朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解

绗?閮ㄥ垎銆€鑻卞浗鏂囧寲

绗?绔犮€€璋佹槸鑻卞浗浜?/a>

1.1銆€澶嶄範绗旇

 

銆愭湰绔犺鐐广€?/span>

1TheScots

2TheIrish

3TheEnglish

 

銆愭牳蹇冪瑪璁般€?/span>

1TheScots(鑻忔牸鍏颁汉)

(1)Origin:Celts.

(2)ScotsareproudthattheEnglishneverconqueredthem.

(3)Language

鈶?/span>Gaelic,oldCelticlanguageoftheScots:PeopleintheHighlandsandtheWesternIslesstillspeakthislanguageandtheirnamesbeginningwithM,Mac,Mc,whichmeans鈥渟onof鈥?inGaelic;

鈶?/span>English;

Character:Peoplefeelthattheyareserious,cautious,andthrifty.RealScotsarewarm,generousandfriendly.

(1)璧锋簮锛氬嚡灏旂壒浜恒€?/p>

(2)鑻忔牸鍏颁汉鑷豹鐨勬槸锛岃嫳鍥戒粠鏉ユ病鏈夊緛鏈嶈繃浠栦滑銆?/p>

(3)璇█

鈶?/span>鐩栧皵璇紝鑻忔牸鍏扮殑鍙よ€佺殑鍑皵鐗硅瑷€锛氬湪楂樺湴鍜岃タ閮ㄧ兢宀涘湴鍖虹殑浜轰滑浠嶇劧璁茶繖绉嶈瑷€锛岃繖浜涘湴鍖虹殑浜轰滑鐨勫悕瀛椾互M锛孧AC锛孧C寮€澶达紝鐩栧皵璇殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥滃効瀛愨€濄€?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻辫锛?/p>

鐗圭偣锛氭嵁璇翠粬浠弗鑲冭鐪熴€佽皑鎱庛€佽妭淇紝浜嬪疄涓婁粬浠緢鐑儏銆佹叿鎱ㄣ€佸弸鍠勩€?/p>

 

2TheIrish(鐖卞皵鍏颁汉)

(1)Origin:ScotsandEnglishProtestants.

(2)Problem:Protestantshavetakenthelead,andthereisafiercebattlewiththeRomanCatholics.Thelatterstrivesformoresocialresourcestoimprovepoliticalandeconomicstatus.

(3)Language

鈶?/span>IrishorErse,aformofGaelic:officialfirstlanguageoftheRepublicofIreland;

鈶?/span>English:second.

(4)Character:charm,vivacity,beautygirls.

(1)璧锋簮锛氳嫃鏍煎叞鍜岃嫳鍥芥柊鏁欏緬銆?/p>

(2)闂锛氬崰涓诲鍦颁綅鐨勬柊鏁欏緬涓庢鍦ㄥ姹傛洿澶氱殑绀句細锛屾斂娌诲拰缁忔祹鏈轰細鐨勭綏椹ぉ涓绘暀涔嬮棿鏈夌潃婵€鐑堢殑鎴樻枟銆?/p>

(3)璇█

鈶?/span>鐖卞皵鍏拌锛屼竴绉嶇洊灏旂壒璇細鐖卞皵鍏板叡鍜屽浗鐨勫畼鏂硅瑷€锛?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻辨枃锛氬眳绗簩閲嶈鎬с€?/p>

(4)鐗规€э細濂冲鏈夐瓍鍔涖€佹椿娉笺€佺編涓姐€?/p>

 

3TheEnglish(鑻辨牸鍏颁汉)

(1)Origin:Anglo-Saxons.

(2)Cockney:ACockneyreferstotheLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells鈥搕hebellsofthechurchofStMary-Le-BowBellsineastLondon.

(3)TheBritishandtheEnglishlanguageoriginatedfromtheNormanConquerorLeagueandthedefeatedAnglo-Saxons.

