《老人与海》桑提亚哥；硬汉；孤独；善良

１２AnAnalysisontheImageofSantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaIntroductionHemingwaywasawell-knownAmericanwriter,whohadaprofoundinfluenceonAmericanliteratureand20thcenturyliterature.TheOldManandtheSeawasoneofHemingway’smasterpieces.ItwasregardedasoneofthebestAmericanliteraryworksinthe19thcentury.ItwonthePulitzerPrizein1952andtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1954foritsuniquelanguageartandoutstandingcharacters.AlthoughtheplotofthenovelTheOldManandtheSeawasverysimple,Hemingwayhadconceivedformorethantenyears.Hemingway,basedonhislongexperienceoffishingatseaandarealstoryofaCubanfisherman,reflectedaprofoundphilosophyoflifewithconciselanguageanduniquewritingmethods.Inthedeepsea,theoldmanfoughtwithahugefishforthreedaysandfinallykilledit.Howeverthehugefishwaseatenbysharksonlywithalongskeletononthewaytohome.Hefailedintheend,buthedidnotcompromise,asthenovelsays:“Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”(Hemingway,1952:88)Hewasatypicalcodeherointhestruggle.Inaddition,hewasalonelyoldman.Santiagolivedaloneandfishedalone.Hehadnochildrenorrelatives,hisonlywifediedmanyyearsago.HiscompanionMandolinalsolefthimattherequestofhisparents,whentheoldmanhadnotcaughtanyfishforfortydays.TheonlywayforSantiagogotridoflonelinesswastotalkaloudtohimselfwhenfishinginthesea.What’smore,hewasalsoabenevolentandlovingman.Heregardedthefishes,birdsashisbrothers.Hewasdifferentfromotherfishermenwhojusttookadvantageoftheoceanformakingalivingtogainalotofeconomicbenefits.Herespectedandlovedmarineorganism.Theoldmanfeltabitguiltyandsorryforthebigfish’sdeath,whenhekilledthehugefish.ThroughanalysisontheimagineofSantiago,wecanunderstandtheharshenvironmentalbackgroundafterWorldWarII,learnSantiago'sstrugglespiritsforsurvival,reflectonhowweshouldliveandlivemeaningfully.Inaddition,thisstudyisalsoofgreatsignificancetothestudyofAmericanliteratureandHemingway'swritingskills.TheOldManandtheSeawaspopulartopeople.ManyforeignwritershavemadeafullstudyofHemingway'slifeandhiswritingtechniques,buttheimageanalysisofSantiagowasrare.AlotofdomesticresearchershavemadeaspecificanalysisofSantiago'scodehero,butfewofthemanalyzedSantiago'sotherimages.TomakeamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofSantiago.Atfirst,thispaperconductsomeinformationaboutHemingway’sexperienceandtheinfluenceontheTheOldManandtheSeacreation.Then,thispaperanalysesthedifferentimagesofSantiagofromthreeaspects:codehero,lonelinessandbenevolence.Intheend,thispaperrevealsSantiago’sbraveryandendurance,andadvocatesthespiritofundefeatedandnevergivingup.Backgroundinformation2.1Hemingway’sexperienceHemingwaywasanoutstandingAmericannovelistandjournalistinthe20thcentury.Hehadcreatedaseriesoffamouscodeheroesinhislife,andhewasalsocalledasatoughwriter.Codeheroeswereresoluteandindomitableinhisworks.Theywascalmandbravewhenfacingtheunchangeablefatetheynevergaveup.“Amancanbedestroyed,butnotdefeated”(Hemingway,1952:88)washisfamoussaying,butmorelikehisownportrayal.HewasbornonJuly21,1898inOakPark,asuburbofChicago.Hegrewupinamiddle-classfamily.Hisfatherwasadoctorandhismotherwasamusicteacher.Influencedbyhisfather,Hemingwaywasnotafraidofdangerandlikedtochallengehimself.Heoftenhuntedintheforest,fishedinthelakeandcampedinthewild.