2015职称英语考前冲刺第11讲

Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There’smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.Scientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergauge(评估)Earth’sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.Peopleburnfossilfuelslikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth’ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn’tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyears—andbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.

ParagraphImpactofburningfossilSlow ApredictionoffutureclimateFastRisingofseaUnpredictabilityoffeedbackPeopleburnfossilfuelslikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth’ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn’tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyears—andbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.

ParagraphImpactofburningfossilSlow ApredictionoffutureclimateFastRisingofseaUnpredictabilityoffeedbackMostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat’sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet’senvironmentcouldnudge推动)globalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample:Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreach—andwarm—theexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpacts

calleda“fastParagraphImpactofburningfossilSlow ApredictionoffutureclimatechangeFastRisingofseaUnpredictabilityoffeedbackprocesses3.Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat’sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet’senvironmentcouldnudge推动)globalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample:Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreach—andwarm—theexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpacts

calleda“fast23.ParagraphSlow ApredictionoffutureclimatechangeFastRisingofseaUnpredictabilityoffeedbackprocessesZeebesaysit’simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they’relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,”hetoldScienceNews.“Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.”Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlife—astheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareas—aretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.

ParagraphImpactofburningfossilSlow ApredictionoffutureclimateFastRisingofseaUnpredictabilityoffeedbackZeebesaysit’simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they’relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,”hetoldScienceNews.“Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.”Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfold(逐渐明朗)overdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlife—astheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareas—aretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.

23.ParagraphB.SlowC.ApredictionoffutureclimateE.RisingofseaF.UnpredictabilityoffeedbackZeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5°C—fora6°Ctotalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.

Paragraph ImpactofburningfossilSlow ApredictionoffutureclimatechangeFastRisingofseaUnpredictabilityoffeedback5.Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5°C—fora6°Ctotalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.

23.ParagraphC.Apredictionoffutureclimatechange×E.RisingofseaF.UnpredictabilityoffeedbackAromatherapyisaformofalternativemedicinewhichisbasedontheuseofveryconcentratedessentialoilsfromtheflowers,leaves,bark,branchesorrootsofplantswhichareconsideredtohavehealingproperties.Inaromatherapythesepowerfuloilsaremixedwithotheroils,suchasalmond(杏仁)oil,ortheyarediluted(稀释)withwater.Thesesolutions(溶)canberubbedontheskin,sprayedintheair,orappliedasacompress(敷药).

Manypeoplehavearomatherapymassages(按摩),anddependingonthetreatmentapersonishaving,thearomatherapistwillmassagetheoilintothehandsorshoulders.Themassageissmoothandflowing,asitisdesignedtocreateasenseofrelaxationandcalm.Thesessionsaretailoredtotheindividual’shealthandmoodatthetime,soeverysessionisPractionersofaromatherapybelievethatthearomaoftheessentialoilsdirectlystimulatesthebrainorthattheoilsareabsorbedthroughtheskinintothebloodstream,wheretheycanaffectthewholebodyandpromotehealing.Otherclaimsinsupportofaromatherapyarethatitaidsdigestion,improvesthefunctionofrespiratorysystem,reducesmuscularachesandpains,andpromotesmusclerelaxationandtone.…

…Ithasalsobeenarguedthataromatherapycanimprovecirculation,lowerbloodpressure,andhelpcombatinsomnia(失眠)andotherstress-relateddisorderssuchastensionheadaches,anxiety,andmilddepression.However,whilearomatherapymayhaverealeffectsthatpromoteasenseofwell-being,sometraditionalmedicinepractitionersremaindoubtfulaboutitspowers.Whileresearchhasconfirmedthataromatherapydoeshavesomepositiveshort-termeffectsonmostpeople,italsosuggeststhataromatherapyisnotanactualscienceormedicinethatshouldbeusedtotreatillness.Furthermore,notallaromatherapyisconsideredbeneficialtohealth….

…Thereareprecautionswhichshouldbetakenbeforehavingaromatherapybecausesomeoilscanhavenegativeeffectsonpeoplewithcertainmedicalconditions.Thestudyofaromatherapyisrelativelynewandunexplored.Moreresearchneedstobeconductedtomakescientificconclusionsaboutitsuseandeffects.ParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraph

Currentresearchinto Aromatherapyandconventional DifferentviewsaboutIntroductionto DoubtsaboutthebenefitsPersonalizedaromatherapymassagebeneficialtohealth…. alternativemedicinewhichisbased essentialoilsfromtheflowers,leaves, whichareconsideredtohavehealing powerfuloilsaremixedwithotheroils,suchasalmond(杏仁)oil,ortheyare (稀释)with solutions(溶液剂)canberubbedontheskin,sprayedintheair,orappliedasacompress(敷药).

Paragraph Currentresearchinto Aromatherapyandconventional DifferentviewsaboutIntroductionto DoubtsaboutthebenefitsPersonalizedaromatherapymassagebeneficialtohealth….Manypeoplehavearomatherapymassages(按摩),anddependingonthetreatmentapersonishaving,thearomatherapistwillmassagetheoilintothehandsorshoulders.Themassageissmoothandflowing,asitisdesignedtocreateasenseofrelaxationandcalm.Thesessionsaretailoredtotheindividual’shealthandmoodatthetime,soeverysessionisunique.

