会计学原理(双语)Chapter-13课件

InvestmentsandInternationalOperationsChapter15InvestmentsandInternationalBasicsofInvestmentsCompaniestransferexcesscashintoinvestmentstoproducehigherincome.Somecompaniesaresetuptoproduceincomefrominvestments.Companiesmakeinvestmentsforstrategicreasons.MotivationforInvestmentsC1BasicsofInvestmentsCompaniesInvestmentsofSelectedCompaniesShort-Term(S-T)andLong-Term(L-T)InvestmentsasaPercentofTotalAssetsC1InvestmentsofSelectedCompanShort-TermInvestmentsC1Short-terminvestmentsaresecuritiesthat:Managementintendstoconverttocashwithinoneyearortheoperatingcycle,whicheverislonger.Arereadilyconvertibletocash.Short-terminvestmentsdonotincludecashequivalents.Cashequivalentsareinvestmentsthatarebothreadilyconvertedtoknownamountsofcashandmaturewithinthreemonths.Short-TermInvestmentsC1Short-Long-TermInvestmentsLong-terminvestments:arenotreadilyconvertibletocash.arenotintendedtobeconvertedtocashintheshortterm.arereportedinthenoncurrentsectionofthebalancesheet,ofteninitsowncategory.C1Long-TermInvestmentsLong-termDebtSecuritiesversus

EquitySecuritiesDebtSecuritiesReflectacreditorrelationshipExamples:Investmentsinnotes,bonds,andCDsMaybeissuedbygovernments,companies,orindividualsC1EquitySecuritiesReflectanownerrelationshipExamples:InvestmentsinsharesofstockIssuedbycompaniesDebtSecuritiesversus

EquityClassificationandReportingC1AccountingforInvestmentsdependsonthreefactors:Securitytype:debtorequityIntenttoholdthesecurityshortorlongtermPercentageownershipinanothercompany’sequitysecuritiesClassificationandReportingC1DebtSecurities:AccountingBasicsDebtsecuritiesarerecordedatcostwhenpurchased.Interestrevenueforinvestmentsindebtsecuritiesisrecordedwhenearned.

OnSeptember1,2012,MusicCitypaid$29,500plusa$500brokeragefeetobuyDell’s7%,2-yearbondspayablewitha$30,000parvalue.ThebondspayinterestsemiannuallyonAugust31standFebruary28th.MusicCityplanstoholdthebondsuntiltheymature(HTMsecurities持有至到期证券).P2DebtSecurities:AccountingBaDebtSecurities:AccountingBasicsInterestearnedbutnotreceivedmustbeaccruedonDecember31,2012.

$30,000parvalue×7%×4/12=$700interestearned.P2DebtSecurities:AccountingBaDebtSecurities:AccountingBasicsOnFebruary28,2013,MusicCitywillrecordthereceiptofthesemiannualinterest.Thecompany’saccountantswillmakethefollowingentry.$30,000parvalue×7%×6/12=$1,050(Interestreceived).P2$30,000parvalue×7%×4/12=$700(Interestearnedin2012).$30,000parvalue×7%×2/12=$350(Interestearnedin2013).DebtSecurities:AccountingBaDebtSecurities:AccountingBasicsWhenthebondsmature,MusicCitywillreceivetheamountoftheparvalueincash.Thebondshavenowbeenretired.P2DebtSecurities:AccountingBaEquitySecurities:

AccountingBasicsEquitysecuritiesarerecordedatcostwhenacquired,includingcommissionsorbrokeragefeespaid.Anycashdividends股利receivedarecreditedtoDividendRevenueandreportedintheincomestatement.Whenthesecuritiesaresold,salesproceedsarecomparedwithcost,andanygainorlossisrecorded.P1EquitySecurities:

AccountingEquitySecurities:

AccountingBasicsOnOctober10,2012,MusicCitypurchases1,000sharesofIntexcommonstockfor$86,000intheopenmarket.ThesecuritiesareclassifiedbymanagementofMusicCityas“available-for-sale”(AFS)securities.P3EquitySecurities:

AccountingEquitySecurities:

AccountingBasicsOnNovember2,MusicCityreceivesa$1,720quarterlydividendonitsinvestmentinIntex.P3EquitySecurities:

AccountingEquitySecurities:

AccountingBasicsOnDecember20,MusicCitysells500sharesofIntexintheopenmarketfor$45,000.Calculateoriginalcostpershare:$86,000÷1,000shares=$86.00persharecost.Calculatecostofsharessold:500shares×$86=$43,000.P3EquitySecurities:

AccountingTradingSecurities交易性证券DebtandequitysecuritiesActivelymanagedandtradedforprofitFrequentpurchasesandsalesexpectedReportedatfairvalueUnrealizedgainorlossreportedintheincomestatementP1TradingSecurities交易性证券DebtanTechCom’sportfoliooftradingsecuritieshadatotalcostof$11,500,andafairvalueof$13,000,onDecember31,2012,thefirstyearthesecuritieswereheld.The$1,500differencebetweenthecostof$11,500andthefairvalueof$13,000isanunrealizedgain.TradingSecuritiesP1TechCom’sportfoliooftradingAssumeTechComsellstradingsecuritiesthathadcost$1,000for$1,200cash,onJanuary9,2013.TradingSecuritiesThegainisreportedintheOtherRevenuesandGainssectionoftheIncomeStatement.Likewise,alosswouldbereportedinOtherExpensesandLossessection.P1AssumeTechComsellstradingsHeld-to-MaturitySecurities

持有至到期证券DebtsecuritiesIntentandabilitytoholduntilmaturityReportedas:Currentassetsiftheirmaturitydatesarewithinoneyearortheoperatingcycle,whicheverislonger.Noncurrentinvestmentsiftheirmaturitydatesarelongerthanoneyearorthenormaloperatingcycle,whicheverislonger.TheportfolioofHTMsecuritiesisreportedatamortizedcost.Thereisnofairvalueadjustmenttotheportfolio.P2Held-to-MaturitySecurities

持有Available-for-SaleSecurities

可供销售的证券Debtandequitysecuritiesnotclassifiedastradingorheld-to-maturityNotactivelymanagedReportas:Short-terminvestmentsiftheintentistosellthesecuritieswithinoneyearorthenormaloperatingcycle,whicheverislonger.Long-terminvestmentsifsecuritiesdonotmeetshort-terminvestmentcriteria.ValuedatfairvalueUnrealizedgainsorlossreportedintheequitysectionofthebalancesheetaspartofcomprehensiveincomeP3Available-for-SaleSecurities

Available-for-SaleSecuritiesMusicCityhadnopriorinvestments.Inthecurrentperiod,itacquiredtwoavailable-for-salesecurities.AtDecember31,2012,thefollowinginformationisprovided:P3Available-for-SaleSecuritiesMAvailable-for-SaleSecuritiesMusicCityPartialBalanceSheetDecember31,2012Assets

Long-terminvestments‒AFS(atcost)$73,000Fairvalueadjustment–AFS1,550Long-terminvestments‒AFS(atfairvalue)

$74,550

Equity

AddunrealizedgainonAFSsecurities

$1,550P3Available-for-SaleSecuritiesMAvailable-for-SaleSecuritiesLet’sextendourexampleandassumethatatDecember31,2013,theportfoliooflong-termAFSsecuritieshasan$81,000costandan$82,000fairvalue.P3Available-for-SaleSecuritiesLGlobalViewFairValueOptionforReportingFinancialAssetsBothU.S.GAAPandIFRSpermitcompaniestousefairvalueinreportingfinancialassets.Thisoptionallowscompaniestoreportanyfinancialassetatfairvalueandrecognizevaluechangesinincome.Thismethodwaspreviouslyreservedonlyfortradingsecurities,butnowisanoptionforavailable-for-saleandheld-to-maturitysecurities.GlobalViewFairValueOptionfInsomecases,influenceorcontrolmayexistwithlessthan20%ownership.InvestorOwnershipofInvesteeSharesOutstanding0%20%50%100%CostorMarketValueMethod成本或市场价值EquityMethod权益法ConsolidatedFinancialStatements合并财务报表AccountingForInfluentialInvestmentsP4Insomecases,influenceorcoSignificantinfluence显著影响isgenerallyassumedwith20%to50%ownership.AccountingForInfluentialInvestmentsInvestorOwnershipofInvesteeSharesOutstanding0%20%50%100%CostorMarketValueMethodEquityMethodConsolidatedFinancialStatementsP4Significantinfluence显著影响isgeOriginalinvestmentisrecordedatcost.Theinvestmentaccountisincreasedbyaproportionateshareofinvestee’searnings.Theinvestmentaccountisdecreasedbydividendsreceived.P4InvestmentsinEquitySecurities

withSignificantInfluenceOriginalinvestmentisrecorde

OnJanuary1,2012,MicronCo.recordsthepurchaseof3,000shares(30%)ofStarCo.commonstockatatotalcostof$70,650cash.P4InvestmentsinEquitySecurities

withSignificantInfluenceOnJanuary1,2012,Micro

For2012,Starreportsnetincomeof$20,000,andpaystotalcashdividendsof$10,000onJanuary9,2013.P4$10,000×30%=$3,000$20,000×30%=$6,000InvestmentsinEquitySecurities

