英语词汇学(2)市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件

Chapter1IntroductionofWords

1/214SomeInterestingFactsThereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger,Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple．Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,youcanbeprettysureitisn‘tcanine（犬类）．Englishmuffins(=hotmuffns热松饼，美式早餐/英式午茶糕点)werenotinventedinEngland，NorFrench-friesinFrance，(炸薯条);再如：Frenchwindow落地窗，takeFrenchleave不辞而别，Frenchgrey浅灰色2/214Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜面包）？InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxingrings(拳击赛台)aresquare．Andwhyisthatwriterswrite,butfingersdon'tfing，grocersdon'tgroce,andhammersdon'tham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,whyisn‘tthepluralofbooth，beeth?Onegoose，twogeese,So,onemoose(驼鹿),twomeese?(复数形式依然是moose)；Onemouse,twomice;Onelouse(虱子),twolice;Onehouse?twohice?Ifteacherstaught,whydidn'tpreacherpraught?(preached)Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?(动词与动词功效差异；为何演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：polysemy)Havenosesthatrunandfeetthatsmell?3/214Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?美国房子周围有driveway(入户车道)：私人车道；parkway大路，干道)Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame,whileawisemanandawiseguyareopposites?Whenahouseburnsup,itbumsdown.(方位稳喻)Youfillinaformbyfillingitout.(collocation)Andanalarmclockgoesoffbygoingon．Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Ifthereisaphraseof“goldbar”,thenwhatdoes“goldbrick”mean?Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,Butwhen1windupthisessay,Iendit?（一词多义）4/214LexicologyasapartoflinguisticsLexicologyisthepartoflinguistics,dealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage.Vocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage.Goodknowledgeofthedescriptionofthevocabulary,rulesofword-formation,originandhistoryofwordshelpstoguessandrememberthemeaningofnew-learnedwords,tomasterthestandardsoftheirusage,andtopreventmistakes.

Twowaystostudylexicology:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学5/2141.Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一整体。词又是语句基本结构单位。(P.1)Afundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.词，今指语言组织中基础单位，能独立利用，含有声音、意义和语法功效。《辞海》1984，上海辞书出版社6/2142.SoundandMeaning:IntroductionofNaturalistandConventionalist

Thedifferencebetweenthetwoschoolsliesinthebeliefthatsoundhasorhasn’tdirectornecessaryconnectionwithmeaning.Thenationaliststhinkthesoundmustbeanechoofthesense.（音必须成为义回声。）（p.2)Theconventionalistsholdthatthereisnointrinsiclogicalconnectionorrelationshipbetweenthesoundandthemeaningexceptonomatopoeia（拟声词）,because:1)代表同一意义词在不一样语言（包含同一语言）中有时含有不一样语音外壳。(p.2)7/214(1)Hisbelovedfriendhasbreathedhislast(咽气了)(2)Hisdearfriendhaspassedaway(与世长辞)(3)Hisclosefriendhasdied(死J，)(4)Hisoldguyhaskickedthebucket．(翘辫子)(5)Hisoldfriendhasabandontheworld／jointhechoirinvisible／gotoNirvana／paythedebtofnature(谢世/归寂／去极乐世界／了结尘缘)2)代表不一样意义词能够含有相同语音外壳。(scalen.鱼鳞，天平，标度；v.攀登)(p.2)3)另外也需注意，代表同一意义词在不一样语言中有时含有近似语音外壳。比如：鸭叫：quack英；couin法；quaqua意；quakquak德猫meaw/miaow咪/喵；鸽子：coo-咕咕；牛：moo哞狼：howl嚎8/214Onomatopoeia（拟声词）Definition:onomatopoeicwordsareechoicwordswhosesoundreflectsthesense.Gingle—铃声—铃pat—轻拍声—轻拍Ping-pong—乒乓声—乒乓球Cuckoo—布谷鸟叫声—布谷鸟Drum—鼓声—鼓bomb—爆炸声—炸弹Crash--轰隆声--猛撞,瓦解,破产,垮台E.g.Thethundercrashedoverhead.雷声在头顶隆隆作响。Theboilingwatercrackedtheglass.滚烫开水使玻璃杯炸裂了。OnomatopoeiaalsoexistsinChinese:请帮我“咔嚓”一张。两人都同时“哦”了一声。9/2143.Meaning&Concept1)RealtionshipbetweenmeningandconceptWordconceptreferent（词是经过概念来反应客观事物或现象）Polysemy（一词多义）可表示为：wordConcept1Concept2Concept3Referent1Referent2Referent3Synonyms可表示为：Word1+word2+word3…ConceptReferent10/214ExamplesCranen.1.一个长脖子鸟鹤

