《双城记》；人物形象；人道主义；仁爱

iiAbstractATaleofTwoCitieswaswrittenbythefamousEnglishwriterCharlesDickens,thefirsteditionofwhichwaspublishedin1859.ThisworkdescribedthestoryoftheFrenchRevolution.Itcriticizedandexposedtheabsurdandoutrageousbehaviorofthearistocracy,expressingsympathyforthevastnumberoflaboringpeople.Thisarticlewillappreciatetheworkfromthehumanitarianspiritbyexcavatingtheuniquebeautyofhumannaturecontainedintheworks.Meanwhile,itwillanalyzetheauthor'sone-sidedapproachtohumannature.BasedontheconnotationofDickens'humanitarianthought,thispaperanalyzestheconcreteembodimentofhumanitarianismintheATaleofTwoCities,hopingtohelpscholarsstudyDickensandstudythehumanitarianismintheATaleofTwoCities.KeyWords：ATaleofTwoCities;characters;humanitarian;benevolenceiii摘要《双城记》是英国著名作家查尔斯·狄更斯创作的一部经典作品,首版出于1859年。该作品描述了法国大革命时期的故事，它深刻批判和揭露了贵族荒诞无耻的行径，同时表达了对广大劳苦人民的同情。本文将从人道主义精神对作品进行赏析，挖掘出作品内部所蕴含的人性的独特之美，同时也将分析作者对待人性观点的片面性。文章从狄更斯的人道主义思想内涵出发讨论，分析了《双城记》中人道主义的具体体现，希望能够为学者们研究狄更斯和研究《双城记》中的人道主义提供帮助。关键词：《双城记》；人物形象；人道主义；仁爱CONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\h\uAcknowledgments iAbstract ii摘要 iii1.Introduction IntroductionThispartwillintroducethewriterCharlesDickens,thecreationbackgroundofthework,thenovel‘ATaleofTwoCities’,andthenthepurposeofthisstudy,fromwhichreaderscangetfullunderstanding.IntroductiontoCharlesDickensandthewritingbackgroundInthisera,allkindsofthoughtsemerge,peopleinsocialchangeorfear,orsurprise,orjoy.Atthattime,theBritishclasscontradictiondeepened,hasbeensharptothepointofnon-regulation.Alongwiththeriseoftheindustrialrevolution,thecontradictorystrugglebetweentheworkingclassandthebourgeoisiebecamethemainmelodyofBritishsocietyinthatera.Inaperiodoftime,inordertomakegreaterprofitswithoutthecruelexploitationofdomesticworkers,thelivesofworkersareverydifficult,thetreatmentisdifficulttomatchtheirlaborpay.Theincreasinglydifficultlifecausedacompleteoutbreakoftheworkingclass,in1836launchedahistoric‘chartermovement’,aftertheclimaxofthreecampaigns,workersdidnotachievesatisfactoryresults,butthisactivityreflectsthediscontentofthegeneralpublicandtheangerofcapitalistexploitation,causedagreatresponsefromtheBritishideologicalcirclesatthattime.CharlesDickenswasbornintoafamilyofsmallnavyclerksonFebruary7th,1812anddiedonJune9th,1870.Hewasforcedtomoveintoadebtor'prisonattheageof10andtotakeonheavydomesticworkattheageof11.HeworkedasachildlaborerattheBlackShoePolishworkshop,asanapprenticeatthelawfirmattheageof15,andlaterasanadlitemrecorderinacivillitigationcourt,followedbyanewspaperreporteraccreditedtoParliament.Hehadonlybeeninschoolforafewyears,relyingonhardself-studyandhardworktobesucceed.Dickenswasahigh-yieldingwriterwhocreatedalargenumberofclassicworksbyvirtueofhisdiligenceandtalentsuchasThePickwickPapers(1984),OliverTwist(1935),TheOldCuriosityShop(1921),HardTimes(1969),OurMutualFriend(1865).Hewasalsoamasterofhumor,oftentellingthetruthabouttheworldinromanceandrealityinwittylanguage,andDickenswasthemainrepresentativeofEnglishrealismliteratureinthe19thcentury.Inart,wasknownforitswittyhumor,nuancedpsychologicalanalysis,andtheorganiccombinationofrealisticdescriptionandromanticatmosphere.Thenovelwascreatedinthe1850s,thatwasintheperiodofrapiddevelopmentofBritishcapitalisteconomy,thedevelopmentofcapitalismandtheimpoverishmentofthelifeofthelabor,resultinginextremeresentmentanddissatisfactionamongtheunderclass.Britishsocietywasintheoutbreakofasocialrevolutiononthebrink.ThiswasverysimilartothesocialsituationinFranceattheendof18thcentury,andDickens,throughthecomparisonoftwocities,gavethethenBritishsocietyareferenceandawake-upcall.1.2IntroductiontoATaleofTwoCitiesATaleoftwoCitieswasalonghistoricalnovelwrittenbytheBritishwriter,CharlesDickensinthecontextoftheFrenchRevolution.Itwasoneoftheclassicsoftheworldliterature,whichconnectedthetwomajorcitiesofParisandLondon.ThestoryrecountedaroundtheDr.ManettefamilyandMrs.Defarge'sfamilyattheSanAnthonyDistrict.Thenoveldepictedhowthearistocracycorruptedandhowtodamagethepeople.Andthearistocracy'sbitterhatredwerebackloggingintheirhearts.Becauseofthefear,soatlastitledtotheinevitableFrenchRevolution.Themainideaofthisbookwasloveandself-sacrificeforlove.LiteratureReview2.1CurrentstatusofresearchathomeandabroadInDickens'writing,heemphasizedthatthehostileclassshouldbetreatedwithabenevolentandtolerantmind,whichwouldnotonlyenablethehostileclasstoforgiveeachother,andreversedpeople'sdistortedheartsandgavethemanewspirituallifeaswell,because‘loveisalwaysmuchmorepowerfulthanhate’（赵国荣2009:67）.Athome,thestudyofATaleofTwoCitiesfromtheperspectiveofhumanitarianthoughtbeganthelate1970sintheearly1980s.ThoughtherelevantresearchresultsinChina,theresearchanglewasvarious.Therewerefromitswritingstyleandnovelstructure,theresearcheswerecarriedoutfromthetypicalcharactersinthenovel.Othersmaybefromthereligiouscolor,orfromthethemeofthenovel.Manystudieswerealsofromtheaestheticcharacteristicsandartisticcharacteristics.ForeignscholarsstudiedthehumanitarianthoughtintheATaleofTwoCities,mainlyfromthesignificanceofhumanhumanitarianthought,andmadeagoodexampleforus.Theybelievedthathumannaturewasthewholeofallothermoralsandthatitseffectsweretheloveofourneighbors,gooddeeds,magnanimity,toleranceandcharity.Thecharactersinthenovelreflectedthesecharacteristics.2.2ThedirectionofmyresearchOnthebasisofpreviousstudies,IwillanalyzethehumanitarianthoughtsembodiedbythecharactersinDickens'ATaleofTwoCitiesandthenovelitself,whichembodiestheanti-violentrevolution.ThenIwouldevaluateDickens'humanitarianthoughtsfromtwoaspectsofprogressivenessandlimitation.2.3ThepurposesofthispaperThepurposeofthisstudywastoelaborateonhumanitarianthinkingandtoanalysetheprogressivenatureoftheeraofhumanitarianthoughtasexpressedinATaleofTwoCities,anditslimitationsandsignificancetocontemporarysociety.Thenthestudyofitshumanitarianthoughtwerebothforthateraandmayhaveaprofoundenlighteningeducationalsignificanceformodernsociety.Thisnovelwasaseriousreflectionandexplorationofhumannatureindepictingweirdcharacters.Dickensplacedthehopeoftransformingsocietyonthegoodness,hopingtousesuchamoralconcepttotransformsocietyandeliminateallkindsofevils.Andcomparedtheendofthelovewiththewicked,andonceagainpreachedtheideaofinclusionandforgiveness.Thevictoryofbenevolenceandkindnessinhumannaturewerealsothetriumphofhumanitarianthought.Althoughthehumanitarianthoughtcontainedinbookwithcertainhistoricallimitations,butitsprogressandsocialvalueinthemodernlifecouldnotbedenied.Especiallytoday,althoughtheclasscontradictionwasdifferentfromtoday,itwasalsomorefar-reachingsignificance.3.TheembodimentofthehumanitarianspiritinthenovelATaleofTwoCitiesInATaleofTwoCities,Dickenswhoproceededfrombourgeoishumanitarianism,sympathizedwiththesufferingofthelaboringpeopleandangrilyexposedtheevilsofthefeudalaristocracy.Meanwhiletheauthoremphasizedthethespiritofbenevolenceandforgivenesstotreatthehostileclass,whichcouldnotonlymakethehostileclass,thepeoplewhowouldunderstoodeachother,whichalsocouldchangethedistortedmindandmakepeopleregeneratespiritually,becauselovewasalwaysmuchmorepowerfulthanhate.Theauthorfocusedonthevaluablequalitiesoftheirintegrityandkindness,andopposedtherevengeactivitiescarriedoutbytherevolutionariesonthem.InDickens'writings,thehumanitarianspiritwasembodiedinDr.Manette,Carlton,Lucie,Darnay,whosparkledwiththelightofhumannatureinBritishtraditionalculture(周久泉2010（6）).Andthisarticlewillanalyzehumanitarianthinkingfromthelifeexperiencesoftheseleadingfigures.3.1HumanitarianHumanitarianismwasakindofideologythatoriginatedfromtheEuropeanRenaissance,whichadvocatedcaringforpeople,caringforpeopleandrespectingpeople,andwasapeople-oriented,human-centeredworldview(姜婉婷2018,54-56).DuringtheFrenchRevolution,itwasembodiedas‘freedom’,‘equality’and‘fraternity’.DuringtheFrenchRevolution,thehumanitarianconnotationwasconcretizedasfreedom,equalityandfraternity.Humanitarianismplayedapositiveroleinthesystemofopposinginequalityduringtherevolutionaryperiod.Itwasoneoftheideasthatwasemphasizedduringthepastandwasinheritedbygenerationsofthinkers,philosophersandwriters.3.2TheconnotationofDickens'humanitarianthoughtDickens'unhappychildhoodexperiencemadehimmoretrulyreflectthesufferingofordinarypeopleintheturbulenttimesinhislaterliterarycreation,andprofoundlyexposedthehypocrisyandevilofcapitalismwithsympathyforthesufferingpeople.ButDickenswasaffectedbyhumanitarianism,believingthattheloftymoralforcescouldaffectpeople,andevencouldtransformsociety,advocatingtheimprovementofsociety.ATaleofTwoCitiesreflectedpreciselythepoliticalpropositionofthecriticalrealismgenrerepresentedbyDickensandDickens'humanitarianism.TheworkwasamasterpieceofDickens'thirdcreationperiod,anditwasanovelwhichbasedonthehistoricalfactsofpartoftheFrenchRevolution.Atayoungman,duetothedeepinfluenceofhumanitarianthought,theauthorhadalwaysusedthisliterarypropositionthroughoutthebook.InATaleofTwoCities,hewarnedtheBritishbourgeoisrulersthatbrutalexploitationandoppressionweretherootcausesoftherevolution,andthatifthesufferingofthecivilianpopulationwasnotalleviated,France'shistorywouldcertainlyberepeatedinBritain.DickensbelievedinChristianity,andChristiansbelieverhadaverystrongsenseof‘obedience’totheBible.Christianitytreatedchildrenasasymboloftruthandkindness.Therefore,therewasachild-worshipingplotintheBible,andtheoriginsofDickens'humanitarianthoughtcouldalsobethoughttohavestartedhere.Dickensbelievedthatifadultscouldmaintaintheinnocenceandkindnessofchildren,thentheycouldusechildnaturetoinfluencehumannature,andthenmadegoodnessandlovewouldbefilledwithreallife.Therefore,Dickensusedhisworkstoshowtheuglinessundertheglossyappearanceofcapitalismandthesufferingofordinaryworkers,andchosetopreachhumanitarianismandcriticizetherealsocietyintheformofsofterstorytelling.3.3ThehumanitarianspiritofDr.ManetteTheauthorshowedgreatsympathyforwhathappenedtoDr.Manetteinthenovel.Dr.Manettewasathird-classcivilianwithasenseofjustice,graceandintelligence,andasawitnesstothewholestory,weseemedtoregardhimastheembodimentofthewriterDickenshimself.Forhisownprofessionalreasons,Dr.ManettehappenedtowitnessthefeudalaristocracyEverimondbrothertrampledonthepeopleatthebottomtodeveloptheirownpersonalityandtrampledontheatocitiesoflife.Becauseoffightforthosepoorpeople,sohewaspersecutedbytheMarquisbrothersandthenplacedintheBastilleprisonfor18years.ButwhenhesawhisdaughterandEverimond'snephewCharlesDarnaygenuinelyinlove,herepressedhis18yearsofsufferinginhisheart,turningenmityintolove,acceptingandendorsingDarnay,andfulfillingthehappinessoftwoyoungpeople(张璐,张敏,袁茵2016).AftertheoutbreakoftheFrenchRevolution