北京大学考博英语历年真题及详解

2013年北京大学考博英语真题及详解PartOne:ListeningComprehension(略)PartTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression(15%)Directions:Foreachquestiondecidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.11.PrinceCharles,thelongest-waiting______tothethroneinBritishhistory,hasspokenofhis‘impatience’togetthingsdone.A.heirB.heirshipC.heritageD.heiress【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：英国史上等待继位时间最长的王位继承人查尔斯王子近日谈到他已经“等不起”了。heir继承人；后嗣。heirship继承权，继承人的地位。heritage遗产；传统；继承物。heiress女继承人。12.LovewasintheairinaTokyoparkasnormallystaidJapanesehusbandsgatheredtoscreamouttheirfeelingsfortheirwives,promising______andextratighthugs.A.attitudeB.multitudeC.gratitudeD.latitude【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：东京一座公园的上空涌动着绵绵爱意，因为平时成熟稳重的日本丈夫聚集到一起，对妻子大声喊出了心里的爱意，表达感激，还纷纷献上拥抱。gratitude感谢（的心情）；感激。multitude群众；多数。latitude纬度；界限；活动范围。13.Thenumberofstay-at-homefathersreachedarecordhighlastyear,newfiguresshow,asfamiliessawa_____infemalebreadwinners.A.raiseB.riseC.ariseD.increase【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：新数据显示，随着养家女性的增多，去年居家父亲的数量又创新高。因此该空应填入有“增加”之意的increase。14.Themarketfordustmasksandairpurifiersis_____inBeijingbecausethecapitalhasbeenshroudedforseveraldaysinthickfogandhaze.A.boomingB.loomingC.doomingD.zooming【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：近几日北京持续被浓重雾霾笼罩，市场上防尘口罩和空气净化器的销量剧增。boom快速发展，繁荣。loom可怕地出现；朦胧地出现。doom注定；判定；宣判。zoom急速上升；摄象机移动。15.Traditionalfairytalesarebeingditchedbyparentsbecausetheyaretoo_____fortheiryoungchildren,astudyfound.A.scareB.scaryC.searedD.scarred【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：一项研究发现，父母们开始摒弃传统的童话故事，因为它们对年幼的孩子来说太吓人。scary可怕的；恐怖的；吓人的。scare主要作名词和动词，作形容词时意为“骇人的”。seared为sear的过去式和过去分词形式，意为“烧焦”。scarred伤痕累累，有疤痕的。16.Ithasbeenrevealedthatnearlyoneinfivedegreecourseshasbeen_____sincethetriplingoftuitionfeesto9,000ayear.A.scratchedB.scrapedC.scrabbledD.scrapped【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：据透露，自从学费上涨到原来的三倍，达到一年9000英镑，已有近五分之一的学位课程被削减掉。scrap意为“废弃；取消；抛弃”，其过去分词形式为scrapped，因此正确答案为D项。scratch抓；刮；乱涂。scrabble在…上乱涂；在…上乱扒。17.MicrosoftfounderBillGateshas_____aboutbeingaparent,statingthat13isanappropriateageforachild’sfirstcellphone.A.openedupB.takenupC.putupD.heldup【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：微软公司创始人比尔•盖茨近日坦露了他的为父之道，他认为13岁是孩子拥有第一部手机的合适年龄。openup有“畅谈；无拘无束地谈；自由自在地谈”之意，符合句意。takeup拿起；开始从事；占据(时间，地方)。putup提供；建造；举起。holdup举起；阻挡；拦截。18.Salesofmushroomshavehitanall-timehighasBritonsincreasinglyturntothecheap,and_____foodstufffortheircooking.A.versatileB.multipleC.manifoldD.diverse【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：因为越来越多的英国人转而选择这种廉价、多用途的食材来做菜，蘑菇销量创下了历史新高。versatile有多种用途的；多功能的。multiple多重的；多样的；许多的。manifold多方面的；各式各样的。19.‘GangnamStyle’,the_____popularsongfromSouthKoreanrecordingartistPSYhasjustbecomethemostwatchedvideoonYouTubeever.A.sanelyB.insanelyC.rationallyD.insatiably【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：“江南Style”，韩国唱片艺人朴载相的这首疯狂流行的歌曲MV已成为YouTube史上观看最多的视频。insanely疯狂地；狂暴地；精神错乱地。sanely稳健地；心智健全地；理智地。