英语专升本考试重点复习内部资料 (专升本英语语法,词汇,阅读理解、翻译)

..语法七大语法考试重点一独立主格〔一〕：独立主格构造的构成：

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词)+介词短语构成。〔二〕独立主格构造的特点：

1〕独立主格构造的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2〕名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3〕独立主格构造一般有逗号与主句分开。

举例：

Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.

Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.

=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.

Thisdone,wewenthome.

Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.

Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.

Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.

二过去完成时1〕概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had+过去分词构成。

2〕用法

a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。

Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.

b.状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.

c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

Wehadhopedthatyouwoulde,butyoudidnt.

3)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。

HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.

Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.

Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.

典型例题

Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.

A.hadwritten,leftB，werewriting,hasleftC.hadwritten,hadleftD.werewriting,hadleft

注意：hadnosooner…than刚……就……

Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.三强调构造考试重点：

强调句型的根本形式Itis〔was〕+被强调局部+that〔who〕…；强调句型用来强调状语。

一、强调句型的根本形式Itis〔was〕+被强调局部+that〔who〕…。

二、强调句型用来强调状语。

1、Itwasinthatsmallroom_____theyworkedhardanddreamedofbetterdaystoe.

A.whereB.inwhichC.whichd.that

2、Itisbecausesheisverydevotedtoherstudents_______sheisrespectedbythem.

A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who

3、Itwasnotuntilshearrivedinclass_________realizedshehadforgottenherbook.

A.andsheB.whenC.sheD.thatshe四情态动词考试重点：情态动词+完成时

情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。

一、must+现在完成时表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜想。

1、Mr.Green_____myletter,otherwisehewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.

A.musthavereceivedB.musthavefailedtoreceiveC.mustreceiveD.mustfailtoreceive

2、Ibelievehe_____anaccident,otherwisehewouldhavearrivedontime.

A.wouldhavehadB.couldhavehadC.shouldhavehadD.musthavehad二、should〔oughtto〕+完成时表示应该做的事情而没有做，否认式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。

1、Theyhavedonethingstheyought_____.

A.nottodoB.nottobedoneC.nottohavedoneD.nothavingdone

2、I’msorryIcouldn’tgetintouchwithhimbeforeheleft,I_____himearlier.

A.hadatelephoneB.havephonedC.shouldhavephonedD.shouldbephoned

三、could+完成时表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。

1、Hecouldhavejoinedus,buthedidn’tgetourinvitationintime.2、Icouldhavepassed,butIdidnotstudyhardenough.五虚拟语气考试重点：虚拟语气的根本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish〔that〕引导的表示"愿望〞的宾语从句；wouldrather引导的从句；以asif,asthough引导的从句；以suggest,advise,insist等词后引导的宾语从句；Itisnecessary〔important〕that引导的主语从句；Itistime〔that〕…句型中。一、虚拟语气的根本形式和用法：

虚拟〔条件〕语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：

1、IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI_____him.

A.hadknownB.haveknownC.knewD.know

2、Doyouthinktherewouldbelessconflictintheworldifallpeople_____thesamelanguage"

A.spokeB.speakC.hadspokenD.willspeak

3、IfBob____withus,hewouldhavehadagoodtime.

A.wouldeB.wouldhaveeC.hadeD.came

二、if的省略形式在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were,had,should等词，那么可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。

1、_____youwerebusy,Iwouldnthavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.

A.IfIrealizedB.HadIrealizedC.DidIhaverealizedthatD.AsIrealized

2、_____,Ishouldaskthemsomequestions.

A.ShouldtheyetousB.IftheyetousC.WeretheyetousD.Hadtheyetous

三、含蓄条件句

有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，butfor。

1、Withoutyourhelp,we_____somuch.

A.didn’tachieveB.wouldnothaveachievedC.willnotachieveD.don’tachieve

2、Butfortherain,we_____aniceholiday.

A.shouldhaveB.wouldhavehadC.wouldhaveD.willhavehad四、以wish〔that〕引导的表示"愿望〞的宾语从句

wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish＋从句〔主语＋过去时〕；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish+从句〔主语＋过去完成时〕；

1、Peterwishesthathe_____lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege.

A.couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudyIdidn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI_____there.

