2023年自考类英语自考英语写作历年真题荟萃带答案难题附详解荟萃

2023年自考类英语自考英语写作历年真题荟萃带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共60题)1.Thefollowingpassageisincompletewiththeconcludingparagraphmissing.Studythepas-sagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphofabout100words.Makesurethatthetoneandvocabularyyouuseareinunitywiththepassageprovided.

Mt.St.Helens

Mt.St.HelensisavolcanointhestateofWashingtoninthewesternUnitedStates.InMay,1980,iteruptedwiththeforceofanuclearbomb.Accordingtoscientists,therehadbeennovolcaniceruptiontoequalthisoneinthelast4,000years.WhenMt.St.Helensexploded,itreleasedenergythatwasgreaterthanthebombthatdestroyedHiroshima,Japan.Theforcewasstrongenoughtosend100milliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere.Aforcethatstronghadtremendouseffectsontheareaaroundthevolcano.

Thevisibleeffectswereawesome.Oncetherehadbeengreenmeadowsandthickforests;aftertheeruption,therewasblackvolcanicrockandash.Fromtheair,thousandsofacresoftreeslookedlikescatteredmatchsticks.Wheretherehadoncebeenclearstreamsandlakes,therewereonlybubblingpoolsofmud.Oncethemountainhadstoodtall,afterwards,mostofitstopandallofitsnorthsideweremissing.Theforceoftheeruptionreducedthemountainfromthefifthtallestinthestatetothethirtiethtallest.

Theeconomiceffectsontheareawerestaggering.TheU.S.ForestServiceestimatedthat$200millionworthoftimberwasdestroyed.Thiswasenoughtimbertobuild200,000homes.Businessesandhomessimplydisappearedundertonsofrock,ash,andmud.TheportofPortland,sixtymilestothesouth,wascloggedwithmudandash.Cargoshipsfromallovertheworldsuddenlysathelpless.Economistsestimatedthecommercialandpersonaldamagesisthebillionsofdollars.

Finally,theeffectsonhumanlifeweretragic.Thirty-fourbodieswererecoveredintheweeksfollowingtheeruption;twenty-sevenmorepeoplesimplydisappeared.Someofthesixty-onewerephotographersandscientistswhoweretheretorecordthestirringofthemountain.Theythoughtthattherewouldbeawarningbeforethefinaleruption;therewasnone.Othervictimswerecampersandworkerswhoweredeceivedbytheapparentcalmofthemountainthatbright,sunnyspringmorning.One—acrusty,oldmanwhoownedalittlere-sortfivemilesfromthemountain—hadrefusedtoleave.Hesaidthathewaspartofthemountainandthemountainwaspartofhim.Hiswordsturnedouttobetrue;hisbodywasneverfound.2.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandcomposea"topicoutline"forit.

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas"Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea".

Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion"Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?"hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlnticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,MauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition,whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.3.Thefollowingpassageisincompletewithonebodyparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphinabout100words.Makesurethatyourtoneanddictionareinunitywiththepassageprovided.

DifferentTypesofParents

Itisuniversallytruethatallparentsintheworldlovetheirchildren.However,asparents'viewsoflifevary,theylovetheirchildrenindifferentways.Generallyspeaking,intermsofhowtheytreattheirchildren,parentsfallintothreebasictypes:autocratic,democratic,andpermissive.

Theautocraticparent'swordisthelaw.Healwayssetsrules,expectingcompleteobediencefromhischildren.Heassumesthatheknowswhatisbestforhischildrenandthattheywilllearndisciplineandrespectforauthorityfromhisorders.Hedoesnotrealizethathemaynotknowbestandthatruleswithoutmercymaybreedcontemptforauthority.Ifthechildcamehomelatefromapartybecauseamajoraccidentonthehighwaytieduptrafficformiles,thisparentwouldnotallowthechildtoexplainhisreasonsforbeinglate.Thechildwouldbeimmediatelypunished.Thiskindofparentprobablyhasgoodintentions,wantinghischildtogrowup"right,"buthisapproachtothetaskmayleadtoconflicts.

