expeciallyinItaly,FranceandEngland.In1609appearedShakespeare’ssonnets.TheSonnetswerewrittenoveranumberofyears,probablybeginningintheearly1590s.12.Blankverse（名词解释）

13.EdmundSpenser

“TheFaerieQueene”;Amoretti(collectionofhissonnets)

SpenserianStanza（名词解释）StanzaformdevelopedbyEdmundSpenserandalmostcertainlyinfluencedbyrhymeroyalandottavarima.Spenser'sstanzahasninelinesandisrhymeda-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.Thefirsteightlinesofthestanzaareiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter.HeusedthisforminhisepicpoemTheFaerieQueene.JohnKeats,agreatadmirerofSpenser,usedthisstanzainhispoemTheEveofSt.Agnes.*14.FrancisBacon“essays”esp.“OfStudies”（本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）

*16.WilliamShakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家。四大喜剧（AMidsummerNight'sDream-TheMerchantofVenice-AsYouLikeIt-TwelfthNight），四大悲剧（Macbeth-KingLear-Hamlet-Othello）比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱丽叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，最重要的喜剧作品是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnets，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗）*18.JohnMilton三大史诗(1667ParadiseLost1671ParadiseRegained1671SamsonAgonistes)非常重要，特别是ParadiseLost和SamsonAgonistes。

对于ParadiseLost需要知道它是blankverse写成的，故事情节来自OldTestament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。对于SamsonAgonistes要知道它是poeticaldrama，知道故事大概情节及其来源。

课本中的briefsummary中5条要看。Theme—arevoltagainstGod’sauthority*33.HenryFielding:“JosephAndrews”,“JonathanWild”,“TomJones”

他是一个比较重要的作家，founderoftheEnglishRealisticnovel，课本中features，另外Fielding也被称为fatheroftheEnglishnovel.

34.LaurenceSterne——“TristramShandy”35.RichardSheridan——“TheSchoolforScandal”

36.SamuelJohnson——“Dictionary”,“LettertoLordChesterfield”(thewriters’declarationofindependence)

37.OliverGoldsmith——“TheTraveller”(poem),“TheDesertedVillage”(poem)(bothtwopoemswerewrittenbyheroiccouplet),“TheVicarofWakefield”(novel),“TheGood-NaturedMan”(comedy),“ShestoopstoConquer”(comedy),“TheCitizenoftheWorld”(collectionofessays)38.EdwardGibbon，“TheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire”

*40.Sentimentalism（名词解释）Thetermsentimentalismisusedintwosenses:(1)Anoverindulgenceinemotion,especiallytheconsciousefforttoinduceemotioninordertoenjoyit.(2)Anoptimisticoveremphasisofthegoodnessofhumanity(sensibility),representinginpartareactionagainstCalvinism,whichregardedhumannatureasdepraved.Thenovelofsensibilitywasdevelopedfromthis18thcenturynotion,manifestedintheSentimentalnovel.EuropeansentimentalismaroseduringtheAgeofEnlightenment,atthesametimeassentimentalisminphilosophy.Itlastedfromaround1720untilthetimeoftheFrenchRevolution,arisinginFranceandEnglandasearlyas1700.*41.ThomasGray——“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(arepresentativeofsentimentalismandgraveyardschoolofpoets墓园派诗人)

GraveyardSchool/Poets:Atermappliedtoeighteenth-centurypoetswhowrotemeditativepoems,usuallysetinagraveyard,onthethemeofhumanmortality,inmoodswhichrangefromelegiacpensivenesstoprofoundgloom.ThevogueresultedinoneofthemostwidelyknownEnglishpoems,ThomasGray’s“Elegywritteninacountrychurchyard”.ThewritingofgraveyardpoemsspreadfromEnglandtoContinentalliteratureinthesecondpartofthecenturyandalsoinfluencedsomeAmericanpoets.*42.Inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury,Pre-Romanticism;representative:WilliamBlake(SongofInnocenceandSongsofExperience)andRobertBurns(ARedRedRose,AuldLangSyne).