A.wereB.wouldbeC.hadbeenD.willbe五、wouldrather＋句子〔过去时〕1、I’d_____youdidn’ttouchthat,ifyoudon’tmind.

A.ratherB.betterC.happierD.furtherIamtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_____nextmonthforadinner.

A.eB.wouldeC.cameD.havee

六、以asif，asthough引导的从句

在asif，asthough引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的从中动词形式变化一样。

1、Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.

A.knowsB.knewC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknown

2、Youaretalkingasifyouhadseenthem

七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。类似的动词有：propose，order，demand，require，request等。

1、ThedoctoradvisedthatMr.Malan_____anoperationrightawaysoastosavehislife.

A.hadB.wouldhaveC.haveD.wasgoingtohave2、Hismotherinsistedthathe_____thecoatwhengoingout.

A.putonB.putsonC.toputD.puttingon八、Itisnecessary/important/urgentthat引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。

1、It’sdesiredthatshe_____toteachusatleasttwiceaweek.

A.esB.willeC.eD.maye2、It’surgentthatameeting_____beforethefinaldecisionismade.

A.willbearrangedB.mustbearrangedC.bearrangedD.wouldbearranged九、Itistime(that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。

1、It’shightimewe_____somethingtostoptrafficaccident.

A.doB.willdoC.didD.mustdo2、Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou_____smoking"

A.giveupB.gaveupC.wouldgiveupD.shouldgiveup六状语从句在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比拟、目的、结果。

一、时间状语从句

常用的连词有：when，whenever〔无论什么时候〕，since，as，until，hardly…when，nosooner…than，assoonas，before，after，themoment，theminute〔一…就…〕

1、Nosoonerhadtheygotthegoodscoveredup_____itstartedraininghard.

A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after

2、Shehaswantedtobeeanurse_____sinceshewasayounggirl.

A.longB.oftenC.alwaysD.ever

二、条件状语从句

常用if，unless〔除非，如果不〕，as/solongas只要。

1、_____I’mmistaken,I’veseenthatmanbefore.

A.UnlessB.IfC.BecauseD.Provided

2、_____youreturnthosebookstothelibraryimmediatelyyouwillhavetopayafine.

A.UntilB.UnlessC.IfD.Provided三、原因状语从句

常用：because,as,since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用because引入；而since表示一种间接或附带的原因；用as只是提一下。

1、Hecannotgotoschoolbecauseheisill.2、Everyonelikesyouasyouarebothkindandhonest.四、让步状语从句

常用though/although，as〔尽管〕，evenif/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，nomatterhow/what/who等

1、Inshort,_____helives,amanbelongstosomesociety.

A.whateverB.wheneverC.whicheverD.wherever

2、_____,youmustshowyourtickettogointothecinema.

A.NomatterwhoeveryouareB.WhomeveryouareC.WhoeveryouareD.Nomatterwhoareyou

3、_____youdisagreewithher,herideaisstillworthconsidering.

A.EvenifB.IfonlyC.InsteadofD.Despiteof4、Young_____heis,heknowswhatistherightthingtodo.

A.thatB.asC.althoughD.however

五、方式状语从句

常用as,justas,asif/though等词。

1、_____waspointedabove,thissubstancecanbeusedasasubstitute.

A.ItB.ThatC.WhatD.As2、Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.

A.knowsB.knewC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknown六、目的状语从句

常用sothat,inorderthat,lest〔以免，以防〕,incase。

1、Iwroteitdown_____Ishouldforgetit.

A.incaseB.incaseofC.inorderthatD.forfearof2、I’llgiveyoumyphonenumber,sothatyoucancallmewhenyouarrivehere.七、结果状语从句

常用so…that,such…that

Theyare_____studentsthattheyallperformedwellinthenationwideexaminations.

A.sodiligentB.suchdiligentC.somuchdiligentD.suchverydiligent七主谓一致考试重点：形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语；动名词、不定式，从句做主语；anumber+of+复数名词和thenumber+of+可数或不可数名词做主语；主语由aswellas等词修饰时的主谓一致；当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。一、名词physics〔物理〕，maths〔数学〕，news〔新闻〕，means〔方法〕，works〔工厂〕等一般被认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。

Everymeanshasbeentried.二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Whenandwherethenewhospitalwillbebuilt_____amystery.

