托福阅读专题-插入题课件

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MaxineInsertTextQuestionbyMaxine123IntroductionTipsClue1——指代关系4Clue2——逻辑关系5Clue3——结构关系123IntroductionTipsClue1——指代关Introduction设置在文章的倒数第二题出题会确保不会因为这个缺失的句子而影响到全文的大意，缺少的这个句子是可有可无的出题原理：指代线索/逻辑线索/组织结构和语义线索Introduction设置在文章的倒数第二题Tips做句子插入题必须先读句子而非先读段落找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测

从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行验证

插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索）Tips做句子插入题必须先读句子而非先读段落Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind-farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia.有些能源行业的公司意识到了这个更大的可能性，正在计划在美国除了加州以外的州建立大型的风力发电站项目。Since1980,theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly.█In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.█MostwereinDenmark(whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines)andCalifornia(where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestate’selectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco).█Inprinciple,allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestates—NorthDakota,SouthDakota,andTexas.█SomecompaniesinthepowerinClue1—指代关系指代词（the,this,these,their，such,another,other,they,it）必然有所指代指代词后边若有名词短语，则向前寻找名词短语的同义改写，指代词必然有所指代小黑方块附近出现指代词，则注意是否有所指代，若无指代，插入句往往放在代词前的方块插入句中出现插入语或从句，重点读主干定冠词the用于重复上文提到的事物Clue1—指代关系指代词（the,this,thesWhatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree?■Fewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyears．■Adults'memoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescanty．■Mostpeoplerememberonlyafewevents--usuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive，suchasbeinghospitalizedorasibling’sbirth.■Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Otherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings.托福阅读专题——插入题ppt课件■Casesinwhichmanyspeciesbecomeextinctwithinageologicallyshortintervaloftimearecalledmassextinctions.■Therewas

onesucheventattheendoftheCretaceousperiod(around70millionyearsago).■Therewasanother,evenlarger,massextinctionattheendofthePermianperiod(around250millionyearsago).■ThePermianeventhasattractedmuchlessattentionthanothermassextinctionsbecausemostlyunfamiliarspeciesperishedatthattime.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Ingeneral,itisbelievedthatthesetwoextinctionsresultedfromdrasticenvironmentalchangesthatfollowedmeteoriteimpactsormassivevolcaniceruptions.■Casesinwhichmanyspecies■Accordingly,FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingitsmilitarydominationfromMoscowtoLisbon,fromJutlandtoCalabria.■Allofthisentailedtremendousrisk,becauseFrancedidnothavethemilitaryresourcestocontrolthismuchterritoryandstillprotectitselfandmaintainorderathome.■Frenchstrategistscalculatedthatanavyof150shipswouldprovidetheforcenecessarytodefeattheBritishnavy.■ThisadvantagewasdeemednecessarybecauseofBritain’ssuperiorseaskillsandtechnology,andalsobecauseBritainwouldbefightingadefensivewar,allowingittowinwithfewerforces.

SuchaforcewouldgiveFranceathree-to-twoadvantageoverBritain.■Accordingly,FrancesetouttSeveralfactorsaffecttidalranges,includingabruptchangesinatmosphericpressureorprolongedperiodsofextremehighorlowpressure.■Theyarealsoinfluencedbythedensityandvolumeofseawater,variationsinocean-currentvelocities,earthquakes,andthegrowingorshrinkingoftheworld’sglaciers.■Infact,anyofthesefactorsalonecanaltersealevel.■Thegreaterandmorerapidthechangeofwaterlevel,thegreatertheerosiveeffectofthetidalaction,andthusintheamountofmaterialtransportedanddepositedontheshore.■Stormsurges,suchastheheapingupofoceanwaterbyhurricanewinds,areyetanotherfactor.SeveralfactorsaffecttidalrWeallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?■Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.■Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.■Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.■Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.Thestencilsofhandsfoundinthesesheltersandcavesallowustodrawconclusionsaboutwhichhandwasdominant.WeallknowthatmanymorepeoClue2—逻辑关系常见逻辑关系：并列、递进、转折、因果、比较并列递进：furthermore,also,aswell,too,inaddition,moreover,besides,even,additionally,first,second,third...,notonly...butalso转折：although,conversely,however,instead,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,unlike,whereas,while因果：therefore,so,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,thus,hence比较：incontrast,onthecontraryClue2—逻辑关系常见逻辑关系：并列、递进、转折、因果、Clue2—逻辑关系插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时：转折句中的主语前边可能提到过

插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果/总结结论标识词时：排除段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系/总结结论句中的元素，必与上一句有所对应

Clue2—逻辑关系插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.■Other,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.■Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregion’swatersupplies.■Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.■Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts,thiswouldonlydelaythedepletionoftheaquifer.Thereactionoffarmerstothe

Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathofinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.■Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.■Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.■Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.■Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.ThesubjectsofthepaClue3—结构关系西方人的思维总分结构来论证观点总分结构——本质：先论点，后论证

Clue3—结构关系西方人的思维■Fantasyisoneofthemorecommontechniquesinadvertisingthatcouldpossiblymisleadayoungaudience.■Child-orientedadvertisementsaremorelikelytoincludemagicandfantasythanadvertisementsaimedatadults.■InacontentanalysisofCanadiantelevision,theauthorStephenKlineobservedthatnearlyallcommercialsforcharactertoysfeaturedfantasyplay.■Childrenhavestrongimaginationsandtheuseoffantasybringstheirideastolife,butchildrenmaynotbeadeptenoughtorealizethatwhattheyareviewingisunreal.Fantasysituationsandsettingsarefrequentlyusedtoattractchildren'sattention,particularlyinfoodadvertising.Advertisementsforbreakfastcerealshave,formanyyears,beenfoundtobeespeciallyfondoffantasytechniques,withalmostnineoutoftenincludingsuchcontent.Generally,thereisuncertaintyastowhetherveryyoungchildrencandistinguishbetweenfantasyandrealityinadvertising.Certainly,rationalappealsinadvertisingaimedatchildrenarelimited,asmostadvertisementsuseemotionalandindirectappealstopsychologicalstatesorassociations.Anotheraspectofadvertisingthatmayespeciallyinfluencechildrenisfantasy.■FantasyisoneofthemorecoClue3—结构关系分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句：概述一般位于段首位置

采用分类列举式的段落/文章通常以（数词+名词复数）的形式出现

概述的标示词：reasons,groups,parts,types,sorts,ways,approaches,features分类列举式段落列举部分作为插入句（插入句中出现furthermore,moreover,inaddition,besides,also）：引出段落中一个新的方面，放在对应语句之前；插入句中的主语前边可能提到过。Clue3—结构关系分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句：概述Thechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?Europe'smaritimetraditionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseas—theMediterranean,theBaltic,and.toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent—notofvastoceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingone'sway,newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme.ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.■Spiceswerethemostsought-aftercommodities.■SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.■Butevenhigh-pricedcom