英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件

WhatisGrammarthewholesystemandstructureofalanguageoroflanguagesingeneral,usuallytakenasconsistingofsyntaxandmorphology(includinginflections)andsometimesalsophonologyandsemantics.OxfordonlinedictionaryWhatisGrammarthewholesyste1Simplerput:Grammaristhesystemofalanguage.Peoplesometimesdescribegrammarasthe"rules"ofalanguage;butinfactnolanguagehasrules.Ifweusetheword"rules",wesuggestthatsomebodycreatedtherulesfirstandthenspokethelanguage,likeanewgame.Butlanguagesdidnotstartlikethat.Languagesstartedbypeoplemakingsoundswhichevolvedintowords,phrasesandsentences.Nocommonly-spokenlanguageisfixed.Alllanguageschangeovertime.Whatwecall"grammar"issimplyareflectionofalanguageataparticulartime.Simplerput:Grammaristhesys2Unit1:LevelsofEnglishGrammar

Issuesofthisunit: Levelsofgrammarunits morpheme,word,phrase,clauses英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件3

学习内容预告：本单元之后，请预习： 第4、5讲：名词和名词词组、名词属格英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件4Thesubjectofthiscourse:

Languagesystem:

Soundsystem,forphonology(音系学)

Meaningsystem,forsemantics(语义学)

Rulesystem,forgrammarstudyThiscoursestudiesthesyntacticrules.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件5DifferentlevelsofformsinEnglish:（DiscourseText）SentenceClausePhraseWordMorphemeDifferentlevelsofformsinE6A）Morphemes(词素) Englishmorpheme

Freemorpheme Boundmorpheme(自由词素) (粘附词素)

e.g.

manfriend

e.g.

im--y takeluck… pre--ess…

(asroots,stems，词根、词干)(asaffixes，词缀)A）Morphemes(词素)7Affixes：（词缀的结构分类）1prefix(前缀)：

pre-war,

antibody, impossible2suffix(后缀)：careful,farmer,nicely, homely3infix(中缀)：footfeet,statesmanAffixes：（词缀的结构分类）8词缀的功能分类：

一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectionalaffix

(屈折词缀)；其他如：-s-ed-est

” 另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic)

，例如：-er作为名词词尾，表示“onewho…”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivationalaffix(派生词缀)”英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件9 Next,let’slookmorecloselyatsomeexamplesofstems,affixationsandtheirrolesinformingEnglishwords. （Ihavepreparedalistofthestems,prefixesandsuffixesofEnglishwords,whichisinaWordfile.Ifyouareinterested,youcancopyitafterclass.） Next,let’slookmoreclose101）ExamplesofPrefixes:

a-,an-

/without,lacking,not/

asymmetric,apolitical

bi-

/two/

bicycle,bilateral

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件11

形式有差异，但意义相同的词缀： （词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）：

com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-

/together,with/

combine contract

colleague correspond

cooperation形式有差异，但意义相同的词缀：12形式相同，但意义不同的词缀：

im-,in-,il-,ir-

/in,into,on/

immigrant,income,illustration, irrigation

(通常为名词、动词)im-,in-,il-,ir-

/not/

impossible,inconvinent,illegal,

irresponsible

（通常为形容词）形式相同，但意义不同的词缀：13反义词缀：

inter- /between/international,interpersonal, intra-,intro-/within/intragroup,

introductionsub-

/under/submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonic,superpower

反义词缀：14反义词缀：

macro- /big/

macrocontrol,macroeconomymicro-/small/

microcontrol,microeconomy

反义词缀：15同义、近义词缀：

anti- /against/

antisocial,antifascist

contra-/against/

contradiction,contrastcounter-/against/

counteract,counterpart,

同义、近义词缀：16同义、近义词缀：

demi-/ahalforapartof/demi-god semi-/half,partly/

semiconductor,semifinal, hemispherefore- /before,infrontof/

forehead,

forerunnerpre- /before/

prewar,prepare,

preschool

同义、近义词缀：172）ExamplesofSuffixes:有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义：

-ness/addedtoadjectivestoformnouns/

carelessness,goodness,laziness, -sumption/nounformforverbsendedwith-ume/

assumption,consumption,resumption [assume

assumption]英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件18有些后缀则既有句法意义，也有语义意义：

-able,-ible/adj.capableof,fitfor/

eatable,considerable,

sizable,feasible

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件19

有些后缀具有不同的意义（例如相反意义）：

-er,-or,-eer

/n.onewho/

interviewer,employer,

operator,actor,

engineer-ee

/n.onewho(usu.inpassivesense)/

interviewee,employee,testee英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件20

3）ExamplesofStems:

-anim-/spirit/

animal,

unanimous-aqua-/water/

aquaticsports,aquarium-auto-/self/

autobiography,automobile3）ExamplesofStems:21

-cap-,-capit-/head,chief/

capital,captain,

-dict-/say,speak/

dictation,dictionary,contradiction

-son-/sound/

consonant,resonant,ultrasonic

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件22小贴士：词根的典故：

Cesar:"Veni,Vidi,Vinci!"