Thedemocraticparentisnotsostrict.Heiswillingtodiscussruleswithhischildrenandlistentotheirsideofanargument.Ifhischildcamehomeanhourlatefromaparty,hewouldlistentotheexplanationinsteadofpunishingthechildimmediately.Ingeneral,thedemocraticparentlaysdownfewerrulesthanhisautocraticcounterpartbecauseherealizeschildrenmustlearncertainthingsinlifeontheirown.Hepreferstoplaytheroleofanadvisorandisalwaysavailablewhenhischildrenneedhelp.

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Toofewpeoplewithchildrenaredemocraticparents,whichisthebestofthethreetypes.Toomuchortoolittleauthorityoftenbreedsdisrespectandresentment.Agoodparentshouldofferguidanceandadvice;heshouldnottrytorulehischildrenordisregardhischildrencompletely.4.Thefollowingpassageisincompletewithonebodyparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphinabout100words.Makesurethatyourtoneanddictionareinunitywiththepassageprovided.

TheBreakdownofCommunication

Itiscommonlyacknowledgedthatlanguageproblemsmakecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesdifficult.Becauseofthelanguagebarriers,peoplecannotexpresstheirfeelingsclearlytoeachother.However,communicationproblemsalsoexistbetweenindividualsfromthesameculture.Althoughtheyhavethesameculturalback-ground,theysometimescannotunderstandeachotherwell.Communicationbetweenindividualsbreaksdownbecauseofmanyfactors.Themostsignificantonesincludepersonality,agedifferenceandcompetitionbetweenindividuals.

Personalityhasagreatinfluenceoncommunicationbetweenpeople.First,thesharingofcommoninterestsisoftenessentialforinitiatingcommunication.Iftwopeopleholdcompletelydifferentattitudes,itwillnotbeeasyforthemtostartcommunicatingwitheachother.Second,thewillingnesstoexpresstheirfeelingsandopinionsfreelyisneededifmeaningfulcommunicationistobedeveloped.Somepeopledonotwanttotalkaboutcontroversialsubjects,fearingthatthiswillhurttheirrelationshipwithfriends.Instead,theykeeptheirdiscussionoftopicsataverysuperficiallevel,whichpreventsthemfromknowingandunder-standingeachother.Thelackofunderstandingleadstounsuccessfulcommunication.Itisclearthatpersonality,tosomeextent,affectstheinitiationandmaintenanceofcommunication.

Althoughagedifferencegivesrisetocommunicationproblemsbetweentwogenerations,competitionposesanevengreaterproblemwhenpeopleareaboutthesameage.Intensecom-petitioninthemodernworldcreatestremendouspressureonpeople.Inordertogetaheadinacareerorinschool,peopletendtodevotemostoftheirtimetoworking,studying,orotheractivitiesthatenhancetheirprospectsforthefuture.Asaconsequence,theyhavelittleinclinationtocommunicatewithothers.Theyareanxiousabouttheirachievementsbecausethosearethemeasuresofsuccessinlife.So,keencompetitionalsodiscouragespeoplefromhavingagoodunderstandingofeachother.

Communicatingwithotherpeopleinvolvesmucheffortbecausepeople'spersonality,thegenerationgapandkeencompetitionbringaboutpotentialproblems.Theseproblemsareconstantlywithus,andanyofthemmayleadtoabreakdownincommunicationbetweenindividuals.5.StylesofDressasReflectionsofSocialConditions

Somethingthatbecomesveryapparentwhenwestudythetopicoffashionisthatclothesandstylearerelatedtosomuchmorethanmerelyanindividual'sappearance.Forthousandsofyears,fashionandstylehavebeenprimaryindicatorsaboutaperson'ssocialstatus,sexuality,wealth,individuality,andoverallpersonalityattributes.

Inthe20thcenturyalone,eachdecadehasbeenmarkedbydistinctlydifferentmannersfordres"hippie."Withdeeperconsideration,however,thesedifferingfashionstylescanbeviewedasrepresentativeoftherelatedsocialconditionsoccurringatthetime.

