英语中的修辞手法市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件

Definition

Rhetoricisanancientbranchoflearning.FoundedbytheGreekPhilosopherAristotle,ithasahistoryofmorethanyearsinEurope.Atfirst,itdealtmainlywiththewaysofpersuadingpeopleinconversationandspeech.Latertheemphasisgraduallyshiftedfromspeechtowriting.Generallyspeaking,rhetoricistheartofeffectivecommunication;or,moresimply,itistheartofexpressing,bywords,preciselywhatwemean.1/125RhetoricandGrammar

Grammar:themutualrelationsofwordsinasentence Rhetoric:

thechoiceofwordsandsentencestructuresincomposition.2/125RhetoricandComposition Rhetoric:

theartofexpressingourideasinaskillfulandeffectivemanner.Itsrules

aremerelycommonsenseprinciplesderivedfromtheobservedpracticeof

goodauthors. Composition:puttingtogether.Inwriting,wemustfrom

thebeginninghaveaclearideaofthe

finishedproductandalsoofthematerialsandthemethodsofputtingthemtogether.

3/125HowtoStudyRhetoric?

(1)learntorecognizethemostcommonly-useddevicesofexpressionandtoanalyzethedifferenteffectstheyproduce.(2)Readinggoodauthorswithgreatcareisnecessary.4/125Classification:

I.FiguresofLikenessII.FiguresofAssociationIII.FiguresofContrastIV.MinorFigures

5/125I.FiguresofLikeness1.Simile2.Metaphor(暗喻）3.Personification

6/1251.SimileDefinition: Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisexplicitcomparison(asopposedtothemetaphorwherecomparisonisimplicit)recognizablebytheuseofwords“like”or“as”.7/1251.SimileMarkers:English:as,like

Chinese:好像、如同、好像、一样、犹、若、如、似Pattern:Tenor（本体）＋Marker（比喻标识）＋Vehicle（喻体）8/1251.Simile比如：1.O,myluve(=love)islikeared,red,rose, That’snewlysprunginJune.

(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose)2.美人如花隔云端，

上有青冥之长天，

下有绿水之波澜。

（李白：《长相思》）9/1251.SimileThechequeflutteredtothefloorlikeabirdwithabrokenwing.Praiseislikesunlighttothehumanspiritwecannotflowerandgrowwithoutit.Helookedatmewithanairofsurpriseddisappointed,asacolonelmightlookataprivatewhosebootlacewereundone.

10/1251.SimileWitwithoutlearningislikeatreewithoutfruit.Chooseanauthorasyouchooseafriend.CreditlostislikeaVenice-glassbroke.Useabookasabeedoesflowers.11/125Simile

1.1Characteristic明喻通常表示本体和喻体之间相同性，从而道出两种事物之间关联。

Lightasabreeze,softasacloud. 轻盈如微风，柔软似白云。Coolasamountainstream…coolfreshConsulate. 清凉如山间清泉……清凉甘爽Consulate香烟。12/1251.Simile

1.2Classificationas+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）(as)blindasabat

目光如豆(as)coolascucumber

泰然自若(as)coldasamarble

冷若冰霜(as)busyasabee

像蜜蜂一样忙(as)firmasarock

坚如磐石(as)lightasafeather

轻如鸿毛(as)muteasanoyster

噤若寒蝉(as)strongashorse

健壮如牛13/1251.Simile

1.2Classification2.likelikeaducktowater

如鱼得水likeahenonahotgriddle

像热锅上蚂蚁likeacatinahole

瓮中之鳖

likearatinahole瓮中之鳖likeaducktowater如鱼得水likeadrownedrat湿得像落汤鸡

14/1251.Simile

1.2Classification3.虚拟句型——最常见是用asif或asthough作比喻词。Myhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.(SydneySmith)

我字迹，看来就像一大群蚂蚁从墨水里逃出来，没有把脚抹洁净就在纸上四散奔跑过似。15/1251.Simile

1.2Classification…andthefattestwomanIhaveeverseeninmylifedozinginastraight-backedchair.Itwasasifasackofgrainwassupportedbyamatchbox. ……还有一位我生平所未曾见过最胖女人坐在一把直背椅子上打瞌睡，那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上一样。16/1251.Simile

1.2Classification

Thedogswereinfullcry,theirnosesdown,theirtailsup,soclosetogetherthattheymighthavebeenonegreatyellowandwhitemovingcarpet.

