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十三陵的英文导游词---不是一般的费劲EmpressXudiedinthe5th
yearofYongle(1407).ZhuDisentZhaoHong,secretaryoftheMinistryofRitesandageomancer----LiaoJunqingalongwithmanyotherstoBeijinginsearchofanauspiciousplaceforthetombs.ItissaidthatthisgroupofpeoplefirstselectedtheareaofTuJiaYing,whichmeansslaughter-house,andassuch,itcouldn'tbeusedastheburialground.Nexttheyselectedthefootof
Yangshan
Mountain,Changping.However,sincethesurnameoftheemperor(Zhu)isahomophoneforpigandbecauseavillagenamed'wolfmouthravine'waslocatedthere,theydecidedagainstusingthatarea.Later,theyfoundYan-jiataiwestof
Beijing.Again,since'Yanjia'wasthehomonymofthedeathoftheemperor,itwasalsodeemedunsuitable.Itwasnotuntilthe7thyearofYongle(1409),thattheyfinallychosethepresent
Therewere16emperorsduringtheMingDynasty.BuriedintheMingtombs,are13Mingemperorsand23empresses,aswellasmanyconcubines,princes,princessesandmaids.Theother3emperors,EmperorZhuYuanzhang,ZhuYunwenandZhuQiyuareburiedinotherlocations.ThefounderoftheMingDynasty,ZhuYuanzhang,establishedhiscapitalinpresentdayNanjing
wherehewasburiedafterhisdeath.HistombiscalledXiaoling(TombofFilialPiety).ThebodyofthesecondemperoroftheMing,ZhuYunwen,ismissing.Somesaidthathediedinafire,whileotherssaidthathewenttoatempleandbecameamonk.Thereisnofinalconclusionyet.TheseventhMingEmperorZhuQiyu,wasburiedasaprincebyhiselderbrotherZhuQizhenatJinshankou,awesternsuburbof
Beijing,becauseintheTumubaoUpheaval,EmperorZhuQizhenbecameacaptiveandtheyoungerbrotherofZhuQizhen.
ZhuQiyuwaschosenasthenewemperor,butlaterZhuQizhenwasback
andproclaimedhisre-enthronement
in
theSeizingGateUpheaval.TheMemorialArchwasbuiltinthe19th
yearofJiajing(1540)asasymboloftheMingTombs.Itis14metershighand28.86meterswide,andhas5archessupportedby6pillarswithbeautifulbas-reliefcarvingsoflions,dragonsandlotusflowers.TheMemorialArchisthebiggestandthemostexquisitestonearchpreservedinthecountrytoday.Themajordesignsofdragonandclouddecorationsreflectthecharacterofimperialarchitecture.Inaddition,italsodemonstratestheskillfulartistryoftheMingcraftsmen.TheBigPalaceGateisthefrontgateoftheMingTombs,andismorecommonlyknownasBigRedGate.Facingsouth,therearethreearchentrancestothegate,themaininlettotheMingTombs.Flankingthegatearetwostonetablets,inscribedwithordersfortheemperor,officialsandotherpeopletodismount,beforeenteringintothetombarea.Iftheydidnotobey,theywouldbepunishedfortheirdisrespect.TherulesgoverningtheMingTombsintheMingDynasty,stipulatethatonewhosneaksintothetombareatopickfirewoodandbreaktwigswouldbeflogged.Thosewhocametofetchdirtandstonewouldbebeheaded.Thosewhoenteredarbitrarilyintothetombareawouldbefloggedahundredtimes.TheTabletHousewasbuiltinthe10th
yearofXuande(1435),andstandsabout10metershighwithtwotiersofeaves.AhugetabletstandsinthemiddleoftheTabletHouse.ThefrontsidebearsaninscriptionbyEmperorRenzongforChengzu.ThereversesideisapoembyQingEmperorQianlongrecordingindetailtheconditionsofthebrokenChangling,Yongling,DinglingandXiling.OntheeastsideistherecordofexpendituresforrepairingtheMingTombsbytheQinggovernment.OnthewestsideisanepitaphbyQingEmperorJiaqing.Itwaswritteninthe9th
yearofJiaqing(1804)describingthecauseofthefalloftheMingDynasty.OnthenorthsideoftheTabletHouse,standsagroupofstonecarvings(36in
all).Behindthehouse,therearetwostonepillars.Beyondthepillarsarestoneanimalsandotherstatues.Lions,XieZhi,camels,elephants,andQiLinhorses.Alloftheanimalsareintwopairs.Twostand,whiletheothertwokneel.Itisfollowedbythestatuesofmilitaryofficers,civilofficialsandofficialsofmerit,fourineachgroup.Thesestoneanimalsandstatuesweremadeinthe10thyearofXuande(1435).Theyreflecttheimperialpowerwhenhewasaliveandtheimperialdignityafterhewasdeceased.