A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining三、当主语是anumber+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是thenumber+of+可数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数

1、Anumberofcars_____infrontofmyhouse.

A.wasparkedB.wereparkingC.isparkingD.areparked

四、当主语由aswellas等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接aswellas，alongwith，togetherwith，including，acpaniedby等短语+名词〔代词〕时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词用复数。

1、John,alongwithtwentyfriends,isplanningaparty.2、NoonebutJaneandTomwastherethen.五、当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。当主语是each…and…，every…andevery…，manya…and…构造时，谓语动词用单数。

1、Manyasingeranddanceristoattendoureveningparty.2、Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.语法""语法词汇习题(一)1.Wateris_______shortinmanybigcities.

A.running

B.flowing

C.being

D.moving

2.Excusemefor_______

youwithsuchasmallmatter.

A.troubling

B.taking

C.interrupting

D.making

3.Thismorningourwatersupplywas_______becauseofthecoldweather.

A.letdown

B.cutoff

C.takenup

D.broughtaway

4.Themarketwasfilledwithsaltedfish,_______theworstsmellthatyoucanimagine.

A.sendingoff

B.givingup

C.sendingdown

D.givingoff

5.Itwasbecausetheapplicantwastooproud_______

hefailedintheinterview.

A.therefore

B.that

C.sothat

D.so

6.TomusedtoliveinCalifornia,_______"

A.usedhe

B.didhe

C.washe

D.didn’the

7.Sofarthereisnoproof_______peoplefromotherplanetsdoexist.

A.which

B.how

C.what

D.that

8.Neverbefore_______sohighlysuccessfulinchanginghissurroundings.

A.manhasbeen

B.manis

C.hasmanbeen

D.isman9._______fromthehelicopter,thecitylooksverybeautiful.

A.Seeing

B.Havingseen

C.Seen

D.Tosee10.Thenewspapersreportedyesterdayseveral_______ontheboundariesofthesetwocountries.

A.incidents

B.happenings

C.events

D.accidents

11.Someofthestudentsinhisclassseem_______todotheirassignments.

A.boring

B.interesting

C.tiring

D.unwilling12.Let’sworkhardtofind_______totheproblem.

A.ananswer

B.away

C.amethod

D.asolution13.Theyhavedevelopedtechniqueswhichare_______tothoseusedinmostfactories.

A.simpler

B.better

C.superior

D.greater14.Atthebeginningofthisterm，ourEnglishteacher_______alistofbooksforustoread.

A.turnedout

B.madeout

C.handedin

D.passedon15.I’msorryIhave_______dictionary.You’dbettergotothelibrary.

A.notsuch

B.notsucha

C.notasuch

D.nosucha16.IfMaryhadnotbeenbadlyhurtinacaraccident,she_______inlastmonth’smarathonrace.

A.wouldparticipate

B.mightparticipate

C.wouldhaveparticipated

D.mustparticipate17.Excuseme,butitistimetohaveyourtemperature_______.

A.taking

B.take

C.taken

D.totake

18.Liquidsarelikesolids_______theyhaveadefinitevolume.

A.inwhich

B.that

C.inthat

D.which19.WhenafriendgaveJimatickettothegame,he_______go.

A.couldn’thelp

B.cannotdobut

C.couldn’thelpbut

D.justhaveto20.Iwassurprisedtofindhisarticleonsuchan_______topicso_______.

A.excited;boring

B.exciting;bored

C.exciting;boring

D.excited;bored21.Tomlikes_______foreigncoins.

A.gathering

B.assembling

C.collecting

D.accumulating22.Luckily,mostsheep_______thefloodlastmonth.

A.endured

B.survived

C.opinion

D.passed23.Theythoughtabouttheproblemforalongtimebutcametono_______.

A.end

B.result

C.opinion

D.conclusion24.Therealtrouble_______theirlackofconfidenceintheirabilities.

A.liesin

B.lieson

C.liesabout

D.liesoff25.Thestorywassofunnythateveryone_______.

A.laughed

B.interested

C.amused

D.joked26.He_______mebytwogamestoone.

