南京航空航天大学考博英语历年真题及详解

2009年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题2008年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题PartIReadingcomprehension(40points)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Question1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendary,butnotontheissueoffreetrade.Arecentsurveyofprominenteconomistsbothconservativeandliberalconcludedthat"aneconomistwhoarguesforfreeinternationaltradeisalmostascommontodayasaphysicianwhofavorsleeching."Whytheconsensus?Internationalfreetrade,economistsagree,makespossiblehigherstandardsoflivingallovertheglobe.Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntary,bothpartnersbenefit;otherwisetheywouldn’ttrade.Thebuyerofashirt,forexample,valuestheshirtmorethanthemoneyspent,whilethesellervaluesthemoneymore.Botharebetteroffbecauseofthesale.Moreover,itdoesn’tmatterwhethertheshirtsalesmanisfromtheUnitedStatesorHongKongoranywhereelse.ThevastmajorityofAmericanmanufacturesfaceinternationalcompetition.Thiscompetitionforcescompaniestoimprovequalityandcutcosts.Bycontrast,protectionismencouragesmonopoly,lowerqualityandhigherprices.Americanspayanenormouspriceforprotectionism--over‘60billionayear,or1000forafamilyoffour.Thankstoprotectionism,forexample,Americanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar.Freetradealsomakestheworldeconomymoreefficient,byallowingnationstocapitalizeontheirstrengths.TheUnitedStateshasanadvantageinfoodproduction,forinstance,whileSaudiArabiahasanadvantageinoil.TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfood,butitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus.Similarly,wecouldbecomeself-sufficientinpetroleumbysqueezingmoreoutofoilsale.ButitismuchlesscostlytobuysomeofouroilfromSaudiArabia.Tradebetweenourtwocountriesimprovesthestandardoflivinginboth.Protectionismisbothwastefulandunjust.Ittaxesmostheavilyonthepeoplewhocanleastaffordit.Thus,tariffsthatraisethepriceofshoesburdenthepoormorethantherich.Despitethepowerfulcaseforfreetrade;theUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldhasalwaysbeenprotectionisttosomedegree.Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublic,whileprotectionismbenefitsspecial-interestgroups,whicharebetterorganized,betterfinancedandmoreinformed.Tomakemattersworse,muchofwhatwehearonthisissueismisinformationspreadbythespecialintereststhemselves.1.Theeconomists______.A.disagreewhethertorestrictfreetradeornotB.agreeonfreetradeC.agreeontherestrictionofinternaltradeD.holddifferentargumentsbecauseoftheirdifferentinterests2.Thetwopartiesinafreetrade______.A.donotcareatallB.carefordifferentthingsC.careforthethingsbeingtradedD.careforthesamethings3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardprotectionismdenotedfromthepassage?A.SincereB.AppreciativeC.GratefulD.ironic4.Whyhasprotectionismalwaysbeenexercisedifitiswastefulandunjust?Because______.A.ithelpstoestablishnationalindustryofone’sownB.itcanachieveanindependenteconomyC.itisfavoredbygeneralpublicD.itbenefitssomeprivilegedfew5.Accordingtothefreetradeprinciple,theauthorsuggeststhat______.A.U.S.exploreitsoilshaleB.SaudiArabiabuilditsownindustryC.SaudiArabiaimportfoodfromU.S.D.U.S.becomesmoreself-sufficientinfoodQuestion6-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BecauseIrelandisanislandgeographicallynearthemainlandoftheUnitedKingdom,EnglishrulershavefoughtsincetheMiddle-EnglishAgestoretainpoliticalcontroloverit.Attractedbythelushfarmland,EnglishandScottishlandownerssettledthere,andintimeoffamineorpoliticalunrest,thelocalworkerssuffered,whiletheirlandlordswerecushionedbytheirwealth.ThehistoryofmodernIrelandis,infact,largelyastoryofantagonismandresentmentbetweentheIrishandtheirEnglishandScottishrulers.Sincethe1920’s,Irelandhasbeendividedintotwoparts:NorthernIreland(Ulster)andtheRepublicofIreland(Eire).ThenorthisstillpartoftheUnitedKingdomandispredominantlyProtestant;thesouthisanindependentrepublicandismainlyCatholic.ThemajorityinUlsteracceptthispoliticalcompromise,buttheactiveandmainlyCatholicminorityarefightingforunionwiththeindependentrepublicofSouthernIreland.TheIRA,theIrishRepublicanArmy,havemountedbombingcampaignsinmilitaryandciviltargetsinUlsterandEngland.Theyhavesentletter-bombstopublicfigures,theyhaveslotfellowIrishmenwhosupporttheBritishorbelongtoopposing,andnowequallymilitantProtestantgroups.Asaresultofthis,theBritishhavestationedanarmyinBelfast,theIRAhasbeenoutlawed,andseveralofthemhavespentmanyyearsinprisonorhavediedinsupportoftheircause.Whetherthislevelofviolenceandrepressionisjustifiable,andwhethertheviolencethatcouldresultfrompoliticalchangewouldbeworthwhilearethecontroversialissuesthatdivideeverybodyinvolved.6.Itsuggestedthatthecentralproblemisrelationshipbetween______.A.BritainandIrelandB.UlsterandEireC.CatholicsandProtestantsD.theIrishRepublicanArmyandUlster.7.Thisoutlinesuggeststhatthecentralproblemis______.A.manycenturiesoldB.aboutthreecenturiesoldC.about80yearsoldD.afewyearsold8.TheIRAis