rationally理性地；讲道理地。insatiably贪得无厌地；无法满足地。20.The_____BritishtheoreticalphysicistStephenHawkingoncesaidinaninterviewthatheavenisafairystoryforpeopleafraidofthedark.A.imposingB.loftyC.prominentD.eminent【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：英国著名理论物理学家史蒂芬•霍金曾在一次采访中称天堂是为害怕黑暗的人编造的童话。eminent和prominent都有“杰出的”之意，但其区别在于eminent是建立在技巧、学识和公众认可度的基础上，而prominent则是强调“出名”和“地位很重要”，因此本句中eminent更合适。imposing壮观的；威风的；给人深刻印象的。lofty高的；崇高的；高傲的。因此答案选D。21.Somemightconsideritanuglytruththatattractivepeopleareoftenmoresuccessfulthanthose_____blessedwithlooks.A.lessB.moreC.mostD.least【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：长相漂亮的人通常比相貌平平的人更成功，这也许在某些人看来是丑陋的事实。beblessedwith指“在…方面有福气，幸运地享有”，根据句意可知，空格处指的是相对于长得漂亮的人而言相貌平凡的人，因此应填入less。22._____theythinkitwillcometoanendthroughthehandsofGod,oranaturaldisasterorapoliticalevent,whateverthereason,nearly15percentofpeopleworldwidethinktheendoftheworldiscoming,accordingtoanewpoll.A.EitherB.WhetherC.NeitherD.If【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：一项民意检测显示：不管是认为世界会在上帝手里终结，还是认为世界将因自然灾害或政治事件毁灭，无论何种原因，全球有七分之一的人认为世界末日即将来临。whether和either均可与or搭配，whether…or…指“不管是…还是…”。either…or…表示两者之间的选择，指“不是…便是…；要么…要么…”。根据语境可知，此处应该选whether。23.TheEuropeanParliamenthasbannedtheterms‘Miss’and‘Mrs’_____theyoffendfemalemember.A.aslongasB.themomentC.sothatD.incase【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：欧洲议会禁止使用“Miss（小姐）”和“Mrs（夫人）”称呼女性，以免冒犯女性议员。incase免得；以防。24.Packedlikesardinesintosweaty,claustrophobicsubwaycarriages,passengerscanbarelybreathe,_____moveaboutfreely.A.aswellasB.disregardforC.letaloneD.notmentioning【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：车厢内挤得像沙丁鱼罐头一样，汗臭和幽闭的车厢让人几乎无法呼吸，更不用说自如走动了。letalone更不必说；听任；不打扰。25.Japanisoneofonlythreecountriesthatnowhuntwhalesand_____thegovernmentsaysitisanimportantculturaltradition.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.where【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：日本是目前全球仅有的还在捕鲸的三个国家之一，而且日本政府表示捕鲸是该国重要的文化传统。该空及之后内容作定语成分修饰oneofonlythreecountries，由于thegovernmentsaysitisanimportantculturaltradition句子成分完整，因此该空应填入关系副词where表示地点。PartThree:ClozeTest(15%)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyanddecidethebestchoiceforeachnumberedblank.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.Ironically,theintellectualtoolscurrentlybeingusedbythepoliticalrighttosuchharmfuleffectoriginatedontheleft.Inthe1960sand1970saphilosophicalmovementcalledpostmodernismdeveloped,amonghumanitiesprofessors(26)_____beingdeposedbyscience,whichtheyregardedasright-leaning.Postmodernism(27)_____ideasfromculturalanthropologyandrelativitytheorytoarguethattruthis(28)_____andsubjecttotheassumptionandprejudicesofobserver.Scienceisjustoneofmanywaysofknowing,theyargued,neithermorenorless_____(29)thanothers,likethoseofAborigines,NativeAmericansorwomen.