43.ThomasPercy——“ReliquesofAncientEnglishpoetry”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。

*44.WilliamBlake比较重要，需要对主要作品有所了解，特别是SongsofInnocence和SongsofExperience,这两本集子的contrast，另外Blake的写作特点，比如语言的简单明了，神秘主义氛围等。Thecontrast:Itmarksaprogressinthepoet’soutlookonlife.Intheearliercollectionthereseemtobenoshadows.Tothepoet’seyes,thefirstglimpseoftheworldwasapictureoflight,harmony,peaceandlove.Butinthelateryears,experiencehadbroughtafullersenseofthepowerofevil,andofthegreatmiseryandpainofthepeople’slife.IntheintroductiontoSongsofInnocence,thepoetcompareshimselftoalaughingchilduponacloud,butinthattoSongsofExperiencethepoetbecomes“thelapsedSoulweepingintheeveningdew.”Conciseintheuseoflanguage.Mysterious.*45.RobertBurns伟大的苏格兰民族诗人,代表作ARedRedRose,ScotsWhaHae,AuldLangSyne等名诗，写作特点:1.Scottishdialect;2.apoetofpeasantandScottishpeople;3.plainlanguage;4.influencefromScottishfolksongsandballads;5.musicalqualityofhispoems.

PartFive:RomanticisminEngland*46.Romanticism（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家。（见图）*47.WilliamWordsworth要知道他的“LyricalBallads”是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。LakePoets（名词解释）TheLakePoetsalllivedintheLakeDistrictofEnglandattheturnofthenineteenthcentury.Asagroup,theyfollowednosingle"school"ofthoughtorliterarypracticethenknown,althoughtheirworkswereuniformlydisparagedbytheEdinburghReview.TheyareconsideredpartoftheRomanticMovement.他诗歌的主要两类题材：natureandcommonpeople’slives。

著名作品：Iwanderedlonelyasacloud;Tothecuckoo;LinescomposedafewmilesaboveTinternAbbey;Thesolitaryreaper;Weareseven等等。The5“I”sinRomanticism;Imagination----Intuition---Idealism---Inspiration---Individuality48.SamuelTaylorColeridge两首名诗：TheRimeoftheAncientMariner;KublaKhan主要写作supernatural题材。

*49.GeorgeGordonByron，ByronicHeroes(名词解释);著名作品：ChildHarold’sPilgrimage，另外此诗用SpenserianStanza写成；DonJuan，及其诗体attavarima。GeorgeGordonByronByronisaleadingRomanticist.Hisversewaseasy,fluent,andnaturalbeauty.Byron’sdiction,thoughunequalandfrequentlyfaulty,hasonthewholeafreedom,copiousnessandvigor.Hisdescriptionsaresimpleandfresh,andoftenbringvividobjectsbeforethereader.Byron’spoetryemployedtheOttvaRimafromItalianmock-heroicpoetry.ByronicHeroes1.The“Byronichero”,wasaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.2.TheByronicHerohasthefollowingfeatures:Havinggreattalent;Exhibitinggreatpassion;Havingadistasteforsocietyandsocialinstitutions;Expressingalackofrespectforrankandprivilege;Thwartedinlovebysocialconstraintordeath;Rebelling;Sufferingexile;Hidinganunsavorypast;Ultimatelyactinginaself-destructivemanner.*50.PercyByssheShelley著名作品：QueenMab;TheRevoltofIslam;PrometheusUnbound（lyricaldrama，大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。）其它名作:OdetotheWestWind;Toaskylark等等。51.JohnKeats著名作品：OdetoAutumn;OdetoaNightingale;OdeonaGrecianUrn”。注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。

52.CharlesLamb：TheEssaysofElia(humorous,archaisms,quotationsfromotherwriters)

53.WalterScott:founderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel;hisdeathmarkstheendingofRomanticPeriodinEnglishliterature;famousnovels:RobRoy,Ivanhoe;featuresofhisnovels(课本中的有关部分)PartSix:EnglishCriticalRealism

*54.CriticalRealism(1832-1901)批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。1.SocialBackground1)theVictorianAge(1836-1901)isalsooneofthemostgloriousinthehistoryofEnglishLiterature.ThistimewascharacterizedbyeconomicandsocialprosperityresultingfromtheIndustrialRevolution.2)However,livingconditionsinthemushroomingindustrialcenterswereverybad3)In1833,theChartistMovementbrokeout.ThebirthoftheBritishproletarianmovement.Inthesummerof1867,theworkingmeninthetownsofEnglandhadthevoiceinthemanagementofnationalaffairs.In1870,thefamousEducationalActwhichguaranteedauniversalsystemofeducationwaspassedbytheParliament.