2.一个形似鹤机械吊车Glad,delightandhappy是来自不一样语源同义词，属于同一个概念，指是同一个情绪与状态。Pleasecomparethefollowing:Heisafatheroftwogirls(daughters)Hieisover30now.Whynothaveagirl(girlfriend)?I’llhaveagirl(maid)helpyou.11/2144.LexicalItem,Word&Vocabulary1)词是组成词汇基本要素。它们之间是个体与整体关系；2）词项是词典组成单位，包含词读音、词性、词义，语义特征和句法特征等；(P.4)3）DevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary(1)-OldEnglish(AD450-1150)Anglo-SaxonasOldEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.(2)-MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)AlthoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.Between1250and1500about9000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.Seventy-fivepercentofthemarestillinusetoday.

12/214(3)-ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.Early(1500-1700)andLate(1700-uptothepresent)ModernEnglish.Fromthe16thcenturyonward,Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages,Forexample,fromFrench:attach,café

andsoon;Italian(mainlyinthefieldsofmusic,artandarchitecture):concert,duet（二重奏）,piano,soprano（女高音）,solo,tenor（男高音）;model,bust（半身像）,studio;dome,balconyandsoon;13/214Spanish:armada（无敌舰队）,cargo,vanilla,cocoaandcigar;Portuguese:caste（种姓）andpagoda（塔）;German:bismuth（铋）,cobalt（钴）,nickelandzinc;Dutch:dock,freightandkeel（平底船）;Russian:vodka,troika（三驾马车）,rubleandtsar（沙皇）;Australian:boomerang（自食其果）,kangarooanddingo;Arabic:sugar,sultan（苏丹）andalcohol;Indian:coolie（苦力）,cashmereandkhaki（卡其布）;Chinese:tea,typhoonandyamen;Japanese:kimono（和服）andtycoon（大亨）;African:gorilla（大猩猩）andzebra（斑马）.14/214Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary(especiallyaftertheWorldWarII)anditscauses

1.Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology:

e.g.Wordsusedinconnectionwiththenuclearbomb:chainreaction,radioactivity,fall-out（辐射尘）;cleanbomb,overkill,neutronbombandmedium-rangeballisticmissiles（中程弹道导弹）andsoon.2.Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges:

e.g.Newsocialhabitsandnewlivingconditions:creditcard,housesitter,microwaveoven,instantnoodle,supermarketetc.Drugaddiction:upper(astimulantdrug),downer(adepressantdrug)Somesubculture:hippie,yuppie,gay,lesbian女同性恋

etc.Women’sLiberationMovement:Ms,chairperson,spokeswomen,saleswoman,feminism,malechauvinism,andsexism

15/2143.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages:

e.g.discothequefromFrench,sputnik（斯波尼克—人造卫星）fromRussian,maotaifromChineseandsoonTosumup,thedevelopmentofscience,therapidchangesinsociety,thereceptive（善于接收）andflexiblenatureofEnglishwithregardtotheinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguagesallthesehaveresultedinadramaticincreaseinvocabulary,agrowthwhichinturncontributestotherichnessandresourcefulnessoftheEnglishlanguage.16/214ChapterIIMorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords&WordFormation