那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨着一条，看上去就像一块黄白交织活动大地毯。17/1251.Simile

1.2ClassificationShelookedbothyoungandaging,asifshehadjustemergedfromanillnessofsomecrisis.

(IsaccaBashevisSinger:TheBriefcase) 她看上去既老又年轻，好像是新病初愈或是刚遭了一场灾难样子。HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasquez.

(ErnestHemingway:ForWhomtheBellTolls) 那匹马很漂亮，像是维拉斯凯兹油画上马变活了。18/1251.Simile

1.2Classification4.what型

常见句式有两种：AistoBwhatCistoDCarlosLehderwastococainetransportationwhatHenryFordwastocars. 卡洛斯·雷德与可卡因贩运关系，正如亨利·福特与汽车关系。19/1251.Simile

1.2ClassificationJudiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.

(Bovee) 明智表彰对于孩子作用，就像阳光对于花朵作用。Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter. 作家笔如同战士枪。Intellectistothemindwhatsightistothebody. 智力对思想如同视力对于身体一样主要。20/1251.Simile

1.2ClassificationWhatCistoD,AistoBWhattheblueprintistothebuildertheoutlineistothewriter. 提要对于作家如同蓝图对于建筑师一样主要。Whatbloodvesselsaretoaman’sbody,thatrailwaysaretothecountry. 铁路对于一个国家作用正如血管对于人体作用。Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul. 教育之于心灵，如同雕刻之于大理石。Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumouraretoconversationandliterature. 妙语与幽默之于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。21/1251.Simile

1.2Classificationthan型

Lear:…thatshemayfeel

Howsharperthanaserpent’stoothitis

Tohaveathanklesschild!Away,away!

(WilliamShakespeare:KingLear)

李尔：……让她也感觉到一个负心孩子比毒蛇牙齿还要多么使人痛入骨髓！去，去！22/1251.Simile

1.2ClassificationAfoolcannomoreseehisownfollythanhecanseehisears.(WilliamM.Thackeray) 愚人之不知其愚，如同其不能自视其耳。Wehavenomorerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.(BernardShaw) 我们不创造幸福便无权享受幸福，正如不创造财富也就无权享用财富一样。23/1251.Simile

1.2ClassificationMancannothelpcravingforexpressionanymorethanbirdscanhelpsinging.人之不能不舒其胸襟，犹鸟之不能不啭其歌喉。Sosheshowssheseemsthebuddingrose,Yetsweeterfarthanisearthlyflower…

(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose) 当她出现，看来如同含苞玫瑰， 但却远比尘世花儿馥郁……24/1251.Simile

1.2Classification4.And型Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.

说出话如同抛出石，是收不回来。Loveandcoughcannotbehid.

恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。Wordsandfeatheraretossedbythewind.

语言如羽毛，风刮处处飘。25/1251.Simile

1.2Classification5、动词型Hetreatshisdaughterastheappleintheeye.

他把女儿看成掌上明珠。Claninhisnightshirt,hisneckpokedforward,hisbackrounded,heresembledsomelongwhitebird.