(30)_____theydefinedscienceasthewayofknowingamongWesternwhitemenandatoolofcultural(31)_____.Thisargument(32)_____withmanyfeministsandcivil-rightsactivistsandbecamewidelyadopted,leadingtothe“politicalcorrectness”justifiably(33)_____byRushLimbaughandthe“mentalmasturbation”lampoonedbyWoodyAllen.Acceptanceofthisrelativisticworldview(34)_____democracyandleadsnottotolerancebuttoauthoritarianism.JohnLocke,oneofJefferson’s"trinityofthreegreatestmen,"showed(35)_____almostthreecenturiesago.LockewatchedthearguingfactionsofProtestantism,eachclaimingtobetheonetruereligion,andasked:Howdoweknowsomethingtobetrue?Whatisthebasisofknowledge?In1689he(36)_____whatknowledgeisandhowitisgroundedinobservationsofthephysicalworldinAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding.Anyclaimthatfailsthistestis"butfaith,oropinion,butnotknowledge."Itwasthisideathattheworldisknowableandthatobjective,empiricalknowledgeisthemost(37)_____basisforpublicpolicy—thatstoodasJefferson’sfoundationalargumentfordemocracy.Byfalsely(38)_____knowledgewithopinion,postmodernistsandantiscienceconservativealikecollapseourthinkingbacktoapre-Enlightenmentera,leavingnocommonbasisforpublicpolicy.Publicdiscourseis(39)_____toendlesswarringopinions,noneseenasmorevalidthananother.Policyisdeterminedbytheloudestvoices,reducingustoaworldinwhichmight(40)_____right—theclassicdefinitionofauthoritarianism.26.A.satisfiedwith B.angrywith C.displeasedat D.proudof27.A.discountedB.doubtedC.adoptedD.shared28.A.objectiveB.subjective C.culturalD.relative29.A.variable B.validC.valuable D.various30.A.HoweverB.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Furthermore31.A.assimilationB.inhibition C.representation D.oppression32.A.resonated B.agreedC.appealed D.responded33.A.likedB.approvedC.verified D.hated34.A.offsetsB.produces C.undermines  D.strengthens35.A.when B.whatC.why  D.which36.A.foundB.defined C.dictatedD.claimed37.A.practical B.equalC.useful D.equitable38.A.identifying  B.equipping C.equating D.confusing39.A.deduced B.introduceC.conducedD.reduced40.A.decidesB.causesC.makesD.creates【答案与解析】26.C 根据上下文可知，此处指“后现代主义运动是在不满于…的人文学科教授之间所兴起的”。bedispleasedat对…感到不快，对…生气。27.C 此处指“后现代主义采纳了文化人类学和相对论的思想”。adopt采取，采纳。28.D 根据语境可知，此处指“后现代主义认为真理是相对的，会被观察者自身的假设和偏见所影响”，因此答案选D。29.B 本句指“后现代主义者认为科学只是众多认知方式中的一种，并不比其他方式更加合理或更加不合理”。valid有根据的，正当的，合理的。30.D 本句进一步说明了后现代主义者的观点“而且，他们把科学定义为西方白人的认知方式和一种文化压迫工具”。因此本题选D项。31.D 根据上题解析，可知本题应选D项的oppression（压迫；压制）。assimilation同化；吸收。inhibition抑制；压抑；禁止。32.A 本句指：该论述引起了众多女权主义者和民权人士的共鸣，从而得到广泛采用。resonatewith有特殊意义，引起共鸣。33.D 根据该空后and所连接后半部分提到的lampoon（讽刺），可知此处应填入与之表达含义相近的词，因此只有D项hated符合。34.C 该句and后指出“接受这种相对的世界观不会导致忍耐，而是独裁”，由此可推断该句讲述的是接受这种相对世界观的消极影响，因此该空应指的是“损害民主体制”。undermine破坏；侵蚀…的基础；暗中破坏。offset抵消；补偿。35.C 根据上下文可知，此处指：几乎300年前，JohnLocke就表明了原因（即为何接受这种相对的世界观会损害民主，导致独裁）。36.B 根据上文提到的两个问题“我们何以确定某些事是真实的？知识的基础又是什么？”，可推测此处指JohnLocke在AnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding这篇文章中对知识进行了定义。因此defined符合上下文。37.D 此处指：该观点认为基于客观事实和经验的知识是制定国家政策的最公正的标准。equitable公平的，公正的；平衡法的。38.C 根据上下文可知，此处指“通过错误地将知识与观点等同起来，后现代主义者和科学无用论者使我们的思想又回到启蒙运动之前的水平”。equate使相等；视为平等。39.D 该句指“公开论述沦为无尽的观点冲突…”。bereducedto为惯用搭配，意为“转化为；沦为；减少到”。40.C Mightmakesright强权即公理。