2018年高考英语江苏专用考前三个月文档专题三阅读理解第三步题型突破八版含答案

题型突破（八）主旨大意之标题归纳题（2017盐城南洋中学月考）Iamastrongbelieverthatifachildisraisedwithapproval，hewilllearntolovehimselfandwillbesuccessfulinhisownway.Severalweeksago，Iwasdoinghomeworkwithmysoninthethirdgradeandhekeptstandingupfromhischairtogooverthemathlines」keptaskinghimtositdown，tellinghimthatheshouldconcentratebetter.Hesatbutsecondslater，asifhedidn'tevennoticehewasdoingit，hegotupagain.lwasgettingfrustrated，butthenithitme.Istartednoticinghisanswersweremuchquickerandaccuratewhenhestoodup.Couldhebemoreintentwhilestandingup?ThismademestartquestioningmyselfandwhatIhadbeenraisedtobelieve.Iwasraisedtobelievethataquiet，calmchildwasasurewaytosuccess.Thischildwouldhavethedisciplinetostudyhard，getgoodgradesandbecomesomeoneimportantinlife.NowthosesamepeopleperhapscometorealizethattheirkidsarebornwiththeirownsetsofDNAandpersonalitytraits，andallyoucandoislovingandacceptingthem.Asparents，throughouttheirgrowingyearsandbeyondthat，weneedtobeourkids'bestcheerleaders,guidingthemandhelpingthemfindtheirway.Ihavestoppedaskingmysontositdownandconcentrate.Obviously，heisconcentratingjustinhisownwayandnotmine.Weneedtolearntoacceptourkids'waysofdoingthings.Somewaymayhaveworkedformebutdoesn'tmeanweneedtocarryitthroughgenerations.Thereisnothingsweeterthanbeingindividualandunique.ltmakesusfreeandhappyandthat'sjustthewayIwantmykidstolivetheirownlife.语篇解读作者通过辅导孩子写作业的经历意识到用传统的教育方式约束孩子已不再适用,父母应该引导和帮助孩子找到适合他们自身的学习方法，培养他们独特的个性，进而促使他们获得成功。Atthebeginning,theauthortriedtokeephissonseatedinordertomakehim .A.paymoreattentiontohisstudyB.keepsilentintheroomfinishhishomeworkontimegetrightanswers答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段中的 "Ikeptaskinghimtositdown,tellinghimthatheshouldconcentratebetter”可知，作者让他儿子坐下来是想让他更专心地学习。故选 A。Inspiredbythecaseofhisson，theauthorbegantodoubt .A.theimportaneeofparentsB.theoldformofeducationC.therelationshipbetweenkidsandtheirparentsD.thegoodgradesofsomekids答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段尤其是第一句 “ThismademestartquestioningmyselfandwhatIhadbeenraisedtobelieve.”可知，作者开始怀疑传统的教育方式是否正确。故选 B。3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisRIGHT?A.Weshouldhelpkidscorrecttheirwrongways.B.Parentsshouldstudytheirkids'DNA.C.Kidsshouldbetaughttobehavethemselves.D.Parentsshouldloveandaccepttheirkids.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的"...andallyoucandoislovingandacceptingthem.”可知，父母应该关爱并接受他们的孩子。故选 D。Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.StudyHardandYou'llBeSuccessfulB.BeFriendlytoYourChildrenC.Children'sSuccessinTheirOwnStyleD.Parents'HelpwithTheirChildren'sStudy答案C解析标题归纳题。文章第一段开门见山地提出了本文的主题，如果孩子得到了认同，就能学会自爱并用自己的方式取得成功，所以 C项最能概括文章大意。