(JohnGalsworthy:TheManofProperty) 他穿了一身睡衣，脖子向前伸出来，伛着背，那样子活像一只长身白鸟。26/1251.Simile

1.2ClassificationSustainedMetaphor(连续明喻):博喻或复喻

My

Love

IsComing

to

MeMyheartislikeasingingbird whosenestisinawateredshoot;Myheartislikeanappletree

whosebougharebentwiththickestfruit;Myheartislikearainbowshell

thatpaddlesinahalcyonsea;Myheartisgladderthanallthese

Becausemyloveiscomingtome

(C.G.Rossetti:ABirthday)27/1251.Simile

1.2Classification我爱未来到我身边我心像只歌唱鸟筑巢在细嫩多汁枝条间;我心像棵苹果树繁茂果实将树干压弯;我心像枚多彩贝壳畅游在寂寞海洋;我心比这一切都高兴因为我爱未来到我身旁。28/125

2、Metaphor（隐喻）Definition:Afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother”ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms: “Metaphor:Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Thebasicfigureinpoetry.Acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.”29/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

Alltheworld’sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.(Shakespeare)Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(FrancisBacon:OfStudies)

书有可浅尝着，有可吞噬者，少数则须咀嚼消化。（Tr.

WangZuoliang王佐良)

30/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）1a.Lifeislikeanisthmusbetweentwoeternities.

(simile)

生活像永恒生死两端之间峡道。（明喻）1b.Lifeisanisthmusbetweentwoeternities.

(metaphor)

生活是永恒生死两端之间峡道。（隐喻）2a.Happinessislikesunshine:itismadeupofverylittlebeams.

(simile)

幸福像阳光，它由非常细小光速组成。（明喻）2b.Thesunshineoflifeismadeupofverylittlebeams.

(metaphor)

幸福阳光由非常细小光速组成。（隐喻）31/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）PoliceworkoninnercitystreetsisadomesticVietnam,adangerousno-winstrugglefoughtbyconfused,misdirectedandunappreciatedtroops.(GordonWitkin) 市中心贫民区治安工作是一场国内越南战争，有一支思想混乱、指挥失灵、无人赏识部队进行一场危险，只输不赢斗争。32/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）Foryearshercriesof“fishforsale”wereinvain.Shehadnohome,nofamily,nofriends—andherlifewasabasketofunsoldfish.

(HumphreyHawksley)多年来，她“卖鱼啦”叫喊声全然白费。她无家可归，无夫无子，无亲无友——她生活就是一篮没卖出去鱼。33/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）Thiscentury…manhasstartedtolookintotheworkingofthatotheruniversewhichisinsidehimself——thehumanbrain.

(IsaacAsimov:WhatIsIntelligence,Anyway)

本世纪……人类已经开始研究本身内部另外一个宇宙活动了，这另外一个宇宙就是人脑。34/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）Whilemostofusareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism,wearesomewhatreluctanttogiveourfellowthewarmsunshineofpraise.

（JanetGrham:TheProfitsofPraise）我们大多数人动不动就对他人刮起批评寒风，不知为何却不愿意把表彰温暖阳光给予我们同伴。

35/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）Benedick:

Wouldyoubuyher,thatyouinquireafterher?Claudio:

Cantheworldbuysuchajewel?

(WilliamShakespeare:MuchAdoaboutNothing)培尼狄克：您这么问起她，是不是要把她买下来？克劳狄奥：全世界全部财富，能够买得到这么一块美玉吗？36/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphor1）用tobe连接本体（thetenor）和喻体（thevehicle），喻体普通表达在句子表语部分。metaphor最基本结构形式。Tomethepageantofseasonsisathrillingandunendingdrama. (HelenKeller:ThreeDays

toSee) 对我来说,四季奇丽变幼如同一出感人心弦永无完结戏剧。37/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorMacbeth：…Out,out,briefcandle！

Lifeisbutawalkingshadow,…(WilliamShakespeare:Macbeth)麦克白：……熄灭了吧，熄灭了吧，短促烛光！

人生不过是一个行走影子，……38/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorMoneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonour,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.金钱是无底海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都能够淹没在其中。Habitisacable;everydayweweavethread,andsoonwecannotbreakit. 习惯是缆索，天天我们都编上一条线，很快我们便扯不停了。39/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphor2）用of连接喻体和本体,这是metaphor另一结构,其中介词of表示同位关系。Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!

我落入生活荆棘中,我淌血!Hiseyescameoutofhisheadlikeaprawn’s,andoncemorehismoustachefoamedupagainsthisbreakwaterofanose.