PartOneMorphologicalStructure1.MorphemesThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.(p.10)WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:OnemorphemenationTwomorphemesnation-alThreemorphemesnation-al-izeFourmorphemesde-nation-al-ize（使…非国有化）Morethanfourmorphemesde-nation-al-iz-ation17/2142.Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes

Afreemorpheme自由形位(=实义形位）isonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Afreemorphemeisaword,intraditionalsense.Man,faith,read,write,redarefreemorphemes.Aboundmorpheme粘附形位（=语法形位=屈折形位）cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound,forinstanceun-inunkind,-lyinhappilyandre-inreceive,orthe“past-tense”morphemeinwordslikework+edandtype+d,orthe“plural”morphemeinwordslikedog+sandbox+es.Inflectionalelementsandaffixesareboundmorphemes.

18/2143.Allomorphs(形位变体，语[词]素变体）

“Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditioned（受制约）bypositionoradjoiningsounds”(Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage).E.g.theinflectionalmorpheme(屈折形位）–(e)sofbooks,pigs,horseshasthesamemeaning“morethanone,”yetithasthreedifferentphonologicalforms:/-s,-z,iz/.Theallomorphs–ion/-tion/-sion/-ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix.

Verbsendingwiththesound/t/usuallytake–ion(asinvent,invention);verbsendingwithconsonantsotherthan/t/,take–tion(asindescribe,description);verbsendingin–ifyand–izetake–ation(asinjustify,justification;modernize,modernization);verbsendingin–d,-de,or–mit,take–sion(asinexpansion,decision,omission).

19/214Allomorphsalsooccuramongprefixes.Theirformthendependsonthefirstletterofthewordtowhichtheywillbeadded.Aprefixlikeim-occursbeforep,b,orm(e.g.imperfect,imbalance,immobile);itsallomorphsareir-beforer(e.g.irresponsible);il-beforel(e.g.illogical);in-beforeallotherconsonantsandvowels(e.g.inflexible,inexcusable);im-,ir-andil-arethusallomorphsofthemorphemein-.20/214

4.

Rootsandaffixes

Alternatively,morphemesmaybedividedintoroots(orrootmorphemes)andaffixes(oraffixationalmorphemes).1）Roots:Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.E.g.work,workable,worker,worked,andworking:ineachwordtherootiswork

21/214(a)Freeroots:InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasboy,moon,walk,black(i.e.theycanstandaloneaswords).Awordconsistingofonefreeroot(oronemorpheme)isasimpleword.

(b)Boundroots:Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin,belongtotheclassofboundmorphemes,suchastain（包含ten,tin=hold，表示“拿住”）inwordslikecontain（con全部+tain-->全部拿住-->包容）

detain,（de下+tain-->拿住，拿下-->拘留）

sustain（sus下面+tain-->在下面拿住[撑住]

,orretain（re回+tain-->拿回来-->保留）

,andceiveinconceive,deceiveorreceive.

Soboundrootsarenotwords,andsoarenotfreemorphemes;theycannotexistontheirown.22/2145.Affixes:Affixisa“collectivetermfortypeofformative（构词要素）thatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.”

Affixes,therefore,areconsideredboundmorphemes.Theymaybedividedintoinflectionalandderivationaltypes.(a)Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)（屈折词缀或屈折词素）:Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisaffixed.

Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlytheirparticulargrammaticalmeaning,aswiththepluralmorpheme–sandthepastmorpheme–ed(ortheirvariants).Theycanonlybeaffixedtowordsofthesamewordclass;thatis,thepluralmorphemesareaffixedtonounsonly,and–edtoverbsonly.23/214(b)Derivationalaffixes(orderivationalmorphemes)（派生词缀或派生形位）:Theyaresocalledbecausewhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme,they“derive”anewword.Afewexamplesofderivationalaffixesare:re+write,mini+car,super+market,modern+ize,mean+ness,work+er.Manyderivationalaffixeshaveaspecificlexicalmeaning,forinstance:-ismmeans“doctrineorpointofview”asinsocialism.Quiteanumberofotherderivationalaffixeshavemorethanonemeaning.e.g.:theaffixde-means“1.toundowhathasbeendone,toreversetheactionof:decentralize,decode2.toremove:debone3.toreduce:devalue4.(esp.ingrammar)comingfromsomethingelse:adeverbalnoun（从动词派生出来名词）.24/2146.