PartFour:ReadingComprehension(20)Directions:Eachofthefollowingfourpassagesisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements,fouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.MarkchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassageOneAconsiderablepartofFacebookappealstemsfromitsmiraculousfusionofdistancewithintimacy,orillusionofdistancewiththeillusionofintimacy.Ouronlinecommunitiesbecomeenginesofself-image,andself-imagebecomestheengineofcommunity.TherealdangerwithFacebookisnotthatitallowsustoisolateourselves,butthatbymixingourappetiteforisolationwithourvanity,itthreatenstoaltertheverynatureofsolitude.ThenewisolationisnotofthekindthatAmericansonceidealized,thelonesomenessoftheproudlynonconformist,independent-minded,solitarystoic,orthatoftheastronautwhoblastsintonewworlds.Facebook’sisolationisagrind.What’strulystaggeringaboutFacebookusageisnotitsvolume—750millionphotographsuploadedoverasingleweekend—buttheconstancyoftheperformanceitdemands.Morethanhalfitsusers—andoneofevery13peopleonEarthisaFacebookuser—logoneveryday.Among18-to-34-year-olds,nearlyhalfcheckFacebookminutesafterwakingup,and28percentdosobeforegettingoutofbed.Therelentlessnessiswhatissonew,sopotentiallytransformative.Facebooknevertakesabreak.Wenevertakeabreak.Humanbeingshavealwayscreatedelaborateactsofself-presentation.Butnotallthetime,noteverymorning,beforeweevenpouracupofcoffee.Nostalgiaforthegoodolddaysofdisconnectionwouldnotjustbepointless,itwouldbehypocriticalandungrateful.Buttheverymagicofthenewmachines,theefficiencyandelegancewithwhichtheyserveus,obscureswhatisn’tbeingserved:everythingthatmatters.WhatFacebookhasrevealedabouthumannature—andthisisnotaminorrevelation—isthataconnectionisnotthesamethingasabond,andthatinstantandtotalconnectionisnosalvation,notickettoahappier,betterworldoramoreliberatedversionofhumanity.Solitudeusedtobegoodforself-reflectionandself-reinvention.Butnowwearelefttalkingaboutwhoweareallthetime,withouteverreallythinkingaboutwhoweare.Facebookdeniesusapleasurewhoseprofunditywehadunderestimated:thechancetoforgetaboutourselvesforawhile,thechancetodisconnect.41.WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthepowerofFacebookcanbeinferredfrompassage?A.Itcreatestheisolationpeoplewant.B.Itdeliversamorefriendlyworld.C.Itproducesintimacypeoplelackintherealworld.D.Itenablesustobesocialwhileavoidingthemessofhumaninteraction.42.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheundersideofFacebookissupportedbyinformationcontainedinthispassage?A.Itimprisonspeopleinthebusinessofself-presentation.B.Itcausessocialdisintegration.C.Itmakespeoplevainer.D.Itmakespeoplelonelier.43.Whichofthefollowingbeststate“thenewisolation”mentionedbytheauthor?A.Itisfullofthespiritofadventure.B.Itistheextensionofindividualism.C.Ithasatouchofnarcissism.D.Itevolvesfromtheappetiteforindependence.44.Whichofthefollowingbelongstothecategoryof“somethingthatmatters”accordingtopassage?A.ConstantconnectionB.InstantcommunicationC.SmoothsociabilityD.Ahumanbond45.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutFacebookdoestheauthorwantustodraw?A.Itcreatesfriendship.B.Itdeniesusthepleasureofsocializing.C.Itopensanewworldforus.D.Itdrawsusintoaparadox.