(1)璧锋簮锛氱泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婁汉銆?/p>

(2)浼︽暒浣細浼︽暒浣槸涓€涓嚭鐢熷氨甯︽湁鏁欏爞鐨勯挓鐨勫０闊崇殑浜衡€斺€斾笢浼︽暒鐨勫湥鐜涗附鍕掑竷鏁欏爞鐨勯挓澹般€?/p>

(3)鑻卞浗浜哄拰鑻辫鏉ユ簮浜庤灏旀浖寰佹湇鑰呰仈鐩熷拰琚墦璐ョ殑鐩庢牸椴?鎾掑厠閫婁汉銆?/p>

1.2銆€璇惧悗涔犻璇﹁В

鈪?/span>.ExplaineachofthefollowinginEnglish

1TheScottishHighlanders

Key:Highlandersconsiderthemselves鈥渞eal鈥?Scotsandusuallyweartheirownnationaldress.Theyareaproud,independent,andstrongnation.Theymainlymakealivingbyraisingsheepinthemountains.

 

2TheBritishIsles

Key:TheBritishIslesareagroupofislandsoffthenorthwestcoastofcontinentalEuropethatincludetheislandsofGreatBritain,Irelandandoversixthousandsmallerisles.Therearetwosovereignstateslocatedontheislands:theRepublicofIrelandandtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

 

3TheNationalEisteddfod

Key:ThenationalEisteddfodisheldinAugusteveryyearandlastsforaboutaweek.ThecontentoftheeventistocompeteforthebestepicaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.ThewinnerwillbecrownedBard,whichisconsideredthehighesthonorinWales.

 

4Bard

Key:InmedievalGaelicandBritishculture,abardwasaprofessionalpoet,employedbyapatron,suchasamonarchornobleman,tocommemoratethepatron鈥檚ancestorsandtopraisethepatron鈥檚ownactivities.

 

5NorthernIreland(Ulster)

Key:In1922,Irelandwasdivided.The26countriesinsouthernIrelandconstitutedtheIrishFreeState,whichwasrenamedtheRepublicofIrelandlater.ThesixcountriesofUlsterinthenorthwerestillpartofBritain.Theyhadtheirownparliament,Stormont,whichmanagedinternalaffairs.

 

6OliverCromwell

Key:HewasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderandlaterLordProtectoroftheCommonwealthofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.

 

7William鈪?/span>

Key:William鈪?/span>wasasovereignPrinceofOrangeoftheHouseofOrange-Nassaubybirth.From1672hegovernedasStadtholderWilliam鈪?/span>ofOrangeoverHolland,Zeeland,Utrecht,Gelderland,andOverIjsseloftheDutchRepublic.From1689hereignedasWilliam鈪?/span>overEnglandandIreland;itisacoincidencethathisregnanumber(鈪?/span>)wasthesameforbothOrangeandEngland.AsKingofScotland,heisknownasWilliam鈪?/span>.HeisinformallyknownbysectionsofthepopulationinNorthernIrelandandScotlandas鈥淜ingBilly鈥?Inwhatbecameknownasthe鈥淕loriousRevolution鈥?on5November1688WilliaminvadedEnglandinanactionthatultimatelydeposedKingJames鈪?/span>&鈪?/span>andwonhimthecrownsofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.IntheBritishIsles,Williamruledjointlywithhiswife,Mary鈪?/span>,untilherdeathon28December1694.Theperiodoftheirjointreignisoftenreferredtoas鈥淲illiamandMary鈥?

 

8TheOrangeDaycelebrations

Key:(1)CelebrationsheldbyProtestantson12AugusteachyearinNorthernIrelandtocommemoratethebattleoftheRoynein1690whentheProtestantKingWilliam鈪?/span>(WilliamofOrange)crushedaCatholicrebellioninLondonderry.

(2)ThecelebrationswerealwaysaggressivelyprovocativeandfightingsoftenbrokeoutbetweenProtestantmarchersandCatholicbystanders.

 

9TheProvisionalIRA

Key:(1)IRA,theIrishRepublicanArmy,isanationalistorganizationdedicatedtotheunificationofIreland.

(2)Itwasorganizedin1919.

(3)In1969itsplitintoan鈥渙fficial鈥?majority,whichdisclaimedviolence,andaterrorist鈥?provisional鈥?wing,whoseattacksonBritishtroopsinNorthernIreland,randombombings,andothersactsofterrorinEnglandkepttensionshigh.

 

10ThePeacePeople

Key:(1)Inthesummerof1976,ProtestanthousewifeBettyWilliamswassoshockedthatadrivingIRAkilledtwochildren,sosheorganizedwomeninUlster,includingProtestantsandCatholics.

(2)AsapressuregroupdedicatedtopeaceandreconciliationinIreland,WilliamsandherCatholicpartnerCorriganquicklygatheredthousandsoffollowersunderthreatsandintimidationfrombothsides.