prefixesandsuffixes1）Derivationalmorphemesorderivationalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Affixesbeforethewordarecalledprefixes(asinsupermarket);thoseafterarecalledsuffixes(asinfriendship).2）Bothprefixesandsuffixesmaybegroupedaccordingto:（1）.Theirlinguisticorigin:A.NativeaffixesarethosethatexistedintheOEperiodorwereformedfromOEwords,suchasun-,mis-,be-,out-,over-,-ness,-dom,-hood,-ly,and–er.

25/214B.ForeignaffixescameasapartofloanwordsfromLatin,Greek,French,orotherlanguages.Examples:ab-(L),bi-(L),dis-(L),re-(L),kilo-(Gk),poly-(Gk),mal-(F),-ic(Gk),-ism(Gk),-ist(Gk),-able(F),and–ize(F).（2）.Theirproductivity:Affixes(suchasre-,un-,-able,-ize)arecalledproductiveorlivingwhentheycanbeusedtoformnewwords.3）Thosethatarenolongerusedtoformnewwordsaretermeddeadorunproductive.Examplesofdeadaffixesare:for-asinforget,forgiveandforbid;with-asinwithdraw,withholdandwithstand,and–antor–entasinservant,different,etc.26/214Summary:1.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Amorpheme,theminimalmeaningfulunitoftheEnglishlanguage,possessesbothsoundandmeaning.Anallomorphisanyofvariantformsofamorpheme.2.Morphemesmaybeclassifiedasfreeorbound.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance,whileaboundmorphemecannotexistonitsown;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.27/2143.Morphemescanalsobeclassifiedintorootsandaffixes.Arootcarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.Rootscanbefreeorboundmorphemes.Freerootscanstandaloneaswordsandprovidethelanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords.BoundrootscannotappearaswordsinmodernEnglish,althoughtheywereoncewords,norcantheybeusedtoformnewwords.28/2144.Affixesareboundmorphemes,becausetheyareusedonlywhenaddedtoothermorphemes.Affixesareclassifiedintoinflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Theformerarerelatedtogrammaronly.Derivationalaffixesaresubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,whicharerelatedtotheformationofnewwords.Roots,prefixesandsuffixesarethebuildingblockswithwhichwordsareformed.5.Onmorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedintosimple,complexandcompoundwords,accordingtothenumberandtypeofmorphemestheyarecomposedof.29/2146.Morphemesareimportantintheword-buildingprocessbecausethetwomostcentralandproductiveword-formationprocess,compoundingandaffixation,arerelatedtomorphemes:theformerisacombinationoffreemorphemes,thelatteristheadditionofboundmorphemestofreeones.30/214PartTwo:Word-formationWord-formationisaprocessofcreatingnewwordsbymeansofexistingelementsandaccordingtothepatternsandrulesofagivenlanguage.DerivationCompoundingConversionQuantitativechanges(blending,clipping,etc.)31/2141.DerivationDerivationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingaderivationalmorpheme(usuallysuffixorprefix)totheroot.Prefixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingaprefixtotheroot.Suffixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingasuffixtotheroot.

32/214Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningoftheroot;thereforethesimplewordanditsprefixedderivativeusuallybelongtothesamepartofspeech.Thegroupofclass-changingprefixesisrathersmall,e.g.:

be-adj.orn.v.becalm,belittle,befriendde-n.v.deform,debug,defrosten-n.v.enslave,endangerun-n.v.unleash（解开…皮带）,unearthanti-n.adj.anti-war,anti-carbon