Theanimalsandstatueswerecreatedusingwholeblocksofstoneweighingacoupleoftonsandeachwasdelicatelyandmasterfullycarved.Herestands
LingXingGate,alsoknownastheuniqueDragonandPhoenixGate,withthemeaningoftheGateofHeaven.Thegateispiercedwithsixdoorleaves,attachedtothreearchways.Thetopofthecentralsectionofthethreearchwaysisdecoratedwithflamesandpreciouspearl,soitisalsoknownastheFlameArchway.TothenorthoftheDragonandPhoenixGatetherelaysaseven-archmarblebridge,leadingtothegateofChangling.Totheeastoftheseven-archbridgestandsanoldfive-archbridge,whichwastheoriginalsiteoftheseven-archbridge.ActuallywearestandingontheaxlelineoftheMingTombs,otherwiseknownastheSacredWay
ortheTombpath.WepassedtheMemorialArch,theBigPalaceGate,theTabletHouse,
SacredWay,stoneanimalsandstatues,and
LingXingGate.Thisseven-kilometerlongsacredpathwayleadsfromsouth
to
north,allthewaytotheGateofChangling.Now,wearemovingtoChangLing.ChanglingisthefirsttombbuiltintheMingTombsarea,covering10hectaresandcontainingEmperorZhuDiandhisempressXu.ZhuDi(Chengzu)oftheMingDynastywasthefourthsonofthefirstEmperorZhuYuanzhang,bornin1360.ZhuDiwasconferredthetitleoftheprinceofYaninthe3rd
yearofHongwu(1370).HewasappointedatBeiping.AfterthedeathofZhuYuanzhang(thefirstMingEmperor),ZhuDiusedthepretextofeliminatingevilofficialsatthesideofEmperorJianwentoleadanarmyexpeditiondownsouthtoNanjing.Heseizedthethroneinthe4thyearofJianwen(1402)andascendedthethroneinJuneinsidetheHallofAncestralWorshipin
Nanjing.
ZhuDiwasanemperorofoutstandingaccomplishmentintheMingDynasty.AssoonashebecametheprinceofYan,heledthegeneralsouttobattle.Hehadgreatachievementsincalmingdownthenorth.Afterhetookoverhisnephew'spowerandbecametheemperor,hestillwentouttobattlethroughoutthecountryandconsolidatedtheruleoftheMingDynasty.Hemadetheimportantdecisiontomovethecapitalto
Beijing.DuringtheruleofZhuDi,magnificentdevelopmentsweremadeintheeconomy,cultureandindiplomacy.
Intermsofculture,ZhuDisuccessivelysentGrandAcademicianXieJin,YanGuangxiaoandotherstocompiletheYongleencyclopedia.ThebookhasbecomethelargestbookevercompliedinChinesehistory.Forexpandingexternalexchangesandtrade,ZhuDiselectedeunuchZhengHetoleadalargefleetfilledwithpreciousgold,silver,silkandsatinstosailtosoutheastAsiaandAfrica
seventimesintheearlyyearsofYongle.EmpressXuwasburiedtogetherwithEmperorZhuDiinChangling.EmpressXushiwastheeldestdaughterofXuDawhowasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheMingDynasty.Throughoutherlifespan,XuShicomplied20articlesofinternallecturesandabookadvisingtobegood,soastocultivatepeople'sminds.ShewastheveryfirstonetobeburiedinChanglingandintheMingTombarea.TheHallofEminentFavorinChanglingisthebestpreservedamongthethirteentombs.