（G..H.Vallins:BestEnglish） 他眼睛像对虾一样鼓出来，胡子再一次泡沫似地向上翘起，抵住他那防波堤般鼻子。40/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorTheDutchmanwassix-foot,agreatred-faced,hot-temperedtreckoxofaman.

(DorisLessing:InPursuitoftheEnglish) 那荷兰人身高六尺，大块头，红脸膛,急脾气，简直是一条拉车公牛。Henoddedtowardthecornertowherethegiantstood,histhickarmscrossedonhishogsheadofachest.

（RichardConnell:TheMostDangerousGame） 他朝那彪形大汉站着墙点了点头。大汉那粗壮胳膊交叉在他那大桶似胸前。41/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphor3）用动词或形容词表示比喻。…noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.(JohnScopes:

TheTrialThatRockedtheWorld)谁也没有料想到,尤其是我,更没有想到我案子会越搞越大,以至成了美国历史上最闻名审判之一。

Thestreetaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs.

(Ibid.)在红砖砌成三层楼法院周围街道上，突然摆满东倒西歪摊位，出售热狗。42/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorHehasthemicrowavesmilethatwarmsanotherpersonwithoutheat.

(Time,October29,1979) 他又一个微波式微笑，能不加热就能使他人温暖。IhavegotoneofmySaharathirstsontonight.

(O.Henry:TheClarionCall) 今晚我又以为像撒哈拉沙漠那样干渴。Bythishourthevolcanicfiresofhisnaturehadburntdown,andhavingdrunknogreatquantityasyethewasinclinedtoacquiesce.

(ThomasHardy) 到这时候，他天性中那种暴烈火焰已经燃烧殆尽，酒还喝得不多，他就打算加以默认了。43/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor设喻方法

以一个形象详细事物去比喻另一形象详细事物。Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.(ThomasJefferson) 自由之树常以爱国志士和暴君血来浇灌,这些鲜血是自由之树天然肥料。Booksaretheever-burninglampsandaccumulatedwisdom.

(StephenButlerLeacock)好书乃积累智慧长明灯。44/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor设喻方法

2.以一个详细概念去比喻另一个抽象概念。It’sthesamewithNegroinAmerica.Thatshoe...thewhiteman’ssystem...haspinchedandrubbedandsqueezedhissouluntilithasalmostdestroyedhim. 美国黑人情况也是这么。白人制度这只鞋夹紧了他灵魂，使之受磨难,几乎要把他毁掉了。45/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor设喻方法

Historyisallthesethings——waves,tidesandcurrents——andlikethesea,nomatterhowtranquilthesurface,itisneverstill.Asequenceofeventsisaseriesofwaves,onecrestfollowingupontheother;andthetrickforstatesmenandreporteralike,istotellwhichcrestissurgeofthetideandwhichamereaccidentofthewind. 历史总是这些东西——波浪,潮汐和水流——像海洋一样,不论表面多么平静,它从未静止过,一系列事件是一层层波浪,一个波峰接着一个波峰,政治家与记者技能一样,是告诉人们哪一个是潮汐作用,哪一个不过是因风而起。46/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor设喻方法

3)以一个抽象概念去比喻另一个抽象概念。

...Itwastheageofwisdom;itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief;itwastheepochofdoubtfulness,itwastheseasonoflight;itwastheseasonofdarkness;itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair.（CharlesDickens:ATaleofTwoCities） ……这是智慧年代，这是愚蠢年代；这是信仰时期，这是怀疑时期；这是光明季节，这是黑暗季节；这是希望之春，这是失望之冬。47/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.3Metaphor与汉语隐喻区分

1.与英语metaphor类似汉语修辞格是“暗喻（隐喻）”。汉语“暗喻”是一个不用比喻词比喻，何等感人一页又一页篇章！这是人类思维花朵。（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜测》）她是夜明珠，暗夜里，发射出灿烂光芒；她是太阳，离开了地平线，却闪烁在天上！