防积炭

inter-n.adj.inter-state,inter-laboratorypost-n.adj.postwar,postliberationpre-n.adj.prewar,preplant33/2141.Negativeprefixes

givenegative,reverseoroppositemeaning

a-(apolitical不关心政治,asexual无性)

de-(destabilize动摇,declassify消除…密级)

dis-(disenfranchise剥夺公民权,disinvest降低投资)

il-

(beforel:illegal)/im-(beforep,b,m:imperceptible感觉不到)/in-(inadequate)/ir-(beforer:irresponsible)

non-(non-economic,non-profit,nonparty,noncolor,nontaste,nonevent,nonnovel非传统小说)

un-(unacceptable,undemocratic,unbook买来送人而非自己读毫无价值书,unperson政治上失宠官员)34/2142.Non-negativeprefixesa.Degree,measuresorsize:

hyper（过多）-(hypercreative,hyperdevoted);

over超出-(overestimate,overcompensate); semi半-(semiskilled,semi-annual); super超级-(super-dominant,supercharged); ultra极端-(ultra-conservative,ultra-secret)b.Repetitionorpossibility:

em-(beforep,b,m)/en-

使处于某种状态(embark,enclose)c.Time,place,orderrelation:

ex-外，以前(ex-employer,ex-tenant); inter-交互(inter-office,inter-government); post-在…

后(post-budget,post-election);pre-(pre-delivery,pre-budget)35/214d.Numberandnumeralrelation:

bi-(bilateral,bilingual);

multi-(multi-dimensional,multi-media);

uni-(unilateral,unisex)e.Attitude,counteraction:

anti-(anti-EEC,antiestablishment反既成或正统，antibody);

auto-(autodial,autonomy); counter-反向(countercharge反诉，反攻,counteroffer);

pro-

赞成(pro-business,pro-liberal)f.Pejoration:

mis-(miscalculation,mismanage处置不妥);

pseudo-(pseudo-random假随机,pseudo-democratic)36/214Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.e.g.boyboyish.

Butthereareexceptions:e.g.boyboyhood.1Noun-formingsuffixes-age(passage,marriage,mileage…);-ance/-ence附于动词后组成名词或由-ant结尾形容词化知名词

(assistance,predominance,correspondence…);-dom地位；职务；情况；领域；(freedom,kingdom…)-ee受动者

(employee,referee,absentee…);-eer/er

与相关人(engineer,profiteer,manager…);-ess附在名词后表示女性、阴性

(manageress,heiress…)-ist(economist…)-hood

情况、身份(adulthood,singlehood…)-ing行为、状态、情况，技法，材料等building,meaning,packing,tubings…)37/214-ion/-sion/-tion/-ition/-ation表示状态、行为、结果(production,conclusion,realization…)-ism

信念、状态(consumerism保护消费者利益运动,perfectionism至善论…)-ment(agreement,investment…)-ness

附在形容词后组成抽象名词，表性质、状态或行为(effectiveness,kindness…)-ship

身份、技能、状态(ownership,friendship…)-ty/-ity

…性质、状态(productivity,prosperity…)-ure/-ture动作、结果(procedure,expenditure…)

38/2142Adjective-formingsuffixes-able/-ible

“能…,会…”：(manageable,permissible)

-al/-tal/-ial/-tial

“…，关于…”，(economical,statistical)

-ant/-ent进行…动作；有…

(redundant,dependent)

-ary与…相关(monetary,inflationary)

-ate/-ete

“…”,“和…相关”,“以…特征”：(accurate,complete)

-ful(dutiful,powerful)

-ish

“…性质”,“似…”,“…一样”：(snobbish,reddish,bookish)

-ive与…相关；含有…性质；有…倾向(effective,extensive)

-less“无”、“缺”、“没有”

(effortless,powerless)

-like

像…(businesslike,lifelike)

-ly

“…性质”

(costly,orderly)

-ous/-ious像…；含有…特征；实施…

(ambiguous,nutritious)

-some有…倾向；引发…

(troublesome,worrisome)

-y

“有…”,“多…”,“以…为特征”：(sexy,worthy,daddy)

39/2143Verb-formingsuffixes -en与形容词组成动词，表示“使、使成为”；与名词组成动词，表示“使有、含有”

(brighten,moisten)

-ify/-fy

“使”，“使成为”，“使化成”，“

(intensify,qualify,liquefy溶解、液化,glorify美化)

-ize/*-ise表示使成为；表示使…化(rationalize,advertise,stabilize)

______________________________

*‘ize’isoftenusedinAmericanEnglish(maximize)asanalternativespellingof‘ise’inBritishEnglish(maximise).