【答案与解析】41.A 文章首句指出“AconsiderablepartofFacebookappealstemsfromitsmiraculousfusionofdistancewithintimacy,orillusionofdistancewiththeillusionofintimacy”，可知Facebook之所以有如此大的魅力，原因之一就是其将距离和亲密，或者说距离的错觉和亲密的错觉结合在了一起。换句话说就是，Facebook使人们可以进行社交，但与此同时避免不必要的人际互动。因此D项可从文中推断出来。42.A 文章第一段最后一句指出“Humanbeingshavealwayscreatedelaborateactsofself-presentation.Butnotallthetime,noteverymorning,beforeweevenpouracupofcoffee”，可知虽然人类一直在想法设法进行自我表现，但却没有像如今有Facebook了之后，时时刻刻想着展示自我。因此A项（Facebook将人们禁锢在自我表现的牢笼之中）符合文章内容。43.C “thenewisolation”出现在第一段第四句，该句指出这种新的孤立不同于美国人曾经理想化的孤立，前一句提到“TherealdangerwithFacebookisnotthat…butthatbymixingourappetiteforisolationwithourvanity…”，由vanity（虚荣心，浮华）可知这种由Facebook而生的新的孤立带有一点自恋的意味。因此答案选C。narcissism自恋，自我陶醉。44.D 文章第二段第二句指出Facebook的efficiency和elegance模糊了其无法提供给我们的东西，即everythingthatmatters。随后下一句提到“WhatFacebookhasrevealedabouthumannature…isthataconnectionisnotthesamethingasabond,andthatinstantandtotalconnectionisnosalvation,notickettoahappier,betterworldoramoreliberatedversionofhumanity”，可知Facebook能给人们带来connection，却带不来真正的bond，因此正确答案为D项。45.D 该篇文章主要讲述到Facebook使人们获得了isolation，但人们却时时刻刻保持登录状态，想要自我表现。孤立原本可以使人们暂时忘却自我，进行反省和发现，但Facebook却使人们不断地想着人们自身的问题。由此可知作者想要读者得出“Facebook使我们陷入矛盾之中”的结论。故答案选D。PassageTwoMostscholarsagreethatIsaacNewton,whileformulatingthelawsofforceandgravityandinventingthecalculusinthelate1600s,probablyknewallthesciencetherewastoknowatthetime.Intheensuing350yearsanestimated50millionresearchpapersandinnumerablebookshavebeenpublishedinthenaturalsciencesandmathematics.Themodernhighschoolstudentprobablynowpossessesmorescientificknowledge,thanNewtondid,yetsciencetomanypeopleseemstobeanimpenetrablemountainoffacts.Onewayscientistshavetriedtocopewiththismountainisbybecomingmoreandmorespecialized.Anotherstrategyforcopingwiththemountainofinformationistolargelyignoreit.Thatshouldn’tcomeasasurprise.Sure,youhavetoknowalottobeascientist,butknowingalotisnotwhatmakesascientist.Whatmakesascientistisignorance.Thismaysoundridiculous,butforscientiststhefactsarejustastartingplace.Inscience,everynewdiscoveryraises10newquestions.Bythiscalculus,ignorancewillalwaysgrowfasterthanknowledge.Scientistsandlaypeoplealikewouldagreethatforallwehavecometoknow,thereisfarmorewedon’tknow.Moreimportant,everydaythereisfarmoreweknowwedon’tknow.Onecrucialoutcomeofscientificknowledgeistogeneratenewandbetterwaysofbeingignorant:notthekinofignorancethatisassociatedwithalackofcuriosityoreducationbutratheracultivated,high-qualityignorance.Thisgetstotheessenceofwhatscientistsdo:theymakedistinctionbetweenqualitiesofignorance.Theydoitingrantproposalsandoverbeersatmeetings.AsClerkMaxwell,probablythegreatestphysicistbetweenNewtonandEinstein,said“Thoroughlyconsciousignorance…isapreludetoeveryrealadvanceinknowledge.”Thisperspectiveonscience—thatitisaboutthequestionmorethantheanswers—shouldcomeassomethingofarelief.Itmakessciencelessthreateningandfarmorefriendlyand,infact,fun.Sciencebecomesaseriesofelegantpuzzleswithinpuzzles—andwhodoesn’tlikepuzzles?Questionsarealsomoreaccessibleandmoreinterestingthananswers;answerstendtobetheendoftheprocess,whereasquestionshaveyouinthethickofthings.LatelythissideofsciencehastakenabackseatinthepublicmindtowhatIcalltheaccumulationviewofscience—thatisapileoffactswaytoobigforustoeverhopetoconquer.Butifscientistswouldtalkaboutthequestions,andifthemediareportednotonlyonnewdiscoveriesbutthequestionstheyansweredandthenewpuzzlestheycreated,andifeducatorsstoppedtraffickinginfactsthatareavailableonWikipedia—thenwemightfindapubliconceagainengagedinadventure.46.WhichofthefollowingwouldmostscholarsagreetoaboutNewtonandscience?A.Newtonwastheonlypersonwhoknewallthescienceinthe1600s.B.Newton’slawsofforceandgravitydominatedsciencefor350years.C.SinceNewton’stime,sciencehasdevelopedintoamountainoffacts.D.AhighschoolstudentprobablyknowsmoresciencethanNewtondid.47.Whichofthefollowingisbestsupportedinthispassage?A.Ascientistisamasterofknowledge.B.Knowledgegeneratesbetterignorance.C.Ignoranceisasignoflackofeducation.D.Goodscientistsarethoroughlyignorant.48.Whyisitareliefthatscienceisaboutthequestionmorethantheanswers?A.Becausepeoplelikesolvingpuzzles.B.Becausequestionmakescienceaccessible.C.Becausetherearemorequestionthananswers.D.Becausequestionpointthewaytodeepanswers.49.Theexpression“takeabackseat”(line1,paragraph5)probablymeans_____.A.takeabackplaceB.haveadifferentroleC.beofgreaterpriorityD.becomelessimportant50.Whatistheauthor’sgreatestconcerninthepassage?A.Theinvolvementofthepublicinscience.B.Scientists’enjoymentofignorance.C.Theaccumulationofscientificknowledge.D.Newton’sstandinginthehistoryofscience.【答案与解析】46.D 有关牛顿和科学，大多数学者认可的观点主要集中在文章第一段，该段最后一句提到“Themodernhighschoolstudentprobablynowpossessesmorescientificknowledge,thanNewtondid,yetsciencetomanypeopleseemstobeanimpenetrablemountainoffacts”，可知关于科学，目前一个中学生就很可能比当时的牛顿知道的多。因此D项为正确答案。其他选项内容与文章首段的描述有出入。47.B 文章第三段讲述了无知和知识之间的关系。该段第四句提到“Onecrucialoutcomeofscientificknowledgeistogeneratenewandbetterwaysofbeingignorant…”，B项描述与之意思相符，因此为正确答案。48.B 题干所描述内容出现在第四段首句，该句指出“科学更多是关乎问题而非答案应该是一个令人感到欣慰的观点”，接着下文提到“Itmakessciencelessthreateningandfarmorefriendlyand,infact,fun”以及“Questionsarealsomoreaccessibleandmoreinterestingthananswers…”，可知问题使得科学更易于理解和接受。因此答案选B。49.D 文章第五段第一句指出“LatelythissideofsciencehastakenabackseatinthepublicmindtowhatIcalltheaccumulationviewofscience—thatisapileoffactswaytoobigforustoeverhopetoconquer”，即在大众看来，“科学更多是关乎问题而非答案”的观点已经takenabackseat，人们认为科学是大量事实的集合，甚至无法想象去征服。由此可推测takeabackseat指“处于次要地位；退居次位”。因此答案选D。50.A 文章中一直在讨论科学的问题，最后作者提出一系列的如果“Butifscientistswouldtalkaboutthequestions,andif…andif…”，并得出结论“thenwemightfindapubliconceagainengagedinadventure”，可知在该篇文章中作者最关注的问题是使人们重新参与到科学之中。因此答案选A。