4)TheVictorianerawasremarkablenotonlyineconomicprosperitybutalsointhedevelopmentofsciences.5)Utilitarianismandpositivismwereflourishing.2.TheDefinitionofCriticalRealism1)AccordingtoMarx,Realismwascalled“thepresentbrilliantschoolofEnglishnovelistswhosegraphicandeloquentdescriptionshaverevealedmorepoliticalandsocialtruthstotheworld.”2)Realistscriticized,exposedandattackedthesocialwrongs,atthesametimeshowedtheirsympathywiththecommonpeoplebypassionatelyprotestingagainstunbearablelivingconditionsunderwhichthepoorerclassesweregroaning.Writersbelongingto“thebrilliantschoolofEnglishnovelists”werecalledcriticalrealists,andtheirtrendwaslabeled“CriticalRealism”.

3.FeaturesofEnglishCriticalRealismTheyarefoundintheleadingwritersofthetime,chieflyDickens,Austen,Thackeray,Gaskel,Bronteandothers.1)

Theintroductionofanewsetofcharactersfromtheworkingclassasanewforceinsociety.2)

Adeepsenseofthedramaticcontrastbetweentherichandthepoor.3)

Anirresistablehatredforeveryspeciesofsocialoppressionandinjustice.4)

Anillusionofbringingaboutsocialjusticeandharmonybyreforms.5)

AninterestinthethemeofWomanEmancipation.4.representativesCharlesDickens(1812-1870)WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(1811-1863)JaneAusten（1775～1817）CharlotteBrontë(1816-1855)*55.CharlesDickens主要作品:ThePickwickPapers(firstnovel);OliverTwist;DombeyandSon;DavidCopperfield;ATalesofTwoCities等等，对这些主要作品要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色（课本中有）。56.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray主要作品即VanityFair要知道这个题目出自JohnBunyan的ThePilgrim’sProgress，另外小说的副标题“Anovelwithoutahero”的意思，要了解小说的情节，主题，人物形象等。VanityFair--AnovelwithoutaheroAmeliaSedley,ofgoodfamily,andRebeccaSharp,anorphan,leaveMissPinkerton'sacademyonChiswickMalltoliveouttheirlivesinVanityFair—theworldofsocialclimbingandsearchforwealth.AmeliadoesnotesteemthevaluesofVanityFair;Rebeccacaresfornothingelse.ThesocialstrataandthesituationinVanityFairaremadeclear.MissPinkerton,asnobandname-dropper,honorsonlythosewhohavemoneyandposition.ThackerayoutlinesBecky'sbackgroundandherpositionatMissPinkerton's,andrevealssomethingofhertemperamentwhensheroutstheoldladybyspeakingtoherinFrenchandbyrefusingtobeintimidated.HertriumphoverMissPinkertonindicatesherabilitytotakecareofherself.Thackeray'sfinehandatcharacterizationisapparentinthisconversation.Thackeray'supper-classRegencyworldisanoisyandjostlingcommercialfairground，predominantlydrivenbyacquisitivegreedandsoullessmaterialism，inwhichthenarratorhimselfplaysabrilliantlyversatileroleasaserio-comicobserver.Althoughsubtitled'ANovelwithoutaHero'，VanityFairfollowsthefortunesoftwocontrastingbutinter-linkedlives：throughtheretiringAmeliaSedleyandthebrilliantBeckySharp，Thackerayexaminesthepositionofwomeninanintenselyexploitativemaleworld.*57.JaneAusten主要作品：PrideandPrejudice

对于《傲慢与偏见》课本上介绍的不详细，可以找其它文学史书籍来简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。