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,herefusedtogotocollege,andbecameareporterforKansasCityStarandbeganhiswritingcareer.In1918,whenWorldWarIbrokeout,HemingwayresignedfromhisjobdespitetheoppositionofhisfamilyandjoinedtheU.S.Armyasanambulancedriver.OnhiswaytotheItalianfront,hewitnessedthebrutalityofthefrontwar.Thecruelwardidnotfrightenhim.Hetriedtostayclosetothebattlefieldassoonaspossibleinsteadofstayinginasafehotel.Heengagedactivelyintheanti-Germanwar.AfterWorldWarI,theItaliangovernmentawardedhimthreesilvermedals.AftertheoutbreakofWorldWarII,hewenttotheEuropeanbattlefieldasajournalistonthefrontline.Sometimes,hefoughtonthefrontlinelikeasoldier,andevencalledonnearly200peopletoformaguerrillaunit.Heparticipatedintheanti-fascistmovementactively.Afterthetwowars,hisbodywascoveredwithwounds,whichmadehimproud.WhenhewitnessedthedesolationoftheworldafterthewarII,peoplebegantorebuildandliveahardlife.Hewasverysadandconfused.HewenttoCubaandlivedaquietlife.ThereforewecalledhimwastheoneofrepresentativesofLostGeneration.2.2TheinfluenceofHemingway’swarexperienceHemingwaywasarealistwriter,hiscreationcamefromreallife.Heappreciatedthatcouragewasgraceunderpressure.Hemingwayhasmanyidentities:“anti-fighter”,“excellentjournalist”,“toughman”.Theseidentitieswerecloselyrelatedtohisexperience,andthemostinfluentialoneishiswarexperience.WarexperiencehelpedHemingwaygrowupbeatoughman.Warexperiencealsomadehimformhisowncreativeprinciplesandmethods,andmadehimhavehisownuniquestyle.Theconcentratedexpressionofthisstyleis:newsfictionandicebergprinciple.Asawarjournalist,Hemingwayconstantlyimprovedhiswritingskill.Hisearlyhumanitarianismhadcertainsignificanceforthewarhistoryandthedelicateinternationalchangesoftoday.Hemingway'scodeherothroughhisworksalsochangethecurrentsituationofpeople'ssatisfactionwiththestatus.HewasdeeplymovedbyanoldCubafishermanwhohadnotcaughtafishforalongtimeandcontinuedtosail.ThenhecreatedashortnovelTheOldManandtheSea.Thenovelhadagreatinfluenceonthelostgeneration.ItbroughthopeandconfidencetothosewhosufferedinWorldWarII.TheimageofSantiagowasleftusadeepimpression.Hemingway'sattitudetowardslifealsohasbeenwidelyrecognizedandimitatedbyreadersallovertheworld.Santiago:aconfusingcombinationofcodeheroandlonelyoldman3.1AcodeheroHemingwaycreatedaseriesofcodeheroesinhisworks,likeboxers,bullfighters,huntersandothers.Mostofthemweretough,braveandoptimistic,abletoenduremisfortuneandsufferings.Theywerenotafraidoffailureordeath.Althoughtheywereunluckyandfailedintheend,theyhadthequalitiesofwinnersandmaintainedhumandignity.Weoftenportrayedthemasheroesoffailureorcalledthemtoughmen.Santiagowasatypicalsymbolofcodehero.Codeheroesprovedthemselvesintheirownway.Atthebeginning,Santiagobearstheappearanceofacodehero:thinbody,haggardfacecoveredwithbrownspots.Inaddition,hewasalsoveryunfortunate.Helivedalone.hehadfewfriends,nochildrenorrelatives,andhisonlywifediedyearsago.Theoldmanfishedeveryday,buthehasnocastnet,noyellowriceorfish.Onthecoldnight,hecurledupunderaoldblanketandfellasleeponsomenewspaper.It'sobviousthattheblanketwouldn'tgivehimmuchwarmth.However,henevercomplainhishardlife.HetalkedwithMandolinaboutthenonexistentdinnerandtoldhimaboutthebaseballgamehesawinthenewspaper.HisrealdinnerwasabottleofbeerthatMandolininvitedhim,blackbeansandfriedbananasthatthelittleboygotoncreditfromMartin,thehotelowner.Hewassopoorthathealwaystookabottleofwaterwithhimwhenhesetup.Whenhewasveryhungryatsea,heaterawfishanddrankwater.Thenheseemedtobecameenergeticandjoininbattle.FromHemingway’swords,Santiagodidnotfeeldespairorpainabouthislivingconditionsatall.Hewasoptimisticabouthisunfortunatesasacodehero.Themostimportant,Santiagowasbrave,toughandundefeated.Hehadnotharvestedforeighty-fourconsecutivedays.Hewaspitiedbyotheroldfishermenandmockedbyyoungfishermen.Hedidn'tseemtocarebecauseheneverthoughtofgivingupfishing.Hedecidedtosailintothedeepseawithhisskiff.Hebelievedthatthedeepseacouldbreakthedeadlockandcaughtbigfish.Hemustprovehisskillsandcourage,regardlessofhisageandharshmarineenvironment.Fortunately,hispredictioncametrueandabigfishgothooked.Theoldmancouldn'tseethebigfish,buthewassureitwasveryhuge.Theropewaspulledtightlybythefish.However,thebigfishwassopowerfulthathecouldnotevenpullthebigfishupaninch.Thefishdraggedhissmallboatintothedeepersea.Hecouldonlywaitpatientlyuntilthebesttimetokillthebigfish.Whenhewashungry,heaterawtunaswithoutanysalt.Whenhewastired,helayontheboardandsleptforawhile.Whenhewasthirsty,hedrankalittlewaterhebroughtfromhome.Twodaysandonenightmadehimtired,buthestubbornlypersistedinhisdeterminationtofighttotheend.Whilehewaited,hisrighthandwasbleeding,andhislefthandwascrampingatthesametime.IfSantiagocutthelineandletthefishgo,hecouldgetoutoftrouble.However,codeherowouldn’tchoosesuchasolution.“Iamatiredoldman.ButIhavekilledthisfishwhichismybrotherandnowImustdotheslavework.”(Hemingway,1952:81)Hewasdeterminedtofightwiththebigfishuntilhedied.Santiagokepthisheadclearallthetime.Whenthebigfishjumpedoutofthewater,itwasafortypoundMarlin.Hebravelythrewaharpoonathishead,tiedhistailwitharope,thebigfishdied.Perseverancehelpedhimwonthebattleandsurvivedinharshcircumstance.Inthisbattle,hefullydemonstratedhisdetermination,patienceandintelligenceasacodehero.Onhiswayhome,abigsharkfollowedhisboatslowlywhenitsmelledtheblood,tearingtheMarlin.Theoldmanusedhisallstrengthhittingthesharkwithaharpoon.Sooner,thesharkwasfullandfledawaywithhisharpoon.Hejustsaidtohimselfaloud“Oldman,thinkaboutthosehappythings,youwillgetcloserandclosertoyourhome,andtheboatwilllosefortypoundsfasterandfaster.”(Hemingway,1952:41)Theoldmanhadnoweapons,onlyhisbloodhandsatthattime.Theoldmanknewthatmoresharkswouldcome.Althoughtheoldmanwasexhausted,hekepthisheadclearagain.Thenhepickeduptheoar,broketheblade,tiedtheknifetotheendoftheoar,anduseditasaweapontofightsharks.Ondarknights,theoldmanwasstillfarawayfromtheharbor.Hepickeduptheoarsagainandagainandhitthesharkscontinually.Eventhoughheknewhecouldn'tbringtheMarlinback,hedecidedtofightlikeamantotheend.Heknewhewouldfail,heneverstoppedfightingbecausestoppingfightingmeanthewasdefeated.Hesaid“Amanisnotmadefordefeat.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”(Hemingway,1952:88)Afterfiveviolentbattle,hedefeatedalltheattackingsharks.Atdaybreak,hereturnedtotheharborwithanemptyskeleton.Forfishermen,apileofboneswasmeaningless,buttheoldmandidn’tfeeldespair.ForSantiago,“themeaningoflifeseemedtobesublimated,deathwasnotterrible,failurewasnotterrible,theproblemwashowtofaceit.”