40/2144Adverbformingsuffixes -ly(frequently,perfectly)

*-ward/-wards

朝向(windward上风,backward, homewards)

-wise在某方面；表示方向、位置、方式等

(vote-wise,percentage-wise,housingwise就住房问题来看) ________________________________ *Wordsformedwith‘ward’canusuallybeusedaseitheradverbsoradjectives.Wordsformedwith‘wards’aremainlyusedasadverbs(e.g.westward,westwards).41/214Latinprefixesmagn-large,big,great

mal-bad,badly,wrong;ill;evil;abnormal,defective

medi-middle

non-nothing,not

omni-all,every

pro-before;for,infavorof;infrontof;inplaceof

re-back,backward,again

semi-half,partly,twice

sub-under,below

ult-beyond,excessive,toanextremedegree

uni-one,single

ver-true,truth,real,truthfulness

via-way,road,path

42/214Somemodernaffixes1.Mega-(verylarge)Megacity特大城市Megadestruction大毁灭Megagame大赛Megastructure超级建筑Megarich十分富有Megaversity超级大学43/2142.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)Cyberculture自动化/电脑化社会Cyberbrain电脑Cyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术Cyber-security网络安全Cyber-space网络虚拟空间Cyber-privacy网络隐私3.Hyper-(super/toomuch)Hypermedia超媒体Hyperlinks超级链接Hyperfriction过分摩擦Hyperslow极迟缓Hyberverbal说话过多44/2144.Info-(information)Infotech信息技术Infocenter信息中心Infotainment信息娱乐节目Infomercial信息商业化5.nano-(onebillionth)Nanotech纳米技术Nanofabrication纳米加工Nanocomputer超高速电脑45/2146.techno-(technology)Technomania技术热Technophobia恐技术症Technocracy教授政治techno-centric以技术为中心7.tele-(long-distancetransfer/television)Telead电话约定广告Telrbanking电脑化银行业务Telebus电话叫车/租车Telecenter远程计算中心Tele-education远程教育46/2148.E-(electronic)E-mail电子邮件E-text电子文本E-zine电子杂志E-cash电子货币9.Of-(office)Oftel办公电话Oflot企业内部停车场地Ofbank银行办事处47/21410.-bot(robot)Knowbot智力机器人Mobot移动机器人Microbot微型机器人11.–size(measurements)Downsize缩小Upsize放大Rightsize按百分比制作life-size按实物大小制作48/21412.–ware(articlesofthesamekind)Glassware玻璃器皿Soft/hardware软/硬件Middleware中间设备Silverware银器Warehouse仓库13.-centric(ofthecenter/taking…asthecenter)User-centric以用户为中心Male-centric以男士为主Net-CentricWar网络中心战IBMcompatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主49/214Exercises1.分析以下单词组成并翻译成汉语E.g.des/integra/tionn.蜕变；分解Dispensable,discancer,degerate,defog,antilitter,ecocide,discounter,nonpolicy,derecognition,nonhappening,antiaging,outplace,outsubmarine,unsell,nondairy,unnational,unisex2.What’sthedifferencebetween“root”and“stem”?50/214Whatisroot?什么叫词根?“Root”isthebaseformofawordthatexpressesitsessentialmeaning，ameamngthatneverchanges，eventhoughaffixesmaybeaddedatthebegnningorattheendoftheword．词根是词基础形式，若再细分就要失去词“词性”，即本质。换言之，词根是除去全部词缀所剩下有意义部分。如friends，friendship，friendly词根都是friend。51/214Whatisbase?什么叫词基?Therearetwoexplanationsfortheterm‘‘base”or‘‘stem”．Somelinguistsconsiderthebasetobeequivalenttothetermroot，thatis，thepartofawordremainingwhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved．Butotherlinguistsmaintainthatthebaseisanypartofawordwhenallaffixisaddedtoarootorstem．“词基”，也叫“基础”，指一个词去掉全部附加词缀后剩下部分，常被用来替换“词根”和“词干”。52/214分，常被用来替换“词根”和“词干”。从更广泛意义上说，它指词中任何一个能够对其进行操作(如加前缀)部分，如establishment．它能够加前缀anti-。在这么情况下，establishment也是词基。我们主张把base和stem看成同义词。以bilingual为例。