-ven-,-vent-/come/

intervene,prevent,convention

-vid-,-vis- /see/

visualize,vision,vista-vinc-,-van-/conquer/

victory,invincible,vanquish,vanity

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件23

Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:

Doyouknowthesewordsandifnot,canyoufigureouttheirmeanings:

netizenultramodernretrospecttransplant

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件24

Nowlet’sgotothenextlevelofgrammar：thewordlevel.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件25B)Words:

TypesofEnglishWords Intermsoffunction（按功能分）

Closedclasswords(封闭类词，虚词) Openclasswords(开放类词，实词)英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件26Closedclasswords (functionwords,封闭类词，虚词) 这类词无词形变化，数量小

Preposition,pronoun,determiner,conjunction,auxiliary

andinthetheyshall英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件27Openclasswords (contentwords,开放类词，实词)

noun,adjective,adverb,mainverb,numerals(cardinal,ordinal)

这类词有词形变化，数量很大

boy

boys good

best

three

thirty borrow

borrowed borrowing英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件28

TypesofEnglishWords Intermsofstructure（按结构分）

1）simplewords（简单词） 2）derivativewords（派生词） 3）compoundwords（复合词） TypesofEnglishWords291)Simpleword（简单词）

Alsocalled“morphemeword，单词素词” （不能再分为更小的词素）

e.g.:

foot,head,car,near,by,in…英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件30

2)Derivatives(派生词)：

Formedby:stem+affixes

e.g.:

uncover;harmless;education…

【e--duc--at-ion】

Review:

Syntacticaffixes:worked,redden,graceful

Semanticaffixes:superman,cooker,

antibody 2)Derivatives(派生词)：31

须注意：syntactic和semantic的区分不是绝对的，句法性词缀也可能有语义价值：

employervs.employeetrainervs.trainee

interviewervs.interviewee

而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性：

beautifulvs.

handful

psychotic

/neurotic

antibiotic/armymedic英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件32

3)Compounds(复合词)： InEnglish,manywordsareformedbycombiningtwoormorewordstogetherandthesewordsarecalledcompoundwords. Contentwordssuchasnouns,verbsandadjectivescanallbeformedinthisfashion.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件33 Compounding:thecombinationofdifferentwordsorwordpartstoformanewword:

A)CompoundNouns:

n.+n.workshop,bookshelf,lifesaver,color-filmpron.+n.she-wolf,he-bear,he-mann.+v.sunrise,sunset,shoplift,power-cut

v.+n.scarecrow,telltale,breakfast,turncoat a.+n.

greenhouse,red-tape,busybody Compounding:thecombination34B)CompoundAdjectives: a.+n.+ed.

smooth-tongued,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,high-nosed

n.+v.+ed.

heart-broken,weather-beaten,home-made,heartfeltB)CompoundAdjectives:35 n.+v.+ing.

peace-keeping,law-abiding,time-saving,truth-telling,fact-finding n.+a.

blood-thirsty,ice-free,snow-white,homesick

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件36 a.+n.

high-grade,first-class,long-range,new-type,second-hand

a.+a.

bloody-red,bittersweet,dead-alive,white-hot

a.+n.37 v.+a.

failsafe,diehard,talk-big

prep.+n.

indoor,overhead,aboveboard,online hyphenconj.

out-of-door,life-and-death,wait-and-see v.+a.38C)CompoundVerbs: adv.+v.

toovertake,touplift,touproot,tounderline, todownplay,toupload n.+n.

tobrainstorm,tostreamline,todog-ear, towindsurf,toshowcaseC)CompoundVerbs:39 n.+v.

toair-drop,toeavesdrop,tobreastfeed, tonose-dive,tomastermind a.+v.

tosafeguard,towhitewash,toblindfold n.+v.40

Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:

Canyoufigureoutthemeaningsofthesecompounds:

think-tank,kill-joy,apple-polisher

half-hearted,honey-mouthed,

far-reaching, ill-fitting

tocold-shoulder,tomass-produce

英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件41

Theanswertothequiz:

think-tank(智库),

kill-joy

(扫兴的人/事),

apple-polisher

(马屁精)

half-hearted(不热心的),

honey-mouthed(甜言蜜语的),

far-reaching

(影响深远的),

ill-fitting

(不合身的)

tocold-shoulder

(让…吃闭门羹),

tomass-produce

(规模化生产/批量生产)Theanswertothequiz:42

Otherpatternsofwordformation： TherearealsootherwaystoformEnglishwords,whichconstituteseveralpatternsofEnglishword-formation. Next,let’stakealookatthesepatterns.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件43PatternI.Phrase-hyphen,mostofthewords formedthiswayareadjectives:

adamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-don’tchoiceanot-so-strong

team;theno-war,no-peacestalemate;thecards-on-the-tableapproach;theends-justify-means

philosophy;Alsonouns,suchas：

forget-me-not英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件44 PatternII.Conversions,theshiftofthepartsofspeechofaword: n.→v.toknife,tohouse,towater,toeyeball, towineanddine v.→n.givesomebodyapush,thisyear’s pick,acheat,togiveitarethink a.→n.theold,therich,theaccused,

throughthickandthin, PatternII.Conversions,the45 PatternIII.Blending,themergeofwordpartstoformanewword:

head+ending:smog,motel,heliport,brunchword+ending:workaholic,lunarnaut

head+word:medicare,psywar,cyberpolicehead+head:comsat,Amerind PatternIII.Blending,them46PatternIV.Clipping,removingsomepartofawordtomakeitshorterwhilekeepingthemeaning:

A:tail-clipping:ad,lab,math,gym,biz,bike B:head-clipping:shute,phon,plane,quake C:headandtailclipping:fridge,flu,tecPatternIV.Clipping,removing47 PatternV.Acronym,theformationofanewwordfromtheinitiallettersofaphrase:radar:radiodetectingandranginglaser:light-waveamplificationbystimulated emissionofradiationAIDS:acquiredimmunitydeficiencysyndrome知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗：UFO,UNESCO,VIP,WHO,NATO,OPEC,ASEAN英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件48PatternVI.Formationofwordsfrompropernouns:

watt,hertz,volt,ampere,

champagne,waterloo,water-gate,

xerox,

Reaganomics,Thatcherism

toclintontolewenski

PatternVI.Formationofwords49

Next,let’sgotothenextlevelofgrammar：thephraselevel.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件50C)Phrases(短语、词组)PhrasesofEnglish

NP VP AdjP AdvP PrepP “P”means“phrase”.C)Phrases(短语、词组)51

1.NP(nounphrase名词短语)：中心语为名词 (det.)+(modifier)+Noun+(modifier)

e.g.:

alazyboystillasleep theearthquakeofRichtermagnitude7 withtheepicenteratYa'an thehottesthotpotthatIhaveevertasted sinceIcametoSichuan1.NP(nounphrase名词短语)：中心语52

NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

deadpresident sweatwater blinddate handwritingonthewall drygoods英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件53

NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

deadpresident：美钞 sweatwater：淡水 blinddate：男女初次会面（他人安排） handwritingonthewall：不祥之兆 drygoods：(美)纺织品；(英)谷物英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件54

2.VP(verbphrase动词短语)：中心语为动词 simpleVP:MainVerb+(modifier)

e.g.:

I

hateEnglishgrammar

deeply.

complexVP:Auxiliary+MainVerb+(mod.)

e.g.:

I

slept

away

theclass.

I

wouldhavebeen

toWenchuanasa volunteerworker,ifIhadnot

hadtogotoschoolnow.2.VP(verbphrase动词短语)：中心语55

FiniteVP:(affectedbytense,orperson…)

e.g.:Theboy

eats

thestone.

Theboy

ate

thestone.

Theboys

have

eaten

thestone. InfiniteVP:(unaffectedbytense,orperson…)

e.g.:YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.

Kissedbymosquitoes,Ifeel/feltitchy.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件56

VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

topullone’sleg tobringdownthehouse toknockone’ssocksoff

Heiseasilytakenin.

Seethefollowingpagefortheanswers.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件57

VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted：

topullone’sleg：开某人的玩笑 tobringdownthehouse：震耳欲聋的声响 topullupone’ssocks：鼓起勇气

Heiseasilytakenin.：他极易上当受骗。英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件58

3.AdjP(adjectivephrase形容词短语)：

(modifier)+Adjective+(compliment)

e.g.:TheCollegeEntranceExaminationsofthis yearwereextremelyeasy. Englishgrammarlearningistooboring tobeenjoyable. Iammorethanhappytoacceptyour invitationtodinner.英语语法(01语法层次)概要课件59

4.AdvP(adverbphrase副词短语)：

(modifier)+Adverb+(modifier)

e.g.:

WelivefarawayfromdowntownChengdu. Goodtablemannermeansthatyouhavetoeatinsuchawaythatnonoiseemits. 4.AdvP(adverbphrase副词短语605.PrepP(prepositionalphrase介词短语)： (modifier)+preposition+compliment

e.g.:

Don’tbeagiantofwords,butadwarfofdeeds.