,Darnaywasarrestedandjailed,andDr.Manettechosetofacethepainoftheolduncoveringscars,withtheexperienceofofpersecutingprisonersintheformerBastilleprison,winningthesympathyandsupportoftherioters,thenherescuedDarnay.3.4SydneyCarlton'ssacrificeanddedicationSydneyCarltonwasanothercharacterimageofthehumanismspiritthattheauthorfocusesondescribing.InDickens'work,Carlton,asaparalegal,wasasteppingstonetothesuccessofothers,despitehisoutstandingtalent,andhisunknownhidingbehindpeople.Hischaracterwasdistortedbysociety,however,hisheartwasstillfullofhumanityandkindness.Carltonwasbohemian,atthesametimehealsointelligentandseeminglycareless,andheknewexactlywhatwasgoingoninfrontofhim.Helookeddownonhimself,soheallowedhimselfandwasdesperateforhislaissez-faire.Hewasamanofdeepaffection,andhisheartwasnobleandpure.Hewasalwaysconcernedaboutwhatwashappeningatthedoctor'shouseanddideverythinghecouldtohelpthem.HeusedhiswisdomtosaveDarnayincourt,usingtheirownseeminglyDarnayconditionstorescueDarnay.Atlasthefinishedthelastwayofhislifewithasmileandaquietwalk.Carlton'sconfessiontoLuciehadalwaysbeenthegoodsentencewehadrecited:‘Foryou,withforthedeartoyou,Iwoulddoanything.Ifmycareerwereof-betterkindSisanyopportunityorcapacityofsacrificeinit,Iwouldembraceanysacrificeforyouandforthosedeartoyou’(CharlesDickens2015.5).FromthispassagewecouldseethatCarltonwastheembodimentofathoughtthatDickenshadalwayspursuedthenoblespiritofBritishtradition,flashingahumanitarianlightonhisbody,andwasthemostbeautifulchapterofhumanitarianism.Carton,asasingle-unrequitedloverwhohadnoemotionaldebttoLucie.Asafriend,hehadnoneedtosavehisrivalwithhisownlife.HecouldwelltakecareoftheLuciefamilyafterDarnay'sdeathandlivedhappilywiththem.Butforthehappinessofhisbeloved,heresolutelywentintoprisonandwalkeduptotheguillotine.Hesaidgoodbyetohisbelovedwiththecomplexemotions,lovedhisbelovedinhisownway,andinterpretedhisloveforLucieandthenwenttodie.3.5Lucie'skindnessLuciewastheheroinethroughthefulltext,inthisnovelherpurity,kindness,filialpiety,wisdomandothermoralcharacterinfectedeveryone.Atthesametimesheinheritedthestrengthsfromherfather,soshecouldbesaidtobethenear-perfectwomaninthenovel.Luciewasafilialdaughter,agoodwife,agoodmother.Underhercarefulcare,thedeliriousDr.Manettegraduallyregainedhismemoryandhealth.Duringthemostdifficulttimeofherfamily,Luciehandledthehouseworkingoodorderandevengavehisdaughterlessonsontimeeveryday.Althoughthefurniturewasplain,butthereweremanysmalldecorationsonthem,whichmaybeworthlessbutrichinmuchfunandimagination,appearedpleasingtothedelight(吴彬2006).Inordertogiveherhusbandinprisonasmuchaspossiblytohaveaglanceather,everyafternoonregardlessoftherainyorsunny,shewouldstandfortwohoursacrosstheprisonwall.ButshedidnotignoreCarton'sdecadentdepravity,onthecontrary,shewouldprefertodosomethinggoodtorecallCartontoabetterroadtoencouragehimtostartagoodlifeagain.AfterCartontooktheplaceDarnayontheguillotine,thentheLucie’sfamilylivedahappylife,butonthatdayofeveryyearshestillhadtocryforCarton.‘Believinginhumannature,compassionandforgivenesswerethebestvirtuesofmankind,andbelievinginintimacy,grandeur,warmthandtearswerethebestthingintheworld’,Danner,France,commentedonDickensintheHistoryofLiterature(罗经国1981：41，42).Therewasnopointinliving.Itwasnotgreattobepowerful,tohavefame,anditwasnotenoughtobeuseful.Hebelievedthattherewasonlyonelifethatlivedinvalueanddeservedtobecalledaman.Suchamanwouldweepatthethoughtofthebenefitshecouldbringtoothers.AtthebookofATaleofTwoCitiesLucie'slovewaslikeabeamoflightinthedark,bringingwarmthandlighttopeople.Luciewhoembodiedthehumanitarianspiritofwomen.3.6CharlesDarnay'sprogressiveideasDarnaywasthestandardman,andhewasalwaysportrayedbytheauthorintheeuloquies,andhewasinasinfulfamily,buthewasoutofthemudandnotdyed.Hehatedandcondemnedthecrimesofhisaristocraticfamily,sayingtotheMarquisofhisuncle,‘Wehavedonemischief’,‘eveninmyfather'stime,wehavecommittedmanyevilsandhurteveryonewhohasharmedourpleasures’.