(马玉梅，2010）Althoughtheoldman'sendingwastragic,wecouldn’tfeelthetoneofpessimismanddisappointment.Wecansaythathewasaloser.Afterthreedaysandthreenights,hegainednothing,evenhedidnotprotecthisMarlin.Butintheeyesofmostpeople,Santiagowasawinner.Althoughhelostthebattle,heachievedmoralsuccessandfailedbravely.Inthebattleoflifeanddeath,Santiagorefusedtogiveupinthefaceofasuddenattackbyagroupofsharksandfoughtallthetime.Thespiritofhisstrugglewouldlastforever.FromhistwotoughbattlesprovedthatSantiagowasnotaweak,butastrongandpersistentcodehero.Inaddition,theoldmanoftendreamed.Theoldmanreturnedandfellasleep.Hesawalioninhissleep.Thisimpliedendlessdreamreflectstheoldman'sdesireforstrengthandhisadmirationforself-improvement.（高深，2018）Whenhewastiredorfailed,heoftendreamedofagroupoflionsontheprairie.Inhisdream,therewasanotherworld,fullofenergyandpowerful,likelions,whocouldfightbravelyandcontinuously.What’smore,thelittleboyMandolinwasthebestsupplementtoSantiagoasthecodehero.HelearnedhowtofishfromtheageoffivewiththeSantiagoonboard.Thelittleboy’sshouldershadbeenaccustomedtothedangerousdailyfishinglife.Hedidn'tcomplainabouthardworkandlovingfishing.Hetookgoodcareoftheoldmanandgavehimsardinesasbaits.Hethankedtheoldmanforteachinghimfishing.Santiagowassorrytowakehimupfromhissleep.Thelittleboysaid,“Itiswhatamanmustdo.”(Hemingway,1952:19)Briefandpowerfulvoicefullydemonstratedthecodeheroicspiritof“Hemingway-style”.Youngashewas,henevershowedchildishness.Whathelearnedfromtheoldmanwasnotonlyfishingskills,butalsohardworkingspirit.HemingwayhighlypraisedSantiago'sindomitablespiritinthefaceofdifficulties,nofearandcalm.Inthethrillingtragedyofthestrugglebetweenmanandnature,theoldmanpaidaheavypriceforeveryvictory,andfinallysufferedirreparablefailure.Wepraisehimasawinner,acodeherowhodidnotbowhishead.Hewasabravefighter.Inthisinevitablefailure,hesucceededinshowinghisdemeanor,hisnobledignityandhisoptimisticattitudetowardlife.Nomatterhowharshtheenvironmentwas,hefoughtbravelywithcourage,perseveranceandoptimism.3.2AlonelyoldmanThenoveldepictedSantiagoasabravefishermanwhocouldovercomedilemmaandfoughtwithmarlinandsharks,butwestillcannotdenythathewasalonelyoldman.Firstofall,Santiagolivedalone.Itseemedthathehadnofamilyorrelatives.Hisonlywifepassedawaymanyyearsago.“Oncetherehadbeenatintedphotographofhiswifeonthewallbuthehadtakenitdownbecauseitmadehimtoolonelytoseeitanditwasontheshelfinthecornerunderhiscleanshirt.”(Hemingway,1952:8)Fromthesewords,wecanknowthattheoldmanwasverylonelyathome.Hehasfewfriendsintown.ExceptforalittleboynamedMandolin,hedidnotassociatewithanyoneelse.Inaddition,hewenttoseaaloneinaskiffeveryday.Atfirst,Mandolinwashisfishingcompanionbutafterfortydayswithoutharvest,theboy'sfatheraskedhimtoleavetheoldmanandwenttoanotherboat.Whenthelittleboysaidhewantedtogofishingwiththeoldman,Santiagosaidhewishedthelittleboytokeepluckyonanotherboat.Hedidn'twanttoembarrassthelittleboy,nordidhewanthimtohavenoharvest,soherefusedhimandenduredlonelinessintheseaalone.Asamatteroffact,theoldmanwantedthelittleboytogofishingwithhim.WhenstrugglingwiththeMarlinandsharks,theoldmansaidtohimself,“IwishtheboywerehereandthatIhadsomesalt.”