-lingu-(1angue)是“语言”意思，是词根(root)。

bi-是“两个”意思，是词缀或前缀。

bilingu-是“两种语言”意思，以它为词基或词干，在它上面加上词缀或后缀-al()，组成bilingual，意思是“双语”。53/214Whatisstem?什么叫词干?“Stem”isatermusedaspartofaclassificationofthekindsofelementsoperatingwithinthestructureofaword．tlatistosay，astemisthemainpartofawordtowhichsuffixes，orcaseendingsareadded．

Therearethreetypesofstems：

1)Thestemwhichmayconsistofonerootmorphemeasintheword“star”belongstothecategoryofsimpleword．’

2)thestemwhichmayconsistoftworootmorphemesasintheword“motherland’’belongstothecategoryof‘‘compoundword”．

3)Thestemwhichmayconsistofonerootmorphemeandanaffexasintheword“frankness”orintheword‘‘unexpected”belongstothecategoryofthe“complexword”．

54/214“词干”指能够添加(屈折)词缀词语结组成份。

1)只包含一个词根形位词‘干称为“简单词干”，如glove。

2)由两个词根形位组成词干称为“复合词干”，如blackboard。

3)由一个词根词于加上一个派生形位组成词干称为“复杂词干”，如manliness(男子汉气概)中manli(man+ly)。55/2141.desire(v.):是词根(不可再分解),是词干(能够加屈折词缀,如过去时态-ed),是词基.2.desirable(adj.):不是词根(可再分解);不是词干(不能够加屈折词缀),是词基(既能够加词缀,又能再分解下去).3.undesirable(n.):不是词根(可再分解);是词干(能够加屈折词缀,如名词复数-s),也是词基.56/2142.Conversion-zeroderivationTheprocessofconvertingwordsfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithoutaddinganyderivativeelementiscalledconversionorzeroderivation."InEnglisheverywordcanbeverbed...”1.名词定语（nounattribute）(p.21)（1）SemanticrelationA.subject--objectorviceversaHeatpollution热污染；computeroutput电脑输出Roadsurfacer铺路机；trouble-maker捣乱者Reformdesigner改革设计者；loanguarantee贷款担保57/214B.adverbial–verborviceversaHealthfood保健食品(function)；insulationtape绝缘胶布peacedemonstration(purpose)；TOEFLpreparationImpulsebuying(means,tool);GPSdriving利用全球卫星定位系统驾车C.appositiverelationELNinophenomenon厄尔尼诺现象；injectorrazor弹射剃须刀；hismayorfather他那位当市长父亲58/2142.名词定语定语语法作用（P.22-23)A.替换形容词或分词定语B.替换带’s生格定语（P.23)C.替换做定语用介词短语(P.24)D.替换分词短语或动词不定式短语或定语从句（P.24-25)59/2142.Nounverbconversion1）.名词转化为动词(a)“toputin/onN”:Thenounareusuallylocativenounsdenotingaplace,acontaineroraspecifiedlocation;e.g.canv.asin“Theworkerscannedapples.”Otherexamples:bottle,floor（铺地板，打倒）,cage,cornerandpocket（贿赂）.(b)“togiveN,toprovideN”:e.g.shelterasin“