withSignificantInfluenceFor2012,StarreportsneP4InvestmentsinEquitySecurities

withSignificantInfluenceP4InvestmentsinEquitySecuriRequiredwheninvestor’sownershipexceeds50%ofinvestee.EquityMethodisused.Consolidatedfinancialstatementsshowthefinancialposition,resultsofoperations,andcashflowsofallentitiesundertheparent’scontrol.C2InvestmentsinSecurities

withControllingInfluence控制性影响Requiredwheninvestor’sownerAccountingSummaryfor

InvestmentsinSecuritiesC1AccountingSummaryfor

InvestComprehensiveIncomeC1ComprehensiveIncome:allchangesinequityduringaperiodexceptthosefromowners’investmentsanddividends.ExamplesofitemsnotincludedinNetIncomebutwhicharepartofComprehensiveIncomeinclude:Unrealizedgainsandlossesonavailable-for-salesecuritiesForeigncurrencyadjustmentsCertainpensionadjustments

ComprehensiveIncomeReportingOptions1.Onaseparatestatementofcomprehensiveincomethatimmediatelyfollowstheincomestatement.2.Onthelowersectionoftheincomestatement(asasinglecontinuousstatementofincomeandcomprehensiveincome).ComprehensiveIncomeC1CompreheGlobalViewAccountingforInfluentialSecuritiesTheaccountingforinfluentialsecuritiesisbroadlysimilarbetweenU.S.GAAPandIFRS.Thereareacoupleofminordifferencesinterminology.AccountingforNoninfluentialSecuritiesTheaccountingfornoninfluentialsecuritiesisbroadlysimilarbetweenU.S.GAAPandIFRS.Thereareacoupleofdifferencesinterminology.TradingsecuritiesarereferredtoinIFRSasfinancialassetsatfairvaluethoughprofitandloss,andavailable-for-salesecuritiesarereferredtoasavailable-for-salefinancialassets.GlobalViewAccountingforInflComponentsof

ReturnonTotalAssetsReturnon

totalassets资产回报率=Profitmargin利润率×TotalassetTurnover资产周转率NetincomeAveragetotalassets=×Netincome

NetsalesNetsalesAveragetotalassetsA1Componentsof

ReturnonTotal*Differencesduetorounding.ReturnonTotalAssetsHerearethereturnsontotalassetsforGap,Inc.fortheyears2008through2012:Allcompaniesdesireahighreturnontotalassets.Toimprovethereturn,thecompanymustmeetanydeclineinprofitmarginortotalassetturnoverwithanincreaseintheother.Companiesconsiderthesecomponentsinplanningstrategies.A1*Differencesduetorounding.Appendix15A:Investmentsin

InternationalOperationsTwomajoraccountingchallengesarisewhencompanieshaveinternationaloperations:C3Accountingforsalesandpurchaseslistedinaforeigncurrency.Preparingconsolidatedfinancialstatementswithinternationalsubsidiaries.Appendix15A:Investmentsin

Eachcountryusesitsowncurrencyforinternaleconomictransactions.Tomaketransactionsinanothercountry,unitsofthatcountry’scurrencymustbeacquired.Thecostofthosecurrenciesiscalledtheexchangerate.ExchangeRatesBetweenCurrenciesC3EachcountryusesitsowncurrSalesinaForeignCurrencyBostonCompany,aU.S.-basedmanufacturermakesacreditsaletoLondonOutfitters,aBritishretailcompany.OnDecember12,2012,Bostonsells£10,000ofgoodswithpaymentdueonFebruary10,2013.BostonkeepsitsrecordinU.S.dollars.Atthedateofsale,theBritishpoundisvaluedat$1.80.£10,000×$1.80=$18,000C3SalesinaForeignCurrencyBosSalesinaForeignCurrencyBostonCompanyisaDecember31,year-endcompany.OnDecember31,2012,theBritishpoundhasanexchangerateof$1.84.ThedollarvalueoftheaccountreceivablefromLondonis$18,400onthisdate.Thereceivableistobevaluedinthebalancesheetatitscurrentdollaramount.AccountsReceivable–LondonOutfittersDateExplanationDebitCreditBalance12/12/12Sale18,000

18,00012/31/12Adjustmentforforeigncurrency400

18,400

C3SalesinaForeignCurrencyBosSalesinaForeignCurrencyOnFebruary10,2012,BostonreceivesLondonOutfitters’paymentof£10,000.BostonimmediatelyexchangesthepoundsforU.S.dollars.