Itisavaluablerelicofancient
China'swoodenstructures.Itisnineroomswideandfiveroomslong,ahallsizerarelyseenin
China.
Theroofismadeoftop-classdoubleeavesandtherearemultipleroomscoveredwithyellowglazedtiles.Thehallissupportedby60thickNanmupillars,themiddlefourinthehallarethethickest,thediameterofeachonecanreachoveronemeter.ItisknownasthebestNanmu(phoebe)hallinthecountry.NowwearegoingtoDinging.Dinglingislocatedattheeastfootof
Dayu
Mountain.Buriedherearethe13thMingEmperorWanli(ZhuYijun)andhistwoempressesXiaoduanandXiaojing.
ZhuYijunwasthelongestonthethroneoftheMingEmperors.(Hewasemperorfor48years).HewasthegreediestandlaziestemperorintheMingDynasty.
Later,ZhangJuzhengdiedofillness.NotlongafterWanlimanagedstateaffairsonhisown,heusedthechancetoselectthelocationforhistombsitewhenhewenttopayhomagetotheancestors'tombs.Hespenteightmilliontaelsofsilver(250,000kilosofsilver)andsixyearstobuildahighqualitytombDingling.
AftertheDinglingwascompleted,ZhuYijunpersonallywenttoinspectit,andfeltverysatisfiedwiththeresult.Hewentsofarastoholdagrandbanquetinthe
Underground
ZhuYijunwasatypicalmuddle-headedemperor.Reflectingonhisreign,hedidnotpayattentiontostateaffairsfor28outofhis48yearrule.Thestateorganwaseffectivelysemi-paralyzedduringhisreign.LatergenerationscommentedthatthefalloftheMingdynastywascausedbythisemperor.
ZhuYijunhadtwoempresses.EmpressXiaojingwasoriginallyamaidofWanli'smotherCisheng.Latershegavebirthtoasonoftheemperor.Thatsonwastheone-monthemperorGuangzong(ZhuChangluo).Shediedofillness9yearsearlierthanShenzongdied.ShewasburiedasaconcubineatPinggangdi,aroundtheeastpit,attheHeavenlyLongevityMount.AfterXiaojingwasconferredthetitleof“grandmotheroftheemperor”,herbodywasmovedtotheUndergroundPalaceofDingling,andburiedtogetherwithEmperorWanliandEmpressXiaoduanonthesameday.
Xiaoduanwasconferredthetitleofempress,butshecouldnotgivebirthtoeitherasonoradaughtertotheemperor.Xiaoduandiedofillness.Ahundreddayslater,EmperorWanli(ZhuYijun)diedtoo.
EmpressXiaoduan,EmperorWanli,andEmpressXiaojingwereburiedtogetherinthe
Underground
ThetabletinfrontofDinglinghasnowordsonit.Itiscalledthewordlesstablet.Thereisapairofcoilingdragonsalongthetopandapatternofseawavescarvedonthebottom.Itsbaseiscomposedofatortoise(Bixi).Itissaidthatthedragonhasninesons.IntwelveoftheMingTombs,excludingChangling,allthetabletsarewordless.
OriginallytherewerenotablethousesinfrontoftheTombs,butlaterthetablethousesandsteelesofthefirstsixtombswerecompleted.ButtheemperorJiajingatthetimeindulgedindrinking,lustandsearchingforlongevitypills,sohehadnotimetopayattentionontheinscriptions.