B（2016盐城三模）For150millionyearsduringtheageofthedinosaurs,agroupofdolphin-likereptilescalledichthyosaursruledtheocean—untileverythingstartedtogowrong.Aftermultiplyingintoabout100knownspecies,ichthyosaursbegantodisappearfromtheoceansaroundthemiddleoftheCretaceousperiod,atimeofturbulentchangesintheenvironment.Theaquaticreptileswentextinct28millionyearsbeforetherestoftheirdinosaurcohort.Scientistshavebeenunabletofindasingularcataclysmicevent,suchasavolcaniceruptionormeteoritestrike,whichcouldexplainichthyosaurs'abruptdisappearaneefromthefossilrecord.Nowresearchershavenewexplanationforthelizardfish'sdemise：Theyhadlosttheirabilitytoadapttoaswiftlychangingclimate.TheaquaticlizardsthrivedthroughouttheearlyyearsofthedinosaursinthePermian,TriassicandJurassicperiods.ThencametheCretaceousperiod.Thatwasaturbulent（动荡不安的）timetoliveonEarth.Thepoleswerenearlyice-free,causingsealevelstoreachgreatheights.Temperatureswereamongthehottesttheplanethasseeninthelast250millionyears.Scientistshaveblamedthedemiseoftheichthyosaursontheirinabilitytokeepupwithotherpredatorsorthelossofkeypreyspecies.ButanewstudybyValentinFischer,apaleontologistwhostudiesichthyosaursattheUniversityofLiegeinBelgium,andhiscolleaguessaysneitheroftheseexplanationscouldaccountforthescaleandspeedofthedieoff.WritinginthejournalNatureCommunications,Fischerandhiscolleaguesarguethattheunstableclimatecontributedtothedisappearaneeofichthyosaursduringa5-millionto6-million-yearwindowintheCretaceousknownastheCenomanianstage.“Whiletherisingtemperaturesandthehigherseadidn'thadadirecteffectontheichthyosaurs,theycouldhaveplayedanindirectroleintheirdecline，”Fischersaid.“Thechangingclimatecouldhavemadetheirfoodmorescarce,ordisruptedmigratoryroutesandbirthingplaces,amongotherconsequences.”Despitetheirvarietyofbodyshapesandsurvivalstrategies,ichthyosaurswereunabletokeepupwithallofthesechanges,thestudyauthorswrote.TheyreachedthisconclusionbycomparingthegeologicalrecordoftheCretaceoustoanewlyreconstructedhistoryofichthyosaurevolutionbasedonmuseumspecimensandareviewofinformationinpreviouslypublishedstudies.Whatbecameclearwasthattheichthyosaursextinctioncoincidedwithglobalclimateshiftsandtheanimals'slowerrateofevolution,whichleftthemunabletoadaptastheirenvironmentchanged,thestudyfound.“Theywereprobablyverywelladaptedtotheirniches,andtheirenvironmentswereprobablyprettystable，”Fischersaid.“Thatcouldhaveloweredthepressureofnaturalselectionandthusloweredtheirratesofevolution.”ThinkoftheCenomanianstageasatransitionperiod.语篇解读 本文是说明文，题材是科普知识类。本文介绍了鱼龙 ichthyosaur灭绝的原因。Theunderlinedword“That”inParagraph6referstotheperiodof .A.Permian B.TriassicC.Jurassic D.Cretaceous答案D解析代词指代题。根据第五段最后一句 “ThencametheCretaceousperiod.”可知，鱼龙一直活到了白垩纪时代。第六段紧接着说，这是地球上生存的动荡时期。可见that指白垩纪时代。故选D项。Fischerandhiscolleaguescametotheirconclusionby .A.makingcomparisonsB.conductingexperimentsC.analyzingsamplesD.observingweatherchanges答案A解析细节理解题。根据倒数第四段 “TheyreachedthisconclusionbycomparingthegeologicalrecordoftheCretaceoustoanewlyreconstructedhistoryofichthyosaurevolution…”可知,Fischer和他的同事们是通过比较得出结论的。故选A项。7．Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeusedtoconcludethelastbutoneparagraph?A．Nopains，nogains.B．Nomaniswiseatalltimes.C．Abadbeginningmakesabadending.D．Surviveindisasters，perishincomfort.