Paragraph Currentresearchinto Aromatherapyandconventional Differentviewsabout DoubtsaboutthebenefitsPersonalizedaromatherapymassagebeneficialtohealth….Practionersofaromatherapybelievethatthearoma(香味)oftheessentialoilsdirectlystimulatesthebrainorthattheoilsareabsorbedthroughtheskinintothebloodstream,wheretheycanaffectthewholebodyandpromotehealing.Otherclaimsinsupportofaromatherapyarethatitaidsdigestion,improvesthefunctionofrespiratorysystem,reducesmuscularachesandpains,andpromotesmusclerelaxationandtone.Ithasalsobeenarguedthataromatherapycanimprovecirculation,lowerbloodpressure,andhelpcombatinsomnia(失眠)andotherstress-relateddisorderssuchastensionheadaches,anxiety,andmilddepression.

Paragraph Currentresearchinto Aromatherapyandconventionalmedicine DifferentviewsaboutE.DoubtsaboutthebenefitsHowever,whilearomatherapymayhaverealeffectsthatpromoteasenseofwell-being,sometraditionalmedicinepractitionersremaindoubtfulaboutitspowers.Whileresearchhasconfirmedthataromatherapydoeshavesomepositiveshort-termeffectsonmostpeople,italsosuggeststhataromatherapyisnotanactualscienceormedicinethatshouldbeusedtotreatillness.Furthermore,notallaromatherapyisconsideredbeneficialtohealth.Thereareprecautionswhichshouldbetakenbeforehavingaromatherapybecausesomeoilscanhavenegativeeffectsonpeoplewithcertainmedicalconditions.Thestudyofaromatherapyisrelativelynewandunexplored.Moreresearchneedstobeconducted

aboutitsuseandeffects.ParagraphCurrentresearchintoAromatherapyandconventionalE.DoubtsaboutthebenefitsStevenSpielberghasalwayshadonegoal:totellasmanygreatstoriestoasmanypeopleaswilllisten.Andthat’swhathehasalwaysbeenabout.Thesonofacomputerscientistandapianist,SpielbergspenthisearlychildhoodinNewJerseyand,later,Arizona.Fromtheverybeginning,hisfertileimaginationfilledhisyoungmindwithimagesthatwouldlaterinspirehisfilmmaking.

Evendecadeslater,Spielbergsayshehasclearmemoriesofhisearliestyears,whicharetheoriginsofsomeofhisbiggesthits.HebelievesthatE.T.istheresultofthedifficultyearsleadinguptohisparent’s1966divorce,“Itisreallyaboutayoungboywhowasinsearchofsomestabilityinhislife.”“Hewasscaredofjustabouteverything,”recallshismother,LeahAdler.“Whentreesbrushedagainstthehouse,hewouldheadintomybed.that’sjustthekindofscarystuffhewouldputinfilmslikePoltergeist.”Spielbergwas11whenhefirstgothishandsonhisdad’smoviecameraandbeganshootingshortflicksaboutflyingsaucersandWorldWarΙΙbattles.Spielberg’stalentforscarystorytellingenabledhimtomakefriends.OnBoyScoutcampingtrips,whennightfell,Spielbergbecamethecenterofattention.“Stevenwouldstarttellinghisghoststories,”saysRichardY.HoffmanJr.,leaderofTroop294,“and

wouldsuddenlygetquietsothattheycouldallhearit.”SpielbergmovedtoCaliforniawithhisfatherandwenttohighschoolthere,buthisgradesweresobadthathebarelygraduated.BothUCLAandUSCfilmschoolsrejectedhim,soheenteredCaliforniaStateUniversityatLongBeachbecauseitwasclosetoHollywood.Spielbergwasdeterminedtomakemovies,andhemanagedtogetanunpaid,non-creditinternship(实习)inHollywood.Soonhewasgivenacontract,andhedroppedoutofcollege.Heneverlookedback.Now,manyyearslater,Spielbergisstilltellingstorieswithasmuchpassionasthekidinthetent.Askhimwherehegetshisideas,Spielbergshrugs.“Theprocessformeismostlyintuitive(凭直觉的),”hesays.“TherearefilmsthatIfeelIneedtomake,foravarietyofreasons,forpersonalreasons,forreasonsthatIwanttohavefun,thatthesubjectmatteriscool,thatIthinkmykidswilllikeit.AndsometimesIjustthinkthatitwillmakealotofmoney,likethesequel(续集)toJurassicPark.”ParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraph

InspirationsforhisThetroubleofmakingAfunnyGettingintothemovieTellingstoriestomakeAnaimofStevenSpielberghasalwayshadonegoal:totellasmanygreatstoriestoasmanypeopleaswilllisten.Andthat’swhathehasalwaysbeenabout.Thesonofacomputerscientistandapianist,SpielbergspenthisearlychildhoodinNewJerseyand,later,Arizona.Fromtheverybeginning,hisfertileimaginationfilledhisyoungmindwithimagesthatwouldlaterinspirehisfilmmaking.

ParagraphInspirationsforhisThetroubleofmakingAfunnyGettingintothemovieTellingstoriestomakeAnaimofEvendecadeslater,Spielbergsayshehasclearmemoriesofhisearliestyears,whicharetheoriginsofsomeofhisbiggesthits(成功的作品).HebelievesthatE.T.istheresultofthe