（雷抒雁《小草在歌唱》）要问白洋淀有多少苇地，不知道；每年出多少苇子，也不知道；只晓得每年芦花飘飞苇叶黄时候，全淀芦苇收割了，垛起垛来，在白洋淀周围广场上，就成了一条苇子长城。(孙犁：《荷花淀》）48/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.3Metaphor与汉语隐喻区分

2.英语metaphor并不完全或者仅仅等于汉语隐喻。

IsTsingtaowinningthecoldwar?TsingtaohastakentheoffensiveandinvadedRussianvodkastrong-holdspreviouslyregardedassecure

(AdforTsingtaovodkainNewYorkTimesMagazine,March23,1980)青岛能打赢这场冷战吗?青岛已攻下以前被认为是安全俄国伏特加阵地。49/1252、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.3Metaphor与汉语隐喻区分3.当英语metaphor格式在句子中组成谓语或是一个主谓结构时候,它既不和汉语隐喻和也不和借喻相同,再请看一下前面已引证过两个例句：...noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.

（JohnScopes：ATrialthatRockedtheWorld） 谁也没有料想到,尤其是我,更没有想到我案子会越搞越大,以至成了美国历史上最闻名审判之一。

Thestreetaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs.

(ibid.) 在红砖砌成三层楼法院周围街道上，突然摆满东倒西歪摊位，出售热狗。50/1253.Personification

Definition:A

figureofspeechwhichrepresentsaninanimateobject,ananimal,oran

abstractideaasapersonascapableofthought,feelingandspeechThisfigureaddsdignity,animation,andforcetostyle.从以上能够看出，拟人就是把人思想，人感情，人行为方式赋予无灵事物，作为人来描写。

51/1253.Personification“Help,letmein,pleaseletmein!”Butthehouseswerecold,closed,unfriendly… “救命啊，让我进去，请让我进去！”可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好……Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedust,andfumefromabusymainroad. 前庭是一个铺着沙粒正方形；四个角各有一丛常青灌木，他们经常受着从繁忙大街上吹来尘烟，挣扎着活下去。52/1253.Personification

3.1ClassificationProducedbytheuseofadjectivesorpronouns.Australiaissokind,justtickleherwithahoe,andshelaughswithaharvest.

（D.Jerrold） 澳大利亚是这么可亲，只要用锄头逗她发痒，她就会带着收获笑逐颜开。53/1253.Personification

3.1ClassificationEdelweiss,edelweiss,Everymorningyougreetme,SmallandwhiteCleanandbrightYoulookhappytomeetme.雪绒花，雪绒花，天天清晨你向我问早，你白皙又娇小高高兴兴把我拥抱。54/1253.Personification

3.1Classification2.Producedbytheuseofverbs.Theinanimatethingsorabstractideasarerepresentedas

havinglife.

Beautyisassummer,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;…butyetcertainlyagain,ifitlightwell,itmakethvirtuesshine,andvicesblush.(FrancisBacon:Of

Beauty)

美貌如夏日果疏，易腐难存；不过，倘若美貌属于圣贤之士，它又定能叫德行习习发光，恶习脸红。（Tr.

WangZuoliang王佐良)

55/1253.Personification

3.1ClassificationCordellHull,intheageofprint,observedthataliegoeshalfwayaroundtheworldbeforetruthhastimetogetitstrouserson.Withtelevisiontoday,truthnevercatchesupwithhalf-truth. (MortimerB.Zuckerman) 康代尔·赫尔在印刷品时代曾经指出，真理还来不及穿上裤子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。今天，在电视机威力下，真相更难赶上半真半假说词。56/1253.Personification

3.1ClassificationTimeislikeafashionablehost,thatslightlyshakeshispassingguestbythehand;andwithhisarmsstretched,ashewouldfly,graspsinthecomer.Thewelcomeseversmile,andfarewellgoesoutsighing.