AsstatedbyPasacoe,"Thefashionofthe1920'sreflectedtheJazzAgeperfectly.ItwasmadeforfastautomobilesandCharlestondance.Forthefirsttimeinwesternfashionthekneewassociallyacceptable."Althoughtherearemanytheoriesregardingwhatcausesfashiontochange,thefactthatsocialclimateisreflectedinstylesofdresshasagreatdealofsupport.Perhapsthereasonwhysomuchchangeoccurredinwomen'sdressintheearlydecadesofthecenturyisthatsomanychangesoccurredregardingwomen'srolesandfightswithinthatsametimeframe.

Anotherdecadeinwhichfashionwasstronglyindicativeoftheunderlyingsocialconditionsistheturbulent1960's.Oneofthemostnoteddevelopmentsaccreditedtothisdecadeistheintroductionoftheminiskirt.Manysocialhistoriansrelatetheintroductionoftheminiskirttotheintroductionofthebirthcontrolpill.Womenbecamesexuallyliberatedandthe"freelove"erabegan.Theseminiskirtscametosymbolizethenewliberationforwomenandthesocialclimateofthedecade.AsstatedinVogueattheendofthedecade,"Thelengthofyourskirtishowyoufeelthismoment."

Towardstheendofthe1960's,youngergenerationswererejectingtheestablishmentandrejectingtheideaofhighfashionalongwithit.Studentsworelonghair,fadeddenimjeans,andflamboyantpatterns.Manyworecombatjacketsandsurplusshirtstoanti-warrallies.AsHoeymakerstated,"Bytheendofthedecade,cheap,flamboyantclothesbecameexpensivedesignerlabels.Thehippiestylebecamehighfashion;infact'anti-fashion'becamethebiggestfashionofall."Inthiscase,clothesbecameaformofprotest.

Overall,therearecountlessexamplesofhowfashionisinfluencedbythesocialclimateofthetimes.Overthepastthousandsofyears,thesocially"appropriate"stylesofdressformenandwomenhavevariedtremendously.Regardlessofwhatexactlyconstituted"stylish"fashionduringanygiventimeperiod,onethingthatremainsconstantisthatfashionhasalwaysbeenasignificantaspectofone'slifeandthetimeinwhichtheylived.

SentenceOutline

6.Writeanessayaboutsomethingorsomeoneinterestsyou,tryingtousethestrategyofexemplification.7.BenefitsofFace-to-FaceCommunication

Face-to-facecommunicationisthefirstbasiccommunicationmethod.Intheeraofinformationtechnology,peoplearenowfacedwithamyriadofcommunicationoptions.Beitletters,emails,ortelephoneconversations,noneismoreeffectivethanface-to-faceinteraction,becauseithelpsthespeakertoconveyacompletemessage,obtainimmediatefeedback,andbuildtrustingrelationship.

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Inaddition,face-to-facecommunicationprovidesimmediatefeedback.Ifthemessageisambiguous,thespeakercanclarifyitrightaway.Thelistenercanraisequestionsifhefeelsconfused.Hence,thespeakercandetectandpreventpossiblemisunderstandingsorconfusionamongthelisteners.Sinceallthepeopleinvolvedintheinteractiveprocesscaneasilyseeeachother,theirapproval,interest,ordisregardcaneasilybededucedanddealtwith.RenownedCEOs,likeBillGates,attachmuchimportancetoface-to-facecommunicationandhighlyappreciatethetimelyresponsesofthestaffatbusinessmeetings.

Lastly,face-to-facecommunicationenhancestherelationshipbetweenpeople.It'sdifficulttobuildrapportonlyoveremailsorthroughphonecalls.Itseemsthatpeopletendtodependlessandlessonface-to-facetalkstoexpresstheirgratitudeandappreciation,butthisformofcontactisextremelyimportantforestablishingtrustingrelationship.Asanofficeworker,whatwouldyoufeelwhenyourcolleaguescomeuptoyourdeskandcongratulateyouonthegreatreportyousentorthepresentationyoumaderecently?Ifateamleadercallshisteammemberstotheofficejusttosay"thanks"andpattheirbacks,theteamwillbesuretotakealikingtohimimmediately.