A.beat

B.conquered

C.gained

D.won27._______,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

A.Havingmadethedecision

B.Hasthedecisionbeenmade

C.Thedecisionhavingbeenmade

D.Thedecisionhasbeenmade28.Thebrainiscapableofignoringpainmessagesif_______toconcentrateonotheractivities.

A.itallowed

B.allowed

C.isitallowed

D.allowedit29.Thechildwassorry_______hismotherwhenhearrivedatthestation.

A.tomiss

B.havingmissed

C.missing

D.tohavemissed30.Thereisnopoint_______withhim,sincehehasalreadymadeuphismind.

A.argue

B.toargue

C.inarguing

D.ofarguing

32._______helpingthosewhoareunwillingtohelpthemselves"

A.Whatsenseisitabout

B.What’sthepointof

C.What’sthesensewith

D.Whatpointisitin33.It’salmostayearsinceIleftmymother.I’mreally_______seeingher.

A.lookingbackon

B.lookingupto

C.lookingforwardto

D.lookingoutover

34.IfIfoundthebook,I_______ittoyou.

A.willbring

B.wouldhavebrought

C.wouldbring

D.mighthavebrought35.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessary_______ithelpsustocorrectourmistakes.

A.inthat

B.intime

C.inturn

D.ineffect36.Theaudienceis_______atlastyear’sconcert.

A.muchmorethanthat

B.muchlargerthanthat

C.muchlargerthan

D.largeenoughthan37.Itoccurredtoherthatshemight_______ahomelesschild.

A.adapt

B.adopt

C.adjust

D.admit38.Heworkstoohard.That’s_______iswrongwithhim.

A.how

B.where

C.why

D.what39.All_______ispeaceandprogress.

A.whatisneeded

B.whichisneeded

C.thatisneeded

D.forourneeds40.Peoplecannotclosetheireyestothefacts_______.

A.nolonger

B.notanylonger

C.anylonger

D.notlonger语法""语法词汇习题(二)1._______borninChina,theboywasbroughtupintheUSA.

A.Although

B.Since

C.As

D.When2._______isknowntoall,hastemakeswaste.

A.What

B.That

C.As

D.Which

3.Thatistheveryoldwoman_______housewasburneddownlastnight.

A.which

B.her

C.ofwhom

D.whose

4.Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeech_______theaudiencestartedcheering.

A.than

B.then

C.when

D.assoonas

5._______thebook,hefoundoutsomeanswerstothisquestion.

A.Ashereading

B.Athisreading

C.Asreading

D.Onreading

6.Thespacecraftwillsendback_______onsurfacewindsandtemperatures.

A.manynewinformation

B.somenewinformation

C.anewinformation

D.afewnewinformation

7.Thereasonformyrefusalis_______you’reunreliable.

A.because

B.that

C.dueto

D.for

8.HecameallthewaytoChinaforpromotingfriendship_______formakingmoney.

A.otherthan

B.instead

C.apartfrom

D.ratherthan

9.Ifyoudon’tmind,I_______domyhomeworkthanplaycardswithyou.

A.hadbetter

B.wouldrather

C.prefer

D.wouldlike

10.Noone,excepthistwobestfriends,

_______whereheis.

A.know

B.toknow

C.knows

D.knowing

11._______,youwouldhaveseenyourfavoritemoviestar.

A.Ifyouarrivedearlier

B.Ifyouhadarrivedearlier

C.Unlessyouarrivedearlier

D.Unlessyouhadarrivedearlier

12.Thedriver’scarelessness_______thedeathofthreepassengers.

A.resultedfrom

B.resultedin

C.cameacross

D.cameabout

13.InEngland,tea_______withmilkandsugar.

A.isserving

B.isserved

C.serves

D.served

14.Writteningreathaste,_______.

A.thesecretarymadealotofmistakesinthereportB.therewerealotofmistakesinthereport

C.wefoundalotofmistakesinthereport

D.thereportwasfullofmistakes

15.It’ssuggestedthateachoneofus_______thetrainingclassesforEnglish.

A.takespartin

B.takepartin

C.tookpartin

D.wouldtakepartin

16.Theonlything_______interestsmeistheprogressofmystudents.

A.what

B.that

C.which

D.it

17.Peopledonotrealizetheimportanceofgoodhealth_______theyhavelostit.

A.until

B.when

C.since

D.as

18.Iftherewerenohomeworkatweekends,studentswouldhave_______athome.