______.A.partoftheUlsterpoliceforceBopartofAmericanarmyC.agroupofmilitantpriestsD.aterroristorganization9.Bombattacksoccur______.A.onlyinEnglandB.whenpublicfigurestalkaboutIrelandC.onlyinNorthernIrelandD.inEnglandandNorthernIreland10.Thewriterfeelsthatthecontroversyisabout______.A.freedomB.politicalchangeC.theuseofviolenceD.injusticeQuestions11-15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ByfarthemostcommonsnakeinBritainistheadder.InScotland,infact,therearenoothersnakesatall.TheadderisalsotheonlyBritishsnakewithapoisonousbite.Itcanbefoundalmostanywhere,butpreferssunnyhillsidesandroughopencountry,includinghighground.InIrelandtherearenosnakesatall.Mostpeopleregardsnakebitesasafatalmisfortune,butnotallbitesareserious,andveryfewarefatal.Sometimesattemptsatemergencytreatmentturnouttobemoredangerousthanthebiteitself,withamateursheroically,butmistakenly,tryingdo-it-yourselfsurgeryandotherunnecessarymeasures.Allsnakeshavesmallteeth,soitfollowsthatallsnakescanbite,butonlythebiteoftheadderpresentsanydanger.Britishsnakesareshyanimalsandarefarmorefrightenedofyouthanyoucouldpossiblybeofthem.Theadderwillattackonlyifitfeelsthreatened,ascanbehappenifyoutakeitbysurpriseandsteponitaccidentallyorifyoutrytocatchitorpickitup,whichitdislikesintensely.Ifithearsyoucoming,itwillnormallygetoutofthewayasquicklyasitcan,butadderscannotmoveveryrapidlyandmayattackbeforemovingifyouareveryclose.Theeffectofabitevariesconsiderably.Itdependsuponseveralthings,oneofwhichisthebody-weightofthepersonbitten.Thebiggertheperson,thelessharmfulthebiteislikelytobe,whichiswhychildrensuffermoreseriouslyfromsnakebitesthanadults.Ahealthypersonwillalsohavebetterresistanceagainstthepoison.VeryfewpeopleactuallydiefromsnakebitesinBritain,andthoughthesebitescanmakesomepeopleveryill,thereareprobablyjustasmanycasesofbiteshavinglittleornoefforts,asthereareofseriousillness.11.Addersaremostlikelytobefound______.A.inScotlandandnowhereelseB.inwiderpartsofBritainC.inshadyfieldsinEnglandD.onuncultivatedlandthroughoutBritain12.WearetoldthatBritishsnakesare______.A.afraidofhumanbeingsB.poisonousincludingtheadderC.dangerousexcepttheadderD.friendlytowardshumanbeings13.WhichofthefollowingsstatementsisNottrue?A.TheadderistheonlypoisonoussnakeinBritain.B.InScotlandtherearenoothersnakesexcepttheadder.C.Snakebitesseemmoredangerousthantheyactuallyare.D.People’sattemptsatemergencytreatmentareutterlyunnecessary.14.Whenwilltheaddernotattackyou?A.whenyoutrytocatchitB.whenyouaresomedistanceawayfromit.C.whenyouhappentosteponit.D.whenyoutrytopickitup.15.Ifanadderhearsyoucoming,itwillsusually______.A.attackyouimmediatelyB.disappearveryquicklyC.wanttofrightenyouD.moveoutofthewayQuestion16-20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetradition,customs,beliefs,andwaystolifeofagivengroupofhumanbeing.Inthissense,even/grouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.Totheprofessionalanthropologists,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistedlargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthedescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.Theyfallbehindourwesternlanguagenotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructure,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin"backward"languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Awesternlanguagedistinguishedmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,orbutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.Thisstudyoflanguage,inturncastsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.16.Thelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtowesternlanguageislimitedin______.A.vocabulariesB.grammaticalstructuresC.soundpatternsD.bothAandB17.Thestatementthat"everygrouphasaculture"growsoutoftheauthor’s______.A.definitionofcultureB.philosophyC.feelingabouthumanbeingsD.biasinregardtocivilizedhuman18.Accordingtotheauthor,anthropologistswouldhaveallcultureviewed______.A.comparativelyB.independentlyC.intrinsicallyD.hierarchically19.Accordingtotheauthor,languagewhether"civilizedornot"have______.A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabularyB.thepotentialforincreasingsoundpatternsC.thesamewaytotransferideasD.thesamegrammaticalstructures20.Impliedbutnotstated:______.A.thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologyB.thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyculturesC.thestudyoflanguagesdiscreditedtheanthropologicalstudiesD.thestudyoflanguagecastsanewlightupontheclaimsofanthropologistsPartIITranslation(40points)Directions:Thereare10sentencesinthispart.Translatesentence21---25fromEnglishintoChineseandsentence26---30fromChineseintoEnglish.21.Theicedoesnotbecomeaglacieruntilitmovesunderitsownweight,anditcannotmovesignificantlyuntilitreachesacriticalthickness—thepointatwhichtheweightofthepiled-uplayersovercomestheinternalstrengthoftheiceandthefrictionbetweentheiceandtheground.22.ItisimpossibletoknowtodayjustwhatourStoneAgeancestorsknewaboutp