PassageThreeInformationtechnologythathelpsdoctorsandpatientsmakedecisionshasbeenaroundforalongtime.CrudeonlinetoolslikeWebMDgetmillionsofvisitorsaday.ButWatsonisadifferentlongbeast.AccordingtoIBM,itcandigestinformationandmakerecommendationmuchmorequickly,andmoreintelligently,thanperhapsanymachinebeforeit—processingupto60millionpagesoftextpersecond,evenwhenthattextisintheformofplainoldprose,orwhatscientistscall“naturallanguage.”That’snosmallthing,becausesomethinglike80percentofallinformationis“unstructured.”Inmedicine,itconsistsofphysiciannotesdictatedintomedicalrecords,long-windedsentencespublishedinacademicjournals,andrawnumbersstoredonlinebypublic-healthdepartments.Atleastintheory,Watsoncanmakesenseofitall.Itcansitinonpatientexaminations,silentlylistening.Andovertime,itcanlearnbetteratfiguringoutmedicalproblemsandwaysoftreatingthemthemoreitinteractswithrealcases.Watsonevenhastheabilitytoconveydoubt.Whenitmakesdiagnosesandrecommendtreatments,itusuallyissuesaseriesofpossibilities,eachwithitsownlevelofconfidenceattached.Medicinehasneverbeforehadatoolquitelikethis.Andatanunofficialcoming-outpartyinLasVegaslastyear,duringtheannualmeetingoftheHealthcareInformationandManagementSystemsSociety,morethan1,000professionalspackedalargehotelconferencehall,andanoverflowroomnearbytohearapresentationbyMartyKohn,anemergency-roomphysicianandaclinicalleaderoftheIBMteamtrainingWatsonforhealthcare.Standingbeforeavideoscreenthatdwarfedhislargeframe,KohndescribedinhishuskyvoicehowWatsoncouldbeagamechanger—notjustinhighlyspecializedfieldslikeoncologybutalsoinprimarycare,giventhatalldoctorscanmakemistakesthatleadtocostly,sometimesdangerous,treatmenterrors.Drawingonhisownclinicalexperienceandonacademicstudies,Kohnexplainedthataboutone-thirdoftheseerrorsappeartobeproductsofmisdiagnosis,onecauseofwhichis“anchoringbias”:humanbeings’tendencytorelytooheavilyonasinglepieceofinformation.Thishappensallthetimeindoctors’offices,clinics,andemergencyrooms.Aphysicianhearsabouttwoorthreesymptoms,seizesonadiagnosisconsistentwiththose,andsubconsciouslydiscountsevidencethatpointstosomethingelse.Oraphysicianhitsupontherightdiagnosis,butfailstorealizethatit’sincomplete,andendsuptreatingjustoneconditionwhenthepatientis,infact,sufferingfromseveral.ToolslikeWatsonarelesspronetothosefailings.Assuch,Kohnbelieves,theymayeventuallybecomeasubiquitousindoctors’officesasthestethoscope.“Watsonfillsinforsomehumanlimitations,”Kohntoldmeinaninterview.“Studiesshowthathumansaregoodattakingarelativelylimitedlistofpossibilitiesandusingthatlist,butarefarlessadeptatusinghugevolumesofinformation.That’swhereWatsonshines:takingahugelistofinformationandwinnowingitdown.”51.WhatisWatson?A.Itisapersonwhoaidsdoctorsinprocessingmedicalrecords.B.Itisanonlinetoolthatconnectsdoctorsoverdifferentplaces.C.Itisanintelligentcomputerthathelpsdoctorsmakedecisions.D.Itisabeastthatgreetsmillionsofvisitorstoamedicalinstitution.52.WhichofthefollowingisbeyondWatson’sability?A.Talkwiththepatient.B.Calculateprobability.C.Recommendtreatment.D.Processsophisticateddata.53.MartyKohn_____.A.gaveapresentationatanacademicconferenceB.worksfortheIBMTrainingDivisionC.isashortpersonwithahuskyvoiceD.expressedoptimismforWatson54．“Anchoringbias”_____.A.isadeviceubiquitousindoctors‘offices.B.islesslikelytobecommittedbyWatson.C.happensinonethirdofmedicaltreatmentsD.isawrongdiagnosiswithincompleteinformation55.