A.thehappiesttime

B.muchhappiesttime

C.amorehappiertime

D.amuchhappiertime

19.Thereasonhewontheelectionis_______heishonestandconfidentofhimself.

A.why

B.what

C.that

D.which

20.Mr.andMrs.Brown_______asmallrestaurantinChinaTowninNewYork.

A.serve

B.start

C.open

D.run

21.Hecannot_______acar,forhedoesn’tearnthatmuchmoney.

A.obtain

B.get

C.deserve

D.afford

22.Itwasin1949_______thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.

A.when

B.while

C.as

D.that

23.Yourhairneeds_______,you’dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.

A.cut

B.tocut

C.cutting

D.beingcut

24.Bytheendofnextyear,I_______enoughmoneytobuyahouse.

A.willsave

B.havesaved

C.mustsave

D.willhavesaved

25.Much_______ourrelief,hesurvivedthesevereearthquake.

A.to

B.in

C.for

D.with

26.Hasn’thearrivedyet"Heis_______tobehereat8.Nowitis8:30.

A.regarded

B.supposed

C.considered

D.known

27.Itwaskindofyou_______uswhenwewereintrouble.

A.tohelp

B.helping

C.whohelp

D.help

28.Theengineersoon_______thatsomethinghadgonewrongwiththeproject.

A.remembered

B.realized

C.recognized

D.memorized

29.Mr.Smithislookingforanexperiencedsecretarywhois_______oforganizingasalesoffice.

A.able

B.capable

C.possible

D.responsible

30.Fiftydollars_______abigsumofmoneyforaten-year-oldboy.

A.are

B.is

C.tobe

D.being

31.Thenewbatteries(电池)causelittleenvironmentalproblemsand_______littlespace.

A.use

B.hold

C.occupy

D.maintain

32.Sobadly_______intheaccidentthathewassenttothehospitalfortreatment.A.hewasinjured

B.heinjuredC.washeinjured

D.injuredhe33.Theyweresoangrythattheywentovertotherestaurantmanagerto_______theservicetheyhadreceived.

A.plain

B.plainabout

C.argue

D.argueabout

34.Tooursurprise,thefashionableyoungladywemetinthehotel_______tobeathief.

A.turnedup

B.turnedover

C.turneddown

D.turnedout

35.TheteacherhadJohn_______atthedoorforanhourbecausehewaslateforclass.

A.stand

B.tostand

C.stood

D.stands

36.Thepriceofapples_______from＄2to＄4perkiloinsupermarket.

A.differed

B.ranged

C.changed

D.altered

37.Fortwomonths,Ihave_______everydaysittingbyhisbedside.A.taken

B.cost

C.spent

D.paid

38.The29thOlympicGames,_______inBeijingin2008,wasagreatsuccess.

A.held

B.whichheld

C.tobeheld

D.washeld

39.Whenit_______toAmericanhistory,heknowslittleaboutit.

A.talks

B.speaks

C.es

D.tells

40._______,schoolsincityprovidebettersurroundingsforstudents.

A.Generallyspeaking

B.GenerallyspokenC.Tospeakgenerally

D.Speakinggenerally

翻译""英语考试翻译题六大法那么

1〕合句法

把原文中两个或以上的简单句，主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。

例：她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。

例：他们有遵守交通规那么，机器出了故障。例：WhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.

2)正译法

就汉译英而言，就是把句子按照与汉语一样的表达方式译成英语。

例：我们强烈反对公司的新政策。

例：人不可貌相。

3)分句法

把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例：八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。

例：他为人单纯而坦率。

例：Themothermighthavespokenwithunderstandableprideofherchild.〔adj通常可以翻译成n〕

例Iwrotefourbooksinthefirstthreeyears,arecordnevertouchedbefore.(名词短语拆开)4)顺序法

顺序法翻译不改变原文表达语序，不会影响对原文容的理解。

例：即使在我们关掉床头灯甜甜地进入梦乡时，电仍然为我们工作：开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室空调机继续运转〔besidelamp,fastasleep,refrigerator，air-condition〕。

在句子中，句子前半局部是一个让步状语从句，后半句的"开动〞，"加热〞，"使……运转〞都是"电在为我们工作〞的具体容。因而在译文中，译者将这三个并行动作处理成了V-ing形式，补充说明working的容。译文按照原句的语序完全传达了原文的意思，采用顺序法翻译，到达了"准确，通顺〞的目的。

例：ItwasaSaturdayevening,whenTomwaslyingonthebenchoftheschoollistening

toablackbird(画眉鸟)andposing〔写作〕alyric〔抒情诗〕,thathesawthegirlsrunningamongthetrees.