答案D解析段落大意题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，Fischer认为，鱼龙很可能十分适应它们的生态区位，它们的环境也很可能是稳定的，那样的话可能降低了自然选择的压力，因而降低了它们的进化速度。“Surviveindisasters，perishincomfort.”（生于忧患死于安乐），符合本段内容。故选D项。8．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ANewResearchFocusedontheHistoryofIchthyosaurEvolutionB．ASwiftClimateChangeFollowedtheDisappearanceofIchthyosaursC．ClimateChangeTaughtAncientIchthyosaursaLesson：AdaptorDieD．IchthyosaursRuledtheOceanfor150MillionYearsBeforeDisappearing答案C解析标题归纳题。纵览全文可知，文章的主题是，新的研究发现鱼龙灭绝的原因是它们失去了适应气候变化的能力。因此，题目为“气候变化给古代鱼龙一个教训：适应或灭亡 ”，符合文章内容。故选C项。C（2017苏锡常镇四市一模）Aperson'schancesoffallingillfromanewstrain（菌株）offluareatleastpartlydeterminedbythefirststraintheyevermetwith，astudysuggests.ResearchinScienceJournallookedatthe18strainsofinfluenzaA（甲型流感）andthehemagglutininprotein（红血球凝集素蛋白）onitssurface.Theysaythereareonlytwotypesofthisproteinandpeopleareprotectedfromtheonetheirbodymeetsfirst，butatriskfromtheotherone.AUKexpertsaidthatcouldexplaindifferentpatternsinflupandemics（流行病）．Theresearchers，fromtheUniversityofArizonainTucsonandtheUniversityofCalifornia ，LosAngeles，suggesttheirfindingscouldexplainwhysomefluoutbreakscausemoredeathsandseriousillnessesinyoungerpeople.Thefirsttimeaperson'simmunesystemmeetsafluvirus,itmakesantibodiestargetingthehemagglutininproteinthatsticksoutofthesurfaceofthevirus—likealollipop（棒棒糖）.Eventhoughthereare18typesofinfluenzaA,thereareonlytwoversionsofhemagglutinin.Theresearchers,ledbyDrMichaelWorobey,classedthemas“blue”and“orange”lollipops.Theysaidpeoplebornbeforethelate1960swereexposedto“bluelollipop”fluviruses—H1orH2—aschildren.lnlaterlifetheyrarelyfellillfromanother“bluelollipop”flu—H5N1birdflu,buttheydiedfrom“orange”H7N9.Thoseborninthelate1960sandexposedto“orangelollipop”flu—H3—havetheoppositepattern.HisteamlookedatcasesofH5N1andH7N9—twokindsofbirdfluwhichhaveaffectedhundredsofpeople,buthavenotdevelopedintopandemics.Theresearchersfounda75%protectionrateagainstseverediseaseand80%protectionrateagainstdeathifpatientshadbeenexposedtoaviruswiththesameproteinversionwhentheywerechildren.DrWorobeysaidthefindingcouldexplaintheunusualeffectofthe1918“Spanishflu”pandemic,whichwasmoredeadlyamongyoungadults.“ThoseyoungadultswerekilledbyanH1virusandfrombloodanalysedmanydecadeslaterthereisaprettystrongindicationthatthoseindividualshadbeenexposedtoamismatchedH3aschildrenandwerethereforenotprotectedagainstH1.ThefactthatweareseeingexactlythesamepatternwithcurrentH5N1andH7N9casessuggeststhatthesamefundamentalprocessesmaygovernboththehistoric1918pandemicandtoday'scontenders（斗争者）forthenextbigflupandemic.”JonathanBall,professoroftheUniversityofNottingham,said，“Thisisareallyneatpieceofworkandprovidesareasonwhyhumanpopulationshavebeensensitivetodifferentstrainsofbirdinfluenzaoverthepast100yearsorso.Thefindingsarebasedonanalysisofpatientrecordsandtheycertainlyneedfurtherproofinthelaboratory,butnonethelesstheresultsareprettyamazingandinspiring.”