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthepassage?A.WatsonasashiningstarB.TherisksofmisdiagnosisC.TheRobotWillSeeYouNowD.IBM’sITsolutiontomedicine【答案与解析】51.C 文章首段开头便指出能帮助医生和病人进行诊断的信息科技已存在相当长的一段时间了，随后便引出Watson，称其能够“digestinformationandmakerecommendationmuchmorequickly,andmoreintelligently,thanperhapsanymachinebeforeit”，由此可推知Watson是能帮助医生进行诊断的智能电脑，因此本题答案选C。52.A 关于Watson能做些什么，文章第二段主要对其进行了介绍。该段指出对于医学方面的大量复杂信息，至少在理论上“Watsoncanmakesenseofitall”，对应D项；根据该段最后一句“Whenitmakesdiagnosesandrecommendtreatments,itusuallyissuesaseriesofpossibilities…”，可知B项和C项的内容也是Watson能够做到的。唯独A项“与病人进行交谈”文中没有提及，因此超出了Watson的能力范围。故答案选A。53.D 文中首次提到MartyKohn是在第三段，该段最后一句提到“KohndescribedinhishuskyvoicehowWatsoncouldbeagamechanger—notjustinhighlyspecializedfieldslikeoncologybutalsoinprimarycare,giventhatalldoctorscanmakemistakesthatleadtocostly,sometimesdangerous,treatmenterrors”，由此可知Kohn对于Watson持乐观的态度。因此D项正确。其他选项与该段提到的内容均由出入。54.B anchoringbias出现在第四段首句，该句对anchoringbias的解释为“humanbeings’tendencytorelytooheavilyonasinglepieceofinformation”。随后该段对anchoringbias发生的情况进行了详细介绍，并在倒数第二句指出“ToolslikeWatsonarelesspronetothosefailings”。由此可知Watson不太可能会犯此类错误。因此答案选B。55.A 文章从引入Watson开始，对Watson的功能、前景和克服人类局限性的优点进行了介绍，并在文章最后一句总结到“That’swhereWatsonshines…”，因此A项最适合作本文的标题。PassageFourThecontributiongenesmakeintelligenceincreaseaschildrengrowolder.Thisgoesagainstthenotionthatmostpeopleholdthatasweage,environmentalinfluencesgraduallyoverpowerthegeneticlegacywearebornwithandmayhaveimplicationsforeducation.“Peopleassumethegeneticinfluencegoesdownwithagebecausetheenvironmentaldifferencesbetweenpeoplepileupinlife,”saysRobertPlomin.“Whatwefoundwasquiteamazing,andgoesintheotherdirection.”Previousstudieshaveshownvariationsinintelligenceareatleastpartlyduetogenetics.Tofindoutwhetherthisgeneticcontributionvarieswithage,Piomin’steampooleddatafromsixseparatestudiescarriedoutintheUS,theUK,AustraliaandtheNetherlands,involvingatotalof11,000pairsoftwins.Inthesestudies,theresearcherstestedtwinsonreasoning,logicandarithmeticstomeasureaquantitycalledgeneralcognitiveability,or“G”.Eachstudyalsoincludedbothidenticaltwins,withthesamegenes,andfraternaltwins,sharingabouthalftheirgenes,makingitpossibletodistinguishthecontributionsofgenesandenvironmenttotheirGscores.Plomin’steamcalculatedthatinchildhood,genesaccountforabout41percentofthevariationinintelligence.Inadolescence,thisroseto55percent;byyoungadolescence,itwas66percent.Nooneknowswhytheinfluencefromgenesshouldincreasewithage,butPlominsuggeststhataschildrengetolder,theybecomebetteratexploitingandmanipulatingtheirenvironmenttosuittheirgeneticneeds,andsays“KidswithhighGwillusetheirenvironmenttofostertheircognitiveabilityandchoosefriendswhoarelike-minded.”ChildrenwithmediumtolowGmaychooselesschallengingpastimesandactivities,furtheremphasizingtheirgeneticlegacy.Isthereanywaytointerferewiththepattern?Perhaps.“Theevidenceofstrongheritabilitydoesn’tmeanatallthatthereisnothingyoucandoaboutit,”saysSusanneJaeggi,“FromourownworktheonesthatstartedoffwithlowerIQscoreshadhighergainsaftertraining.”Plominsuggeststhatgeneticdifferencem