Eveninthemodernworldfullofelectroniccommunicationdevices,face-to-facecommunicationremainsthemostpowerfulhumaninteraction.Withoutface-to-facecommunication,informationrecipientshavetointerpretanincompletemessage,becausemuchoftheinformationgainedincommunicationisderivedfromnon-verbalcues.Theyhavenochancetoquestionthespeakerorclarifytheinformation.Moreover,theyareunlikelytofeelwarmthfromorbuildtrustonthemessagedeliverer.Therefore,face-to-faceinteractioncannotbereplacedbyotherformsofcommunication.8.Thefollowingpassageisincompletewithonebodyparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphinabout100words.Makesurethatyourtoneanddictionareinunitywiththepassageprovided.

Nowadays,almosteveryonehastocompetewithothersforsuccess,forgoodjobs,andforbetterlives.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhofailedafewtimeslosttheirconfidence.

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Self-confidenceplaysanimportantroleincompetition.Withself-confidence,aweakteammaydefeatastrongone,commonpeoplemaydotheirbestorevenaccomplishmissionsimpossible.Incontrast,withoutself-confidence,sportsstars,smartpeople,andgreatmenmayalsofail.Suchexamplesarenumerous.

Sinceself-confidenceissoimportantweshouldtryhardtodevelopourself-confidencebyaggressivelygettinginvolvedincompetitionandtryingtowinallthetime.Atbest,awinwillmakeusrealizeourstrengths;atworst,alosswillhelpUSknowourweakness.Sincelifeisanendlesscompetition,let'sfaceitwithself-confidenceandsucceed.9.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandcomposea"topicoutline"forit.

Smell,asameansofnonverbalcommunication,isimportant.Odorcommunicatesnotonlywhenwearefacetofacewithanotherperson,butalsowhentheotherpersonisnotpresent.Peoplefromdifferentculturesmayhavedifferentattitudestowardbodyodors.

MostpeopleintheWestrespondnegativelytowhattheyconsiderbadodorssuchasbodyodor,breathodor,orclothesthatemitunpleasantsmellssuchassweat.Theyworkhardtocoveruptheirbodyodorandviewthosewithbodyodorasdirtyandunsanitary.However,peopleusuallyarenotcomfortableindiscussingthetopic,andgenerallywillnottellanotherthathisorherbodyodorisoffensive.Theywillsimplyavoidbeingclosetothepersonandwillendtheconversationasquicklyaspossible.

Othercultureshavequitedifferentconceptsofnaturalodors;theyconsiderthemasnormalandbelievethatitisanactoffriendshipto"breathethebreath"ofthepersonwithwhomtheyconverseandtofeeltheirpresencebysmelling.Forexample,Arabsdon'tseemtofeelcomfortableunlesstheycansmelleachother.WhenArabstalk,theyvirtuallyenvelopeachotherintheirbreath.Smellingthenaturalbodyodorsofone'sfriendisdesirable;denyinghimorherthisprivilegeistoactashamedly.Inotherculturessmellalsoplaysanimportantrole.InJapan,younggirlswilloftenplayagameinvolvingtheplacingoffivefragrancesintinyboxes.Thegirlwhoidentifiesthemostaromaswinsthegame.InBali,Indonesia,whenloversgreetoneanother,theyoftenbreathedeeplyinakindoffriendlysniffing.ItisnotuncommonforyoungloversinthePhilippinestotradesmallpiecesofclothingonpartingsothatthesmelloftheotherpersonwillevoketheiraffectionforeachother.

Notknowingculturalvariationsinattitudetowardsmellcancreateuncertaintyandevenillfeeling.Forexample,amedicaldoctorfromSaudiArabiaonceworkedinahospitalinthesouthernUnitedStates.ProblemsarosewhenpatientsrefusedtohavetheSaudidoctorexaminethem.Interviewswithpatientsrevealedtwoproblems:He"smelledbad"andhebreathedonthepatients.Thedoctor'straininghadapparentlyfailedtoincludethedifferencebetweenArabicandAmericanattitudesandpracticesrelatingtosmell.Clearly,encountersbetweenpeoplewithsuchwidelydifferingattitudescouldleadtoseriousmiscommunication.Tomaintainharmoniousinterculturalbusinessrelationships,oneshouldrememberthesediverseattitudestowardsmell.10.Thefollowingpassageisincompletewiththeconcludingparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphofabout100words.Makesurethatthetoneandvocabularyyouuseareinunitywiththepassageprovided.