(3)Theycontinuedtopursuetheiraimsandattheendof1976thetwoleaderswereawardedtheNobelPrizeforPeace.

 

11WilliamtheConqueror

Key:InAD1066WilliamofNormandy(Williamtheconqueror)landedwithalargearmedforceonthesouthcoastandwonagreatvictoryovertheSaxons.HeandhisFrench-speakingfollowerssetupastrongcentralgovernmentwhichbroughtanewunifieddisciplineandcontroltothecountry.

鈪?/span>.Fillintheblanks.

1ThefullnameoftheUnitedKingdomis_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍规嵁鑻辩編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛岃嫳鍥界殑鍏ㄧО鏄ぇ涓嶅垪棰犲強鍖楃埍灏斿叞鑱斿悎鐜嬪浗銆?/p>

 

2TheRomansfirstlandedinBritainintheyearof_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>55BC

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍规嵁鑻辩編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛岀綏椹汉鏈€鏃╄繘鍏ヨ嫳鍥芥槸鍦ㄥ叕鍏冨墠55骞淬€?/p>

 

3TheScotsarewell-knownforbeing_____,_____,and_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>inventive,hardworking,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoney.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍规嵁鑻辩編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛岃嫃鏍煎叞浜轰韩鏈夋搮浜庡垱閫狅紝鍚冭嫤鑰愬姵锛屼弗鑲冭鐪燂紝鎱庨噸瀵瑰緟閲戦挶鐨勭編鍚嶃€?/p>

 

4TwooftheWelshcharacteristicsare_____and_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>loveofmusic;poetry.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍规嵁鑻辩編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛屽▉灏斿＋浜虹殑涓ゅぇ鐗圭偣鏄埍濂介煶涔愬拰璇楁瓕銆?/p>

 

5PeoplebegantosettleinBritainabout_____yearsago.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>10,000

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍规嵁鑻辩編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛屼汉浠紑濮嬪湪鑻卞浗灞呬綇鏄湪绾?0000骞村墠銆?/p>

 

6NametwofamousScottishwriters:_____and_____;twoWelshwriters:_____and_____;twoIrishwriters:_____and_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>RobertBurns,SirWalterScott;RoaldDahl,DylanThomas;Fercert脫hUiginn,Tom谩s脫Cobhthaigh.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鑻忔牸鍏拌憲鍚嶄綔瀹舵湁缃椾集鐗孤峰江鏂紙RobertBurns锛夈€佹矁灏旂壒路鏂鐗圭埖澹紙SirWalterScott锛夛紱濞佸皵澹綔瀹舵湁缃楀皵寰仿疯揪灏旓紙RoaldDahl锛夈€佺媱鍏奥锋墭椹柉锛圖ylanThomas锛夛紱鐖卞皵鍏颁綔瀹舵湁Fercert脫hUiginn鍜孴om谩s脫Cobhthaigh銆?/p>

 

7_____,_____and_____werethethreeGermanictribesthatcametobethebasisofmodernEnglishrace.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>Jutes,Saxons,Angles

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍规嵁鑻辩編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛屾湵鐗逛汉銆佹拻鍏嬮€婁汉銆佺泿鏍奸瞾浜烘槸缁勬垚鐜颁唬鑻卞浗绉嶆棌鐨勪笁澶ф棩鑰虫浖閮ㄨ惤銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.Tickthecorrectanswerineachofthefollowing.

1ItwouldbedifficulttofindanyoneinmodernBritainwhocould,saywithcertaintythathisancestorshadnotcometotheBritishIslesfromsomewhereelse.Thissentencemeansthat_____.

A.everyoneinBritainhadcomefromtheBritishIsles

B.almosteveryonehadcometotheBritishIslesfromsomewhereelse

C.almosteveryonehadhisorherfamilyoriginfromtheBritishIsles

D.almosteveryonehadhisorherfamilyoriginfromsomewhereelse

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>D

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰锛氬湪鐜颁唬鑻卞浗锛屽緢闅炬壘鍒拌繖鏍蜂竴涓汉锛氫粬鑳借偗瀹氬湴璇翠粬鐨勭鍏堜笉鏄粠鑻卞浗宀涘笨涔嬪鐨勫叾浠栧湴鏂规潵鐨勩€傛崲鍙ヨ瘽璇达紝鍑犱箮姣忎釜鑻卞浗浜虹殑瀹舵棌閮借捣婧愪簬鍏朵粬鍦版柟銆傛晠閫塂銆?/p>

 

2TheHighlandersinScotlandareknownforbeing_____.

A.proud

B.tough

C.independent

D.generous

Whichoftheaboveisnottrue?

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>D

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰锛氳嫃鏍煎叞楂樺湴浜轰互鎱锋叏鐨勫舰璞¤憲绉般€傛晠閫塂銆?/p>

 

3WhichofthefollowingisnottrueintheIrishcharacter?TheIrishpeopleare_____.

A.argumentative

B.reserved

C.introspectivedreamersandpoets

D.aggressive

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>B

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰锛氫笅鍒楀摢涓€椤逛笉鏄埍灏斿叞浜虹殑鎬ф牸鐗圭偣锛熺埍灏斿叞濂借京锛岀Н鏋佽繘鍙栵紝鏄唴鐪佺殑姊︽兂瀹跺拰璇椾汉锛屼絾鐖卞皵鍏颁汉骞朵笉鎷樿皑淇濆畧锛屾晠閫塀銆?/p>

 

4WhichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicoftheEnglishman?

A.TheEnglishmanisoutspoken.

B.Heisclass-conscious.

C.Heissuspiciousofchange.

D.Heisracist.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>A

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰锛氫笅鍒楀摢涓€椤逛笉鏄嫳鍥戒汉鐨勭壒鐐癸紵鏍规嵁鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡锛岃嫳鍥戒汉浠ュ惈钃勩€佸鍌茶憲绉帮紝鏈夐樁绾ф剰璇嗭紝瀵规敼鍙樹繚鎸佹€€鐤戯紝鏈夌鏃忎富涔夊€惧悜銆傚惈钃勪究涓嶄細鍧︾巼鐩磋█銆傛晠閫堿銆?/p>

 

5WhointroducedChristianityintoBritain?

A.TheCelts.

B.TheRomans.

C.TheVikingDanes.

D.TheFrench.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>B

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰锛氭槸璋佸皢鍩虹潱鏁欎紶鍏ヨ嫳鍥界殑锛熸牴鎹枃鍖栧父璇嗗彲鐭ワ紝鈥滅綏椹崰棰嗏€濇椂浠ｏ紙鍏厓43鈥?07骞达級鍚庢湡锛屽熀鐫ｆ暀灏辩敱缃楅┈鍏靛洟浼犲叆澶т笉鍒楅宀涳紝宀涗笂缃楅┈鍖栫殑鍑皵鐗逛汉寮€濮嬫帴鍙楀熀鐫ｆ暀銆傛晠閫塀銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.Answerthefollowingquestions

1WhoaretheearliestinhabitantsofBritainofwhomtheEnglishpeoplehavewrittenrecords,andwheredidtheserecordscomefrom?

Key:TheearliestwrittenrecordsofBritain鈥檚inhabitantscomefromtheRomanswhoeventuallyconqueredthevariousCeltickingdomsthenflourishinginEngland,WalesandtheScottishLowlands.

 

2WhatarethenationalcharacteristicsoftheScotssupposedtobe?

Key:TheScotshaveareputationforbeinginventive,hard-working,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoney.

 

3WhatareconsideredtobethenationalcharacteristicsoftheWelsh,andhowcanyourecognizeWelshpeople?

Key:WelshpeoplevaluetheindependentCeltictraditionandhaveastrongsenseofculturalpride.Welshpeoplelovemusicandpoetry.Theyareverysensitivetowordsandmusic.Peoplecanrecognizethembytheiruniquenationalcostumes,speakingstyleandaccent.

 

4WhatisatraditionallytypicalEnglishmanthoughttobelike?WhyisitnoteasytotalkaboutatypicalEnglishman?

Key:ThetypicalEnglishmanistraditionallyconsideredtobeintroverted,unsentimental,andcourteous.Theyareshybeforestrangers,skepticalofchange,andslowertoacceptnewthings.Atthesametime,theyarepracticalandreliable,withahighdegreeofhonesty,responsibilityandjustice.Theywillnoteasilyshowtheiremotions.AndtheyfirmlybelievethattheBritisharethebestrace.ItisnoteasytotalkaboutatypicalEnglishman,becauseBritishpeoplearedescendedfromdifferentnationalitieswithdifferentpersonalities.

 

5GivethreeorfourexamplestoshowthattheRomanshadgreat