Austen的写作特点：thinplot,mostlyeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysociety;goodatwritingyounggirls;modestsatire;wittydialogues。*58.CharlotteBronte主要作品JaneEyre，要知道其情节和意义，另外要了解简爱的人物形象。1)CharlotteBrontereflectstheinfluenceofVictorianmoresinherwriting.Hercharactersrespecthighstandardsofdecencyandmoralconduct,asexemplifiedbyMrs.Fairfax'sdisapprovalofJane’sengagementtoamanoldenoughtobeherfather,St.John’srejectionofJane’soffertotravelwithhimasanunmarriedassociate,andJane’srefusaltobecomeRochester’smistress.2)AsecondaspectofVictorianliterature,respectforthefamily,isobviousinseveralinstances.OnnightofJane’sreturnfromhervisittoGateshead,shesetsaboutestablishingacomfortablehome,thefirstrealfamilythatJanehaseverknowns.3)Anotherworthytheme,theworkingsofjustice,asubjectwhichprofoundlyinfluencedbothCharlesDickensandBronte’sphilosophy.Hercharacterspayfortheirsins-thebullyJohnReed,diesasordid,violentanddeath,SarahReedrejectsJane’sforgivenessforherearlyunfairnessanddiesalone,...

*59.EmilyBronte主要作品WutheringHeights，情节，人物形象及意义。

勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些supernaturalelements，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。

60.Mrs.Gaskell,oneofthefirstEnglishwriterstodescribetheclassstruggleinanovel,famousnovel:“MaryBarton”。

61.GeorgeEliot主要作品:AdamBede,TheMillonFloss,SilasMarner。PartSeven:Prose-writersandpoetsofthemidandlater19thcentury

62.ThomasCarlyle,JohnRuskin,MatthewArnold。

63.AlfredTennyson主要作品:InMemoriam,TheIdyllsoftheKings；有名的短诗Break,Break,Break;Crossingthebar等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。64.RobertBrowningintroduceddramaticmonologuetopoetry.Hisfamouspoems:“Home-thoughtsfromabroad”etc.

ElizabethBarrettBrowning:“SonnetsfromthePortuguese”.

65.WilliamMorris主要作品，写作特点，及其意义等。*66.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）TheAestheticMovementisalooselydefinedmovementinliterature,fineart,thedecorativearts,andinteriordesigninlaternineteenth-centuryBritain.ItrepresentsthesametendenciesthatsymbolismordecadencestoodforinFranceandmaybeconsideredOscarWilde主要作品，写作特点及其意义。Wildewrotefairystoriesforhisboys.ThesewerelaterpublishedasTheHappyPrinceandOtherTales.In1899hewroteTheBalladofReadingGaol,apoeminspiredbyhisprisonexperience*68.JohnGalsworthy:

主要作品“TheForsyteSaga”注意这是两个trilogy构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是“TheManofProperty”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。书上介绍这个作家的部分的最后一段算是这个作家的写作特点。*70.GeorgeBernardShaw主要作品MrsWarren’sProfession和MajorBabara，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。

*71.WilliamButlerYeats几首有名的诗歌如“SailingtoByzantium”,“TheSecondComing”,“TheWildSwanatCoole”，另外他诗歌的特点如symbolism,mysticism,modernists’influence等等。

*72.T.S.Eliot，特别是他的TheWasteLand要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。另外他的诗剧MurderintheCathedral等等。

另外他著名的文章TraditionandtheIndividualTalent被认为是manifestoofmodernistpoetry.

*75.Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）The“streamofconsciousness”isapsychologicaltermindicating“thefluxofconsciousandsubconsciousthoughtsandimpressionsmovinginthemindatanygiventimeindependentlyoftheperson’swill”.Quotation《坎特伯雷故事》四月时分，甜蜜的阵雨飘落，穿越干旱的三月，浸透了万物的根部，把强力酒精的每一根经络浸泡，草木发芽，渐次生花；西风呼出甜美的气息，席卷了荒地和林丘,嫩枝和嫩叶，青春的阳光,在白羊星座走了一半的历程，无数小鸟通宵达旦睁着眼睛，此时齐声歌唱.（大自然骚扰着它们躁动不安）；这时，人们渴望走上朝圣之路……