（WilliamShakespeare） 时间正像一个趋炎附势主人，对于一个要离去客人不过和他略微握一握手，对于一个新来客人，却伸开了双臂，飞也似地过去抱住他。欢迎是永远含笑，告别总是带着叹息。57/1253.Personification

3.1Classification3.Producedbytheuseofnouns.Personalnounsareusedinconnectionwithimpersonalones.InNovemberacold,unseenstranger,whomthedoctorcalledPneumonia,stalkedaboutthecolony,touchingonehereandtherewithhisicyfingers.Overontheeastsidetheravagerstrodeboldly,smitinghisvictimsbyscores.

（O.Henry:TheLastLeaf） 十一月间，一个冷酷无情，肉眼看不见，医生管他叫“肺炎”不速之客，在艺术区里徘徊，用他冰凉手指这儿碰碰那儿摸摸。在广场东面，这个坏家伙明目张胆地走动着，每闯一次祸，受害人总有几十个。58/1253.Personification

3.1ClassificationItwouldbewonderfulifeverychildhadthewarm,comfortingreligiousexperienceIhadinmySundayschool,withitssongs,itsstories,itsbagsofcandyattheholiday,butmanyaredeniedthat.Andwhilereligionisanadmirableteacherforthoseconnectedtoit,itisasilentvoiceforthosewhoarenot.

(Fortune,March25,1991)

假如每个孩子都能像我一样在主日学校得到温暖和慰藉宗教体验，唱歌、听故事、分发成袋糖度过假日，那该多好呵。但许多孩子没有得到这种体验。宗教对于与之有联络孩子是可佩服教师，对于与之没有联络却是默默无言。59/1253.Personification

3.3英语personificationVS汉语“拟人”去年今日此门中，人面桃花相映红。人面不知何处去，桃花依旧笑春风。

（崔护：《题都城南庄》）单是周围短短泥墙根一带，就有没有限趣味。油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。

（鲁迅《从百草园到三味书屋》）60/125FiguresofAssociation

1.Synecdoche（提喻法）2.Metonymy3.Hyperbole（OverstatementandUnderstatement)4.TransferredEpithet

61/1251.SynecdocheDefinitionAfigureofspeechbywhichapartisputforthewhole,thewholeforthepart,speciesforgenus,thegenusforthespeciesorthenameofthematerialforthethingmade.

（Webster’sThirdInternationalDictionary）62/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationThewesternwavewasalla-flame;Thedaywaswellnighdone!AlmostuponthewesternwaveRestedthebroadbrightSun;WhenthatstrangeshapedrovesuddenlyBetwixtusandtheSun.SamuelTaylorColeridge:

TheRimeoftheancientMariner

1.Apart

forthewhole白天即将过去，在西方波浪燃起红光。就像在西方波浪之上，坐落着光芒太阳。突然在太阳和我们之间，驶来那奇怪形状。63/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationStill,ifallhandshadbeengottogether,theywouldnothavemorethanhalffilledtheroom.(CharlesDickens:TheUncommercialTraveller) 即使全体人员集合起来，也装不满半个房间。ThenJudas,whichhadbetrayedhim,whenhesawthathewascondemned,repentedhimself,andbroughtagainthethirtypiecesofsilvertothechiefpriestsandelders,saying,IhavesinnedinthatIhavebetrayedtheinnocentblood.