MannersAreImportant

Asonelooksabout,itbecomesveryeasytoconcludethatgoodmannersseemtobeathingofthepast.Moreandmorepeopleseemtobediscourteoustooneanother,moreindicativeofa"survivalofthefittest"attitudeoflivinginacivilizedsociety.Althoughmuchofwhatwasconsideredgoodmannersattheturnofthelastcenturymaynolongerbeappropriate,commoncourtesyandacceptablebehaviorarestillnecessarytomakelifepleasant,especiallyasourcitiesbecomemoreandmorecrowded.Althoughcommoncourtesyistheunderlyingframework,goodmannersaremanifestedintwodistinctareas,businessandsocialrelationships.

Theworldofbusinesshasbecomeincreasinglyimpersonalovertheyears.Thefastdevelopmentofcomputershasremovedthepersonaltouchfrommanybusinessdealings.Itisnotuncommon,whenphoningacompany,togetarecordedmessagetellinguswhichnumbertopress.Whenwefinallydogetalivepersonontheotherend,heoftenseemsuncaring.Goodbusinesssense,though,woulddictatetheimportanceofgettingbacktothepersonaltouch.Thespeakershouldidentifyhimselfbynametothecallerandmakeeveryefforttobecourteousandhelpful.Aboveall,heshouldtakegreatpainstoassurethecallisnotdisconnected.Inaddition,heshouldmakecertainthatthecallerisconnectedtohispartyandnotkeptwaitinglongwhilelisteningtocannedmusic.Goodmannerswillassurehappy,loyalcustomers.

Goodmannersare,perhaps,mostfrequentlyassociatedwithsocialrelationships.

Unfortunately,hereagaintheyseemtobeindecline.Givingupone'sseatonacrowdedbustoanelderlyperson,apregnantwoman,oranobviouslytiredpersonseemstobeathingofthepast.Peoplealsoseemtohaveforgottenhowtobehaveasanaudience.Itisnotuncommontoseepeopleputtingtheirfeetupontheseatsinfrontofthemortalkingloudlyduringamovieorplay.Evenrestaurantsarenotimmunefromthelackofgoodmanners.Youngparentsdonotseemtocarethattheirchildrenareroamingthroughouttherestaurantorarecryinganddisturbingtheotherguests.Theseexamplestouchonlythesurfaceoftherapiddeclineofgoodmanners.11.Composeanessay

E-mailisanentirelynewmeansofcommunication,butitgainsgrowingpopularityrapidly.Writeanessay(about300words)expressingyourviewonit.12.BeingShy

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First,makedecisionsnottoholdbackinconversations.Whatyouhavetosayisjustasimportantaswhatotherpeoplesay.Anddon'tturndownpartyinvitationsjustbecauseofyourshyness.

Second,prepareyourselfforbeingwithothersingroups.Makealistofthegoodqualitiesyouhave.Thenmakealistofideas,experiences,andskillsyouwouldliketosharewithotherpeople.Thinkaboutwhatyouwouldliketosayinadvance.Thensayit.

Third,ifyoustartfeelingself-consciousingroup,takeadeepbreathandfocusyourattentiononotherpeople.Remember,youarenotalone.Otherpeopleareconcernedabouttheimpressiontheyaremaking,too.Don'tbeafraidtospeakupandgiveyourpointofview.Moreover,remembereveryoneexperiencesfailuresanddisappointments.Profitthemaslessonsinsteadoffrustrations.

Aseachofusisanindividual,webehaveinourownpersonalways.Thebetterweunderstandourselves,theeasieritbecomestoliveuptoourfullpotential.Nooneevergetsoverbeingshycompletely,butmostpeopledolearntolivewiththeirshyness.Evenentertainersadmitthattheyoftenfeelshy.Theyworkatfightingtheirshyfeelingssotheycanfacethecamerasandthepublic.