语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，一个人遭遇的第一种流感菌株会对其感染了新的流感菌株后的发病率甚至死亡率产生影响。Thefindings,ifproved,willhelppeople .A.protectthemselvesfromfluattacksB.analyzemoreclearlytherecordsofapatientinfectedwithbirdflufindoutwhoareeasiertogetinfectedwithbirdfluthanothersfindnewdrugstocurepatientsoffluinfections答案C解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的 “...theirfindingscouldexplainwhysomefluoutbreakscausemoredeathsandseriousillnessesinyoungerpeople.”，第六段中的 “Theresearchersfound...ifpatientshadbeenexposedtoaviruswiththesameproteinversionwhentheywerechildren.”禾口第七段中的 “...thefindingcouldexplaintheunusualeffect...thereforenotprotectedagainstH1.”可知，如果被证实了的话，这些研究结果将帮助人们弄清楚哪些人比其他人更容易感染禽流感。Theresearchersuse“bluelollipop”and“orangelollipop”fortwoversionsofhemagglutinininordertoproduce .A.agoodvisualeffectB.agoodlogiceffectC.aneffectofbeingabstractD.aneffectofbeingclear答案D解析 推理判断题。根据第五段的内容可知，研究人员将血凝素的两种变体归类为 “蓝色”棒棒糖和“橙色”棒棒糖，是为了清楚地指出生于不同年代的人会受到哪种流感病毒的影响，会对哪种流感病毒有抗体，故选 D。WhilewhatDrWorobeysaidisfocusedonthefacts,JonathanBall'sremarksontheresearcharefocusedon .A.thepopularityoftheresearchB.challengesandcurrentsituationsC.summariesandfutureplansD.evaluationandinfluences答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段 JonathanBall所说的话可知，JonathanBall的言论关注的是对研究的评价以及研究的影响。12．Whatcanserveasthebesttitleofthispassage?A．CureforBirdFluNotFarAwayB．FirstFluAffectsLifetimeRiskC．NewClassificationofFluPandemicsD．HowBirdFluAffectsPeople答案B解析标题归纳题。纵观全文尤其是第一段的内容可知，人因感染新的流感菌株而生病的概率至少部分取决于他们曾经遭遇的第一种流感菌株。也就是说，人们首次遭遇的流感菌株对其日后患流感的风险有很大的影响。故B项作本文标题最佳。D（2017镇江一模）OnesteamyJulyafternooninCentralArkansas，Iwasworkingonanimportantprojectinmyhomeofficewithadearfriendandcolleague.Mytrustyprinterwaschurningout（快速生产）atime-sensitivereportwhenitsimplystopped.Afterfifteenminutesoftryingtorepair，Idecidedtobuyanewprinter.Uponourreturn，myheartfrozetoseemyhouseonfire.Despitehavingspentmuchofmylifewriting，Iwasstilllostforadequatewordstodescribethesick，sinkingfeelingofseeingmyhome，business，andbelongingsgoingupinflamesalongwithphotographsandmemoriescollectedoveralifetime.Butthepanicthatfilledmyshockedheartinthatawfulmomentwasfortheninecatsthatsharedmyhomeafterbeingrescuedfromsituationsofabuseandabandonment.Respondingtoanearlysecuritysystemwarning，theamazingfirefightersarrivedinrecordtime，butthechemical-ladensmokehadalreadycauseddeaths.Iexaminedandkissedeachcatgoodbye，extremelygratefulthattheyhadpassedawaygently，withoutinjuriesorburns.Onlyanimalloversreallyunderstandtheunbelievableimpactthatthelossofonebelovedfour-leggedfamilymembercanhaveonyourheart，mindandsoul.Thelossofsomanydearlylovedcreaturessentmereeling（发晕）.Afterstayingwithanothergreatfriendforacoupleofweeks，Iwasrelocatedtoafurnishedapartment.Oneevening，aboutamonthaftermovingin，Iwasoccupiedinwritingamysterynovelwhenafalsetto“meow”soundedfromoutsidetheapartmentdoor.Wasitmymindplayingtricksagain?MorethanonceIhadheard,seenorfeltthebrushofoneofmydepartedfurryroommates.Themeowgrewlouderandmoreinsistent.Curious,Iopenedthedoor.Sittingonthedoorstepwasakitten（小猫）withanexoticblackcoatandalertambereyes.Aneighborwalkingbypickedhimupandbeganpettinghim.WhenIremarkedhowcuteherkittenwas,sheexplainedthathehadbeenbornunderabridgeandlookedaroundforfood.Thiskitty-lovingneighborwasquicktoofferanextralitterboxifIwasinterestedingivinghimahome.Myimmediatereactionwasafacetious（开玩笑的）“that'sallIneed!”Afterall,myresolution（决丿心）hadbeenwellreasonedandremainedfirm.Butwithouthesitationsheputtheadorablekittendown.lthankedherandclosedthedoor,resolvedtojustlethimstayuntilarealhomecouldbefound.Thatnight,asIslidbetweenthesheetsofthestillunfamiliarbedinthestillunfamiliarapartment,theenergeticlittlefurballjumpedontothebed,yawneddramatically,andnestledbymyside.Thosewhohaveneversharedasleepwithacreatureortwomaynotrelate,butthatwasthefirstnightsineethefirethatIactuallyslept.Stubbornlydeterminednottoopenmyselftomoreanimals—tomorepain—IhadrefusedtoadmithowdesperatelyImissedhavingawarmfuzzycuddled（依偎）close.Needlesstosay,thecatcommunityknewthepreciseprescriptionforhealingfarbetterthanI.ThenameStarlight（Starforshort）seemedperfectbecausethatnighthebroughtsomelightbackintomylife.Staradoreswrestlingrubberbands,racesupanddownthestairs,dartsoutsideanytimethedooropens,suddenlyappearseverywhereIdon'twanthimtobe,holdsontothebroomwhileI'mtryingtosweep,androllsincatniporwhateverelsehappenstobeonthefloor」nhindsight（事后看来）,abetternamemighthavebeen“Star,StopIt!”Inthefiveyearssincethefire,wehavebeenthroughalot,StarlightandI.Wereturnedtothehouse,managedtokeepthebusinessalive,broughtthemysterynoveltothefinaleditsbeforeit'ssubmittedinhopesofpublication,andmadealotmoreresolutions.Starlighthelpedmethroughthemassive,yetuntraditional,healingofspirit.Thememoriesofthekittiesthatpassedawayinthefirenowsparkonlywarmthinmyheartandwinsomesmiles.Everysingleday,Iappreciatetheserendipitous（有意外收获的）natureoftheUniversethatsentmehopeintheformofalittleblackfurball.Sotakealittleadvicefrommyfurryfriend:nomatterhowhopelessthingsmaybecomeorhowfixedyourresolutionmaybe,openthedoorwheneveropportunityknocks.Itjustmightbeastartolightyourway.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和猫的不解之缘。Whatmadetheauthorrelievedafterthefirewasputout?A.Anewprinterhelpingfinishthetime-sensitivereport.B.Adescriptionofthebelongingsgoingupinflames.Thecatsbeingrescuedfromsituationsofabandonment.Thecatsbeingdeadwithoutreceivinginjuriesinthefire.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段第二句 "Iexaminedandkissedeachcatgoodbye,extremelygratefulthattheyhadpassedawaygently,withoutinjuriesorburns.”可知，大火扌卜灭后令作者欣慰的是虽然他的猫去世了，但它们在大火中并没有受伤。故选 D项。Whatprobablycausedtheauthortoopenthedoor?A.Theideaofseeinghisbelovedfour-leggedfamilymemberagain.B.Theimpactofthelossoflovedcreaturesonhismindandsoul.C.Thebrushofhisdepartedfurryroommatesplayingtricksonhim.D.Thecuriosityaboutthenovelwritteninmemoryofhiscats.答案A解析 推理判断题。根据第五段中的 “Wasitmymind...Themeowgrewlouderandmoreinsistent.Curious,Iopenedthedoo