(OldTestament:Matt.27:3) 时候，出卖耶稣犹大看见耶稣已经定了罪，就后悔，把那三十个银币拿以后给祭司长和长老，说：我出卖了无辜之人是有罪。

64/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification2.ThewholeforthepartEnglandwonthefootballgame.英格兰队赢了足球赛。Thenthesurgeoncutmeopenandtakeouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain.医生切开我腹部，割除了阑尾，又把我腹部缝好。Alltheplantsinthiscoldcountrybecomegreeninthesmilingyear.在这个严寒国家，植物都在温暖季节变绿了。65/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationHetoldthedistance,“Iamarmedforwar.”Thenextmachinethathasthepowertopass.Willgetthisplasmainitsgoggleglass.”(RobertFrost:TheEggandtheMachine)他向远处喊着：“我已全副武装准备打仗。下次机车再胆敢过来，血浆就将在它车窗玻璃上溅开。”66/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification3.AnindividualforaclassShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina.Oh,thespringshouldvanishwiththerose!ThatYouth’ssweet-scentedmanuscriptshouldclose!(EdwardFitzgerald:TheBubaiyatofOmarKhayyamofNaishapur)哦，春天伴随花儿调零而消逝！青年芬芳书卷也要关闭。67/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationButthehorsedidn’twantit——theyswervedapart;theearthdidn’twantit,sendinguprocksthroughwhichridersmustpasssinglefile;thetemples,thetank,thejail,thepalace,thebirds,thecarrion,theGuestHouse…:theydidn’twantit,theysaidintheirhundredvoices,“No,notyet,”andtheskysaid,“No,notthere.”(EdwardMorganForster:APassagetoIndia) 不过马不要，它们逸出驿道；大地不要，它喷出岩石，骑者只能单行经过；庙宇，水槽，监狱，宫殿，飞鸟，腐肉，宾馆……它们不要，它们千呼万喊，“不，还不是时候”，苍穹也说，“不，不是地方。”68/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification4.AclassforanindividualOnseeinghim,themiserablecreaturefelluponhisshoulder,sobbingandcrying,andpointingtothefountain,wheresomewomenwerestoopingoverthemotionlessbundleandmovinggentlyaboutit.

(CharlesDickens:ATaleofTwoCities) 一看见这男人，那悲惨生物旧靠在他肩上，呜咽，哭泣，而且指着那水潭，水潭旁边有几个妇人正在低头察看那一包寂然不动东西，缓缓地在它周围移动着。69/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationThesmilingseasonhascome.春天已经到了。Nearly4.8millionvehiclesrolledofftheassemblylines,0morethanin1988. 有近480万汽车开下生产线，比1988年多两万辆。70/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification5.ThematerialforthethingmadeHewalkedtheboardsforaliving. 他为谋生当演员。Theprisonerwasboundinironsfortenyears. 那个囚徒戴着手铐脚镣被关了十年。Heisanenemyworthyyoursteel;thereisnocowardiceinhim. 他是一个值得你与之搏斗劲敌，他决不是懦夫。71/1251.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification6.Theabstractfortheconcrete

Hehasdonememanykindnesses.72/1252.Metonymy

Definition:Figuresofspeechwhichsubstitutesthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.

借代：‘借‘同要说人和事物有亲密关系其它事物来‘代’一个修辞手法。 （倪宝元1980：228）

73/1252.Metonymy

2.1MetaphorVS

MetonymyMetaphor:foundedonalikeness:thethingspokenofandthethingmeantarealikeinsomeaspect.

Metonymy:foundeduponrelation:thethingspokenofandthethingmeantmaybewhollyunlike,buttherelationbetweenthemissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother.

Classification:

74/1252.Metonymy

2.2Classification

1.

ThecontainerforthethingcontainedThemotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle.

Thekettleisboiling.壶开了。Thehallapplauded. 整个大厅热烈鼓掌。75/1252.Metonymy

2.2Classification2.ThesymbolforthepersonorthingsymbolizedHesucceededtothecrownin1848.“我们这些人也可怜。”老魏断断续续地说，“说来归其，我们太珍惜乌纱帽了。……“

（王蒙：《不扎》）76/1252.Metonymy

2.2ClassificationMy15studentsreadEmerson,Torean,andHuxley. 我教15名学生读了爱默生、梭洛和赫胥黎著作。Theyoungmenshouldrespectgreyhair.青年人应该尊敬老年人。77/1252.Metonymy

2.2Classification3.TheInstrumentororganfortheagentThepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword.“手术刀不如剃头刀“绝不是无稽之谈。我们有多少本末倒置怪事（霍达：《国殇》）Thepenismightierthanthesword. 笔杆子比刀剑更有力。Heisnotthemanwholetshisheartrulehishead.他不是那种让感情控制理智人。78/1252.Metonymy