(Hemingway,1952:47)“IwishIhadtheboy,”thewordappearedmanytimesinthework.Withoutdoubt,hemissedthelittleboyverymuch.HewantedMandolintoseehiscourage,hisability,hisexperienceandaccompaniedhiminbattle.Theoldmanhadanemotionalattachmenttothelittleboy.Iftheboywashere,theoldmanwouldbehappy.What’smore,Santiagoalwaystalkedaloudtohimselfwhenfishing.Hedidn'trememberwhenhestartedtalkingalone,butheoftenspokeloudlyonhisown,especiallywhenthelittleboylefthim.Hewantedtoconcealhislonelyfeelingbytalkingwithsea,fishes,dolphinandotheranimalsalltimewhichhemet.Whenabirdstoppedinhisskiff,heaskedthebird’sageenthusiastically,asifthebirdwashisfriendorbrotherwhocouldchatwithhim.Sometimeshefeltembarrassedandafraidthatotherswouldlistentohimsingingaloneandthoughthimasacrazy.However,hedidn’tcarebecausehedidn’tthinkhewasmad.Alltheseshowedthattheoldman'slifeisfullofloneliness.Whenhewasalone,heovercomehislonelinessbytalkingtohimselforsingingloudly.Inthewholenovel,theportrayalofloneliness,misfortunemadetheworkfullofsolemnanddesolate.ThereforeitissafetosaythatSantiagowasacodeheroatsea,buthewasalonelyoldmaninreallifeaswell.3.4AbenevolentandlovingmanWhenwetalkabouttheimageofSantiago,weusuallythinkabouttheimageofthecodeheroandlonelyoldman.However,throughthewholenovel,wecanalsoseehisbenevolenceside.Thelittleboylefthimwhenhedidnotcatchafishforfortydays.Insteadofblaminghim,hewasverykindtoMandolin.Heunderstoodhimandtheystillgotalongwellasbefore.Theoldmancaredabouthislife,askedabouthisharvestandencouragedhimtofishmore.Whenhewakethechildupfromsleepintheearlymorning,hefeltverysorry.Notonlyforchildren,butalsoforotherpeople.Theinnownerlenthimblackbeansasdinner,hesaid,“Imustthankhim.Imustgivehimsomethingmorethanthebellymeatthen.”(Hemingway,1952:13)Theoldmanwaskindandgratefultoothersfortheirkindness,althoughhewasnotsocial.Whentheoldmansawtwodolphinsswimmingtohisboatatnight,hesaid,“Theyareallgood.Theyplayandloveeachother.Theyaremybrothers,likeflyingfish.”(Hemingway,1952:34)Heoftentalkedwithanimalsonhissail,treatingthemashisbrothersandfamily.Santiagolikedandrespectedtheseaverymuch.Heregardedtheseaashisanotherhome.Hethoughtthattheseawasafriendlyandbeautifulwoman,althoughsometimesshewasveryferocious.InthestrugglewiththeMarlin,theoldman'smoodhadchangedfewtimes.Atfirst,whentheMarlinwashooked,theoldmanwasveryexcitedbecausethebigfishcouldputanendtohismisfortuneandhecouldmakealotofmoney.Gradually,theMarlincontinuedtoresist,andtheoldmanbegantoappreciateitswisdomandperseverance.AlargenumberofcommendatorywordsforMarlin:beautiful,noble,capable,strong,smartuse,provedthatSantiagorespectedhisopponent.(牛莹&李蕊伶，2018)Finally,theoldmansucceededinkillingthemarlin.Theoldmanfeltabitguiltyandsorryforitsdeath.Santiago,wasdifferentfromotherfishermenwhojusttookadventureoftheoceanformakingalivingfromwhichtheywereabletogainalotofeconomicbenefits.Fishingwashiswholecareer.Herespectedandlovedmarinelife.Ifitweren'tforlife,hewouldcertainlynothurtthefish.Inaword,healsowasabenevolentandlovingman.4.ConclusionTheOldManandTheSeawasanovelwhichpraisedmanypositivespirits.Inthisnovel,theauthorHemingwaydepicteditsprotagonistasanundefeatedcodehero,alonelyoldmanandabenevolentandlovingmantothereaders.ThispaperresearchedthetypicalimagesofSantiagofromthreeaspectstodisplaytheabundantphilosophyoflifewhichwascontainedintheimages.Therefore,thecourageofstruggling,thetenacityandtheindomitableself-improvementoftheprotagonistwere