Consequentlythesixtabletsarewordless.Andinkeepingwiththistradition,that’swhythetabletslateronarealsoblank.NowwearearrivingatTheGateofEminentFavorandtheHallofEminentFavorofDingling,TheHallofEminentFavorisalsocalledHallofEnjoyment.Itwastheplacewheretheemperorandhisentourageheldgrandsacrificialrites.TheyweremostlydestroyedwhentheQingsoldierscame.Andtheyweredestroyedagainlater,sonowonlytheruinsremain.Movingon,thisistheexhibitionroomsthatwerebuiltaftertheexcavationofthe
Underground
Palace.Theexhibitionexplainsindetailthehistoryofthetombmasterandintroducesthetombexcavationprocess.Theexhibitionroomsaredividedintotwoparts,thesouthandthenorth.Inthesouthroom,ondisplayarethesacrificialobjectsofEmperorWanliunearthedfromthe
NowwearriveatTheSoulTower,thisisthesymbolofthetomb.
It
isastonestructurewithcolorfulpainteddecorations.The
Soul
Tower
andthePreciouscitadelofDinglinghaveneverbeendamagedseriously.The
Soul
Tower
isthebestpreservedarchitectureabovethegroundofDingling.Ontopoftheyellow,glazedtiledroofofthe
Soul
Tower
sits
abigstonetablet.TwoChinesecharacters----Dingling,arecarvedonthetablet.Insidethe
Soul
DinglingistheonlyMingTombtobeexcavated.FormalexcavationworkstartedinMay1956andendedin1958.First,theworkingpersonneldiscoveredanexposedgatewayatthesidewalltothesouthwestofthePreciousCitadelofDingling.Sotheydugthefirsttunnelfacingthepositionofthegateway.Atthebottomofthetunnel,theydiscoveredatunnelmadeofbricks.Threemonthslater,alongthedirectionofthetunnel,tothewestofthe
Soul
Tower,theydugthesecondtunnel.Duringthedigging,theyencounteredwithastonetabletwhichinscribedthewords'fromhere48.
8m
forwardand10.
7m
downwardliesthepreciouswall'.Thereforeitgavethecorrectdirectionofopeningupthe
Accordingtothedirectionofthestonetablet,afterdiggingthethirdtunnel,theyfoundastonetunnel.Atlasttheygottothepreciouswall.Thustheyopenedthepreciouswallwithasquarestoneroom.Tothewestendoftheroom,laytwomarbledoors.Theworkingpersonnelusedawireandwoodplanktoremovethe'self-acting'stonebar,whichwasagainstthebackofthedoor.Withthismethod,theyopenedtheentranceofthe
Underground
ThepalacehasnobeamwhichwasbuiltaccordingtotheprinciplesofgeomancyAltogethertherearefivechambers.Thechambersareseparatedbysevenmarbledoors.TheUnderground
Thefrontandmiddlechambersare7.2metershighand6meterswide.Theflooriscoveredwithgoldbricks.Accordingtorecords,thegoldbricksaresmoothanddurable.Themoreyoupolishthem,thebrightertheybecome.Therearenodecorationsinthefrontandtwoannexchambers.Inthemiddlechamber,therearethreemarblethronesforEmperorWanliandhistwoEmpresses,knownasthepreciousthrones.Inthefrontofthethrones,therearefiveyellowglazedofferingsandoneblue-and-whiteporcelainjarofJiajingYear'sstylewithacloud-and-dragondesign.
Itisabout0.7metersindiameter.Originallytherewassesameoilinthejar.Onthesurfaceoftheoilwasacoppertubewithawickinside.Itiscalledthe'everlastinglamp'.Duetothelackofoxygen,thelightwentoutsotheoilhadnotbeenusedall.Therearchamberisthebiggestofthethree.Itis9.5metershigh,31meterslong,9.lmeterswide,thefloorispavedwithpolishedstones.
Intherearchamber,thereisacoffinplatformedgedwithwhitemarble.PlacedontheplatformarethecoffinsofEmperorWanliandhistwoEmpressesaswellas26vermilionboxesfilledwithfuneralobjects.Inthemiddleofthecoffinplatform,ther
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