‘Hedidnotdwellonthecondemnationofwords,andtherewaspracticalaction,inordertoachievehis‘sacredgoal’(CharlesDickens;2015.5),hetooktheinitiativetogiveuphistitle,rank,property,tobeateacherinEngland,tobecomeaself-supportingperson,andtosavehiminFrance,whereheknewitwasunusuallydangerous,hewasnobleandbrave.Obviously,inhismind,thevalueofhumanbeingswasnotsolvedbypower,status,moneyandsoon,letaloneharmthedignityofothersbecauseoftheirownpleasures,andevenendangerthelivesofothers.Thiswasundoubtedlythehumanitarianthinkingofthebourgeoisie.3.7ThespreadandinfluenceofhumanitarianthoughtOnthebasisoffullaffirmationoftherevolution,Dickensalsoexpressedthehumanitarianthoughtentirety.ThiswastheinheritanceofmoralvaluessincetheEuropeanRenaissance,fullofrationallight.Chinabegantosendstudentstoforeign,andanewgenerationofintellectualyouthalsograduallyabsorbedandembracedhumanitarianideasandspreadtheminChina.Contemporarysocietyhadformedtheconceptof‘people-oriented’,showingthepowerofhumanitarianism.Fromasocialpointofview,withthedeclineoftheoldclass,anysocietyinitsperiodofchange,thenewclasscontinuedtoemerge,andthussocialcontradictionswouldalsochangetoacertainextent.Inordertoavoidthepersecutionofalargenumberofinnocentpeople,theresolutionofhatredwithlovewasarelativelyeffectivesolution.Fromapersonalpointofview,aperson'sinnerhatredaccumulatestoacertainextent,whichwouldmakeaperson'sinnermindseriouslydistorted.Humanitarianismcouldhealawounddeeplyinsideaperson,evenifitwasonlyalittlebetter.Thehappyendingofthestorymadepeoplefeelwarm,andhadadeeperunderstandingofthejoysandsorrowsofthepeopleinthatbloodbathhistory.Inthesoul,thetoleranceofenmityandhatewerealsothetoleranceoftheirown.Thebookvividlyshowedhishumanitarianthought.Heopposedthebrutalruleofthearistocraticclass,andalsoopposedtherevolutionary‘excessive’retaliatoryaction,advocatedthespiritoftoleranceandbenevolencetoeliminateclasscontradiction.ontheotherhand,thisnovelreflectedthehumanitarianthinkingofintellectualsatthattime.HumanitarianthoughtsinthetaleofATaleofTwoCities,italsohadaastrongpracticalsignificanceintoday’sworld.4.ThelimitationsofDickenshumanitarianisminATaleofTwoCitiesThelimitationsofDickens'humanitarianthoughtweremainlyembodiedintheattitudetowardsviolentrevolutionandhowtosolveclasscontradiction.Ontheissueofviolentrevolution.Heopposedfeudalautocracyandfeudaloppression,butatthesametimeheopposedallformsofviolence,heopposedthefeudalclansystem,andopposedthepeople'sspecialdefeattotherulingclassafterthevictoryoftherevolution.Insolvingtheproblemofclasscontradiction,headvocatedtheuseofpeacefulmeanstoeasetheconflictofclasscontradiction,fantasiedinaUtopian’sidealwaytodefusetheexistenceofoppositesandcontradictions.Dickens'attitudetotherevolutionwascomplexandcontradictory,ontheonehand,hesympathizedwiththepeopleandagreedthattherevolutionwouldcome.Ontheotherhand,hemadeallkindsofhorrorintherevolutionaryscene,andthenshowedhisreflectionandnegationoftherevolution.Althoughtherewasagreatcontrastbetweentheattitudetorevolution,ithadinherentconsistency,thatwasthelimitationofDickens'humanitarianthoughtandthedeviationtothelevelofrevolutionarycognition.Fromtheperspectiveofbourgeoishumanitarianism,Dickensopposedallformsofviolentrevolutionandbelievedthatthegenerationofforceswasacruelactandameansofvengeanceadoptedbythepeople.Infact,therealhopeofDickenswasthattosolveproblemsthroughmoralnumbersassignmentandself-awakening,ashedescribedinhisnovel,ifallFrencharistocratscouldvoluntarilygaveuptheirprivilege,asCharlesDarnay,ifallFrenchintellectualswereaswillingtoexposeabusesasDr.Manette,ifallmenwereaswillingtomakeasacrificefortheircountrymenasCarltondid,hethoughtthateverythingcouldbesolvedthroughbenevolence,onlythatpeople'sheartswerefilledwithlove,andthatitcouldbesolvedinapeacefulway.VirginiaWoolfdeclaredDickens'obnoxiousinhissoftness,hisstyleisveryordinary.Moreover,shedeclaredthatDickensdidnotunderstandtheupperclassesandcouldnotadequatelydealwith‘matureemotions’.(Virginia,Woolf1966)Asamatteroffact,Idonotthinkthatthechangeofanydynastyinhistoryhadbeenachievedthroughviolentrevolution,everydynastywouldnotwithdrawfromthehistoricalstage,inthelatedynastyrulerswouldfindwaystoprotecttheirstatusandpower.Allinall,thehumanitarianismoftheauthorDickenswasdouble-sided,andhehimselfcannotfullyputhisfeetinthecivilian’sshoes.Therefore,theso-calledhumanitarianism,ontheonehand,referredtosympathyforthesufferingoftheruled.Ontheotherhand,hewasagainsttherulingclassfightingtherulersinaviolentway.Forexample,theencounterinMrs.Defarge'sfamily.However,Mrs.Defarge'shatredoftherulingclass,andtheunequivocalvengeanceofviolence,whichDickensdidnotagreewith.ButinourpointthatwecouldadmitthattheimageofMrs.Defargewasthetypicaloflaborerwhowasopposingoppressionandfightingforthemselves.Yettheworkhadbeenblindedbythesadandhatefulhatredandthesource.SothiscouldbesaidtobeanunconsciousdenigrationofDickens.However,intheworkMrs.Defargehadbeenshapedintoasadandhatredwoman.SothiswasakindofunconsciousdenigrationofDickens.4.1AttitudestowardsrevolutionaryviolenceBecauseofthelimitationsofthehistoricalerainwhichhelived,Dickenscouldnotseethewaytosolvethesocialbasiccontradictions,intheworkscouldonlypreachthebourgeoisiehumanitarianism.Whilesympathizingwiththeoppressedlaboringpeople,heobjectedtotheviolentrevolution.Byusingthepoweroflove,hecriticizedthedarksideofhumannatureandeulogizedthebrightside.Throughthecontrastbetweenthegoodandthewicked,itonceagainpromotedtheviewoftoleranceandsatirizedthearroganceofthedomineeringMonsieurDefarge.ItwasnotdifficultforustoseefromtheATaleofTwoCitiesthatDr.ManetteandMrs.Defargewerethemaindifferentlinesofthenovel,andthatthewriterhadcomplainedoftheinhumanatrocitiesoftherulersthroughthetragicencountersofMrs.DefargeandDr.Manette,revealingthatitwaspreciselybecauseofthisinhumanecriminalrulethatitledtoafiercerevoltbytheoppressed.Itexpressedthatthebourgeoisbenevolenceandthedemocraticthoughtthatdemandedthefreedomandequalityofthewholesociety.DickenswrotetheDr.ManetteandMrs.Defarge,onewastheembodimentofbenevolence,theotherwastheembodimentofvengeance.Mrs.Defargewastypicalofthetransformationofanordinaryworkerintoanavengerunderclassoppression.Butwhenvengeancebecameblind,parochial,andfranticinretaliationonceitlostitsreason,Mrs.StonebecameavengefulAvengerandasavageandinsanepredator,andthewriter'sfeelingsweresurelychangedfromcompassiontodoubt.InDickens'view,humanlovewasgreaterthanhate,classharmonywaspreferabletoclassstruggle,andsociallifeshouldreplaceviolentrevolutionwithharmoniouscoexistence.Andasforhowtoeliminateviolenceandreachtheidealhumanitariansocietyinthewriter'smind,Dickensknewno