2.3英语SynecdocheVS汉语“借代”与英语Synecdoche类似汉语修辞格是“借代”，但汉语借代比Synecdoche内涵要广，它不但涵盖Synecdoche，还涵盖metonymy。吟罢低眉无写处， 月光如水照缁衣。宋人多数不懂诗是要用形象思维，一反唐人规律，所以味同嚼蜡。（毛泽东：《给陈毅同志谈诗一封信》）79/1252.Metonymy

2.3MetonymyVSsynecdoche在英语中synecdoche（提喻）这个修辞格，经常和另一类与之相同修辞格metonymy（转喻）相混同。有些讲英语修辞书籍将二者归为一类，加上有些教授学者对这两种修辞格看法也不一致，这就使初学者愈加无可适从。80/1252.Metonymy

2.3MetonymyVSsynecdocheWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary（《韦氏第三国际新辞典》Metonymy：Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofoneforthatofsomethingelsewithitisassociated. 即用一个事物名称去代替与它相关另一个事物名称。81/1252.Metonymy

2.3MetonymyVSsynecdocheHeisnotthemanwholetshisheartrulehishead. 他不是那种让感情控制理智人。82/1258.Hyperbole(Overstatementandunderstatement)Definition:Afigureofspeechthatdeliberatelyusesexaggerationinordertogiveemphasis.(Ruseetal1992:143)Inoverstatementthedictionexaggeratethesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Bothaimatthesameeffect:tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.83/125Hyperbole(Overstatementand understatement)

Vingosatstunned,lookingattheoaktree.Itwascoveredwithyellowhandkerchiefs—20ofthem,30ofthem,maybehundreds. 文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢——二十条，三十条，或许几百条。Shegavemetheimpressionofhavingmoreteeth,whiteandlargeandeven,thanwerenecessaryforanypracticalpurpose. 她给我印象是：她有一口雪白整齐大牙，为数之多已超出任何实际需要。84/1253.Hyperbole(Overstatementandunderstatement)She’sdyingtoknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedher.Ittookafewdollarstobuildthisindoorswimmingpool.MybloodfrozeWhenItoldourfatheraboutthis,hisheartburst.MyheartalmoststoppedbeatingwhenIheardmydaughter’svoiceonthephone.85/1253.Hyperbole(Overstatementandunderstatement)Thesunhasroastedhim,thecoldfrozenhim,andhungerfamishedhimontheforcedmarchesoftwentymilesadayintheheatandcoldandtherainandtheshine.我笑得那石头裂开了嘴，我笑得那大树折断了腰，我笑得那刘三爷门前旗杆咔喳一声栽倒了！（贺敬之：《笑》）86/1254.TransferredEpithet

Definition: aqualifyingadjectivetransferredfromapersontoathingorfromonethingtoanother.Thisfigureisaweakformofpersonification.87/1254.TransferredEpithet

Thedoctor‘sfaceexpressedakindofdoubtingadmiration. 医生脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑神情。Oneteacherwritesthatinsteadofdrowningstudents’compositionsincriticalredink,theteacherwillgetfarmoreconstructiveresultsbyfindingoneortwothingswhichhavebeendonebetterthanlasttime,andcommentingfavourablyonthem.有一位教师写到，假如教师不用挑剔红墨水把学生们作文改得一塌糊涂，而是找出一两处比上一次做好地方并给予好评，他就会得到颇富有建设性结果。88/1254.TransferredEpithet

Theindefatigablebellnowsoundedforthefourthtime:theclassesweremarchalledandmarchedintoanotherroomtobreakfast:howgladIwastobeholdaprospectofgettingsomethingtoeat!(CharlotteBronte:JaneEyre) 那不知疲惫钟声如今敲第四遍了；各个班级列队到另一间房子去吃早饭。看到有东西可吃，我多么高兴啊！89/1254.TransferredEpithet

TheGrapeofWrath 《愤恨葡萄》AllthatsleeplessnightIreplayedthemomentthoseblackglovescameuptothecarwindow.(RuthReichl:The