SomeFamousQuotationsfromBacon:“Forgivenessdoesnotchangethepast,butitdoesenlargethefuture.““Oneofthegreatestpainstohumannatureisthepainofanewidea.“"NooneasksyoutothrowMozartoutofthewindow.KeepMozart.Cherishhim.KeepMosestoo,andBuddhaandLaoTzuandChrist.Keeptheminyourheart.Butmakeroomfortheothers,thecomingones,theoneswhoarealreadyscratchingonthewindow-panes."“Old

wood

best

to

burn,

old

wine

to

drink,

old

friends

to

trust,

and

old

authors

to

read.”"Ifwebeginwithcertainties,weshallendindoubts;butifwebeginwithdoubts,andwearepatientinthem,weshallendincertainties.“"Becuriousalways!Forknowledgewillnotacquireyou:youmustacquireit.“"Ifitisyourtime,lovewilltrackyoudownlikeacruisemissile.““Thewheelgoesroundandround,someareupandsomeareonthedown,andstillthewheelgoesround."“OfStudies”《论读书》STUDIESservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgment,anddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexe-cute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebest,fromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,bystudy;andstudiesthemselves,dogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Readingmakeafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknow,thathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebody,mayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifaman\'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheSchoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectors.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cases.Soeverydefectofthemind,mayhaveaspecialreceipt.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。SonnetXIIIShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate:

Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,

Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature'schangingcourseuntrimmed:

Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow'st,

Norshalldeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow'st,

Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.ImportantQuotations1.Butsoft,whatlightthroughyonderwindowbreaks?Itistheeast,andJulietisthesun.Arise,fairsun,andkilltheenviousmoon,Whoisalreadysickandpalewithgrief.2.ORomeo,Romeo,WhereforeartthouRomeo?Denythyfatherandrefusethyname,Orifthouwiltnot,bebutswornmylove,AndI’llnolongerbeaCapulet.3."OfMan'sfirstdisobedience,andthefruit.Ofthatforbiddentreewhosemortaltaste

Broughtdeathintotheworld,andallourwoe,WithlossofEden."(fromParadiseLost)

4."ThenIsawthattherewasawaytoHell,evenfromthegatesofHeaven"(ThePilgrim'sProgressPartI)5.“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.”“……Denythyfatherandrefusethyname,Orifthouwiltnot,bebutswornmylove,AndI’llnolongerbeaCapulet.”Elegywritteninacountrychurch-yard/Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,/Thelowingherdwindsslowlyo'erthelea,/Theploughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,/Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome./Nowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight,/Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds,/Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight,/Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds:/Savethatfromyonderivy-mantledtower/Themopingowldoestothemooncomplain/Ofsuchas,wanderingnearhersecretbower,/Molestherancientsolitaryreign.墓畔哀歌晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧，牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落，耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。6.OmyLuve’slikeared,redrose,/That’snewlysprunginJune;/OmyLuve’slikeamelodie,/That’ssweetlyplay’dintone.=O,myloveislikeared,redrose,ThatisnewlysprunginJune.O,myloveislikethemelody,Thatissweetlyplayedintune.

Asfairartthou,mybonielass,/SodeepinluveamI,/AndIwillluvetheestill,myDear,/Tilla'theseasgangdry.=Asfairareyou,mylovelylass,/SodeepinloveamI,/AndIwillloveyoustill,myDear,/Tillalltheseasgodry.

Tilla'theseasgangdry,myDear,/Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun!/OIwillluvetheestill,myDear,/Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.=Tillalltheseasgodry,myDear,/Andtherocksmeltwiththesun!/OIwillloveyoustill,myDear,/Whilethesandsoflifeshallrun.

7.Arenotthemountains,waves,andskies,apart.Ofmeandmysoul,asIofthem?----Byron8.IWanderedLonelyasaCloud/TheDaffodils(1804)Iwanderedlonelyasacloud/Thatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,/WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,/Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;/Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,/Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.Continuousasthestarsthatshine/Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,/Theystretchedinnever-endingline/Alongthemarginofabay:/TenthousandsawIataglance,/Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.Thewavesbesidethemdanced;butthey/Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:/Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,/Insuchajocundcompany:/Igazed--andgazed--butlittlethought/Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie/Invacantorinpensivemood,/Theyflashuponthatinwardeye/Whichistheblissofsolitude;/Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,/Anddanceswiththedaffodils.9.PrideandPrejudice“Sometimesthelastpersononearthyouwanttobe