〔原句里一连串出现了一系列的动词如：lying,listening,posing,saw，这是按汤姆进展这些动作的先后顺序来描述的，如果在译文中打乱这些顺序，就反而会显得凌乱，没有逻辑。〕

5)逆序法

逆序法根据目标语使用者表达习惯与目标语读者的认知能力，按原文语序反向翻译，以便更好地传达原文的容。

例：他经常做礼拜的时候，总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐在老地方。

请读者比拟下面两句译文，你认为哪一句较好"

译文1:Whenheattendedworship,healwaystookacertainseat,buttheyfoundthathetookadifferentonethatday.

译文2:Theyremarkedhowhetookadifferentseatfromthatwhichheusuallyoccupiedwhenhechosetoattendworship.

两种译文都忠实传达了原文容。第一种为顺序翻译，第二种为逆序翻译。第一种显得有些冗长拖沓，且前后简单句主语不一致(前半句主语为he，后半句主语是they)，给人表述混乱之感。第二种由于采用了逆序法将原句意思用一个复合句表达出来，容清晰，构造紧凑。

顺序法和逆序法主要是针对翻译长句而言，六级新题型汉译英题不会涉及此类译法，但作为翻译策略之一，应有所了解6)反译法

就汉译英而言，就是把句子按照与汉语相反的表达方式译成英语。

例：酒吧间只有五个顾客还没有走。

例：这台机器一点儿也不复杂。

由上可见，正译法和反译法主要表达在汉语里是否使用"不〞、"非〞、"无〞、"没有〞、"未〞、"否〞等字眼，或是在英语里是否使用no,not等词或带有dis-，im-，in-，un-，-less等带否认含义的词缀。读者也可将例1，例2试着用反译法表达出来。结果就是：Westronglydisapprovethepany'snewpolicy.和Appearancesaredeceptive.至于两种译法得出的两个译文终究哪一个更好，就要看译文是否准确规，简练精辟，是否符合该语言使用者的表达习惯了。翻译训练〔1〕1.IshouldsayHenryis______________(与其说是个作家不如说是)asareporter.

2.IntheChinesehousehold,grandparentsandotherrelatives______________(起着不可缺少的作用)inraisingchildren.

3.Mr.Johnsonmadefullpreparationfortheexperiment____________________(以便实验能顺利进展).

4.Pricesaregoinguprapidly.Petrolnow__________________________(价格是几年前的两倍).

5.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren__________________(有很强的影响)thecharacterofthechildren.翻译训练〔2〕1._______________(通过体育锻炼)，wecanalwaysstayhealthy.2.Accordingtothescientificresearch,_____________(听音乐能使我们放松).Isthisreallytrue"3.______________(我们绝对不能)ignorethevalueofknowledge.

4.Asisknowntoall,______________(假冒伪劣商品)harmtheinterestsofconsumers.

5.Facedwithfailure,somepeoplecanstanduptoit,_____________(从失败中汲取教训)andtryhardtofulfillwhattheyaredeterminedtodo.翻译训练〔3〕1.Inthisway,Ibelievethatallthepeoplemaybeableto_______________〔像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣〕.2.Bypracticingthese,Ihavebeenableto_____________〔在智育方面我一直能不断进步〕.3.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,fourmillionpeople______________〔死于与吸烟有关的疾病〕eachyear.4.______________〔没有一项创造获得如此多的表扬和批评〕thanInternet.5.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplearebeginningtorealize______________〔教育不能随着毕业而完毕〕.翻译训练〔4〕1._____________(没有什么可做)，weplayedgames．

2．Henotonly__________(把枯燥的工作强加给我)，butalsotookawayallourtips．

3.___________(在这种情况下)，Icouldn'tgoaway．

4．ThepopulationofAfricaisgrowing_________(极其迅速)