Justmakingtheefforttocontrolshynesscanhavemanyrewards.Butperhapsthebestreasontofightshynessistogiveotherpeopleachancetoknowmoreaboutyou.13.Somepeopleoftensay,"Opportunityplaysavitalroleinsuccess".Doyougoalongwiththeidea.Writeanessay(about300words)expressingyourviewonit.14.Bill

AhillhasbeenintroducedintheUnitedStatesCongresswhich,ifpassed,wouldreducetheminimumwageforworkingteenagersundertheageof18.Theminimumwagewouldbedecreasedasmallamountforeachyearunder18untiltheageof15.Afewteenagersreactnegativelytowardsthebill,buttheyareprobablytheluckyoneswhohaveajob.Althoughthesepeoplewouldhavetotakeacutinpay,thebillhasmanyadvantagesandshouldbepassed.

Firstofall,theideaofareducedminimumwagewouldallowforthehiringofmoreteenagers.Unemploymentishighforteensunder18,especiallyinminoritygroups.Ifthebillbecamealaw,twoteenagerswouldbehiredforthepriceofone.Eventhoughsomepeoplesaythatabusinessmighthireteenagersinplaceofolderpeople,thisishighlyunlikely.Mostteensonlyworkpart-timeandthereforewouldnotinterferewithhiringintheolderworkforce.

Puttingmoreteenagersintheworkforcewouldbebeneficialbecausethewagesthattheymakewouldhelptheirparentsoutfinancially.Theseteenagerswouldhavetheirownspendingmoneyfordates,forgas,andforclothes.Also,puttingmoreteenagersonthejobcouldpossiblyreducethecrimerateamongthem.Withsomemoneyintheirpockets,teenagerswouldnotneedtoshopliftortocommitrobbery.

Someteensthinktheproposedwageswouldbesolow.Itwouldnotbeworththeirworking.However,areducedwagedoesnotmeanthatemployersarefreetopayunreasonablylowwages.Asitis,manysmallbusinessespaybelowminimumwagenow,andtheyhavenotroublefindingteenagerswhoarewillingtowork.Inaddition,noincometaxistakenoutforteenagers,soalmostalltheirwagesarepureincome.

Somepeoplefearthisbillwillmarkanendtotheminimumwagerequirementsforeveryone.Thesepeoplearemisinformed,forthisminimumwagereductionwouldnotaffectanyone18orolder.Insteaditwouldmainlyaffecttheteenagersthatworkduringthesummersandafterschool.Theseteenagersaremakingmoneytosaveandtospendforextras.Theyarenot,inthemain,breadwinners.Theolderteenagersandadults,whoarebreadwinners,wouldcontinueattheirsamesalaries.

Thereducedminimumwagecouldalsotakeasmallburdenoffalreadyaidingbusinessthathiresteenagers.Iftheydonothavetopaysomuchforwages,thebusinesscouldtakethemoneysavedandinvestitintheirownbusinesses.Theycouldreneworexpandtheirmachinerytoincreaseproduction.Finallywiththeoveralldecreaseinexpendituresbecauseofthereducedminimumwage,pricescouldgodown,whichwouldhelptofightinflation.

Althoughsomeyoungerteenagersdonotwanttotakethewagecuts,thisideahasmanypositiveeconomicpossibilities:itmighthelpinsolvingproblemswithunemployedteens,parents'financialburdens,crime,andrevitalizationofbusiness.Thebilldeservesachance.15.Writeanoutline.

Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandcomposea"topicoutline"forit.

Women'sLib

WomeninBritainarewithoutdoubtbetterofftodaythantheyusedtobe.Atthebeginningofthenineteenthcenturywomenseemtohavehadalmostnorightsatall.Theycouldnotvote,orevensigncontracts.Theirmarriageswerearrangedbytheirparents,andoncetheyweremarriedtheycouldnotownproperty.Mostofthetimetheywerekeptathome,andevenwhentheywereallowedtowork,theywerenevergivenresponsiblejobs.Itisstrangetothinkthat,asfarasweknow,mostwomenwerehappywiththissituation.

Todaythepositionisquitedifferent.Womencannowvote,andchoosetheir