5．Thegirlistooyoungto_____________(和她的父母分开)．阅读""解析专升本英语阅读理解因为时间有限，且每篇文章后面仅考五道题目，也就意味着考生实际上也没有必要通读全文，所以考场上的制胜关键就在于你是否能在短时间迅速处理完文章了阅读理解是对字、词、句法的进一步学习和综合运用。在做阅读理解题时，除了掌握前面介绍的基此题型、根本法那么外，还要进展有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手：词汇、方法、侧重点。

1.词汇：猜词的技巧。

最根本的猜词技巧有两种：一是根据wd=构词法&ie=gbk&tn=SE_hldp00990_u6vqbx10"构词法的规那么猜〔转化法、派生法、合成法、截短法和首尾字母结合法〕；另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的描述、解释、列举、比拟等，运用已有的知识，分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种：

〔1〕利用词根、词缀wd=构词法&ie=gbk&tn=SE_hldp00990_u6vqbx10"构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。

〔2〕分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用wd=定语从句&ie=gbk&tn=SE_hldp00990_u6vqbx10"定语从句加以说明，或用wd=冒号&ie=gbk&tn=SE_hldp00990_u6vqbx10"冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：thatis〔tosay〕；e.g.；or，inotherwords；toputitinanotherway等。如：Sheisbilingual.Inotherwords，shespeaksEnglishandFrenchequallywell.〔3〕分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜想词义。如：

Itisdifficulttolistallofmyfather’sattributesbecausehehassomanydifferenttalentsandabilities.〔4〕分析文中对该词的比照和并列表述推测词义。

利用上下文中的比照或并列表述猜想词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词〔尤其是偏词、难词〕的同义词或反义词，运用比照或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however；ontheotherhand；nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如:

Ifyouagree，write"yes〞；ifyoudissent，write"no〞.〔dissent：不同意〕〔5〕根据常识推测词义。

有些生词看似很难，但根据语境，根据读者的经历或常识，很容易猜出词义。如果所读的材料是考生熟悉的容或在自己专业知识围，生词就更易化解了。

其实，猜词的方法并不限于以上这些，大家在阅读中要多动脑筋，善于总结，还能总结出一些更适合自己的技巧和方法来。

综合例题：从三个选项中找出与黑体词含义相符的答案。

例1.Heisacourteousyoungman.Healwayspleasesyouandrespectsoldpeople.

A.politeB.shortC.very

例2.Tameanimalssuchascats，dogs，andsomebirdsmakeexcellentpets；however，wildanimalslikelionsandtigersarenotgoodpets.

A.hairyB.calmC.loud

2.阅读理解的解题方法。

〔1〕先看文章后做题。

〔2〕先看题目后读文章再做题。带着问题去阅读，文章中的容与考题相关时仔细阅读，与题目无关时可以置之不理，很快跳过去。

还有一些题目涉及一般常识或科普知识，可以在未阅读文章之前自己先行判断，在阅读时只要对自己的判断进展验证就可以了。

〔3〕快速阅读文章后面的题目，并将题目中的关键词〔一般为实词，并且含有重要信息〕用笔画出来。阅读过程中，考生可以将含有重要信息的词、短语或句子等用笔画出来。阅读理解的三个侧重点。

注意不要逐字逐句地死抠，而要有所侧重。

〔1〕侧重首段、尾段，首句、尾句。

〔2〕侧重语篇标志词。

语篇标志词连接的主要容有：〔1〕例解，如forinstance，forexample；〔2〕列举；〔3〕比拟；〔4〕转折和比照；〔5〕原因；〔6〕结果；〔7〕方式和手段；〔8〕时间；〔9〕地点；〔10〕目的；〔11〕分类；〔12〕补充；〔13〕强调；〔14〕条件；〔15〕结论。

〔3〕侧重长句、难句。

阅读理解的问题可分为：主题思想判断细节定位逻辑推理1.主题思想判断常见的问题为：Thebesttitleforthepassageis_______.Thispassagetalksmainlyabout________.Themainideaofthispassageis…Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss？2.细节定位when，where，who，why，how〔4w+h〕.常见的问题有：Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrue？Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowinginNOTtrue？Accordingtothepassage，allofthefollowingaretrueE