Unit4Grammarandusage高一英语学与练（译林版2020选择性）

第11讲选择性必修一Unit4Grammarandusage目标任务目标任务课程标准学习目标围绕人与社会的主题语境，依托语篇，通过一系列英语学习活动，发展英语学科核心素养。1．在语篇中观察、探究语法现象，自主归纳语法规则，并在新的语境和活动中正确使用语法。2．通过训练与本单元语法相关的练习加强学生的英语运用意识。002预习导学（一）课前阅读：本单元语法是非谓语动词三种形式的用法整体复习：Overviewoftoinfinitives,verbingandverbedformsBelowisanintroductiontoRomanticpoetry.Findthesentencesthatusetoinfinitives,verbingorverbedformsandfillinthetablebelow.（黄色标注的部分）Romanticismwasaculturalmovementfromthelate18thtothemid19thcentury.Itwasatimewhenmanypainters,musicians,novelistsandpoetslookedattheworldinnewanddifferentways.TheaimoftheRomanticswastobreakwiththeidealsofthe18thcentury:theyrefusedtofollowrigidrules;instead,theyputemphasisontheimportanceofimaginationandfeeling,theloveofnatureandareturntothepast.InEngland,thegreatestachievementsoftheRomanticmovementlayinpoetry,especiallythatofWilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,GeorgeGordonByronandPercyByssheShelley.Duringthattime,Englandwasundergoingaprocesscalledindustrialization.Largefactorieswerebeingbuiltandpeopleweremadetoworklonghours.Romanticpoetswereoftennotpleasedwithwhatwashappeningintheircountryandtheywerenotalwaysinterestedintheimprovementsinscience.Instead,theyadvocatedgoingbacktonature.Asaresult,celebratingthebeautyofnatureandcountrylifebecameamonthemeinRomanticpoetry.Thepoetsalsowroteaboutindividualfeelingsandbeliefs.Exploringtheworldofemotionandshowingthebeautyofnature,thepoetryoftheRomanticeraisoneofthegreatesttreasuresinWesternliterature.（二）基础梳理非谓语动词作主语不定式作主语：指具体的一次性的动作（通常会用it作形式主语）→表将来含义结构一：Itis/was+adj.+(for/ofsb)+todosth.结构二：Itis/was+a/an+n.+todosth.结构三：Ittakes/took+(sb)+time/courage/patience,...+todosth.Itrequires/requiredcourage/patience/hardwork,...+todosth.动名词做主语：指一般的或抽象的多次性的动作，时间概念不强(1)常用句型：结构一：Itis+adj.(eg.good,funny,nice,worthwhile,interesting,etc)+doingsth.结构二：Itisno/any/somegood/use(in)doingsth.结构三：Thereisnopoint/use/good(in)doingsth.结构四：Thereisnodoingsth.“禁止做……”(2)动名词的复合结构（注意时态和语态）：形容词性物主代词+动名词名词所有格+动名词如：Theiringtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Mike’sreturningtoworkisagreathelptous.注意Doing+谓语动词+其他.It+谓语动词+...+todosth.（80%）非谓语动词作宾语不定式作宾语作及物动词的宾语（从一而终：动词形式后加todo作宾语，其名词形式后也是加todo）(1)决心学会想希望，拒绝没法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wishrefuse,manage,desire,pretendoffer,promise,choose,planagree,ask/beg,help如：Hehopestogotouniversitynextyear.他盼望来年上大学。Shefinallydecidedtogiveupthejob.她最后决定放弃那项工作。(2)it作形式宾语，构成“及物动词+it+adj./n.+(forsb)+todosth”结构，这类及物动词常见的有：think,find,believe,feel,make,consider。如：Herforeignidentitymakesithard(forher)tofindajobhere.作介词的宾语：不定式通常不作介词的宾语，但可在except和but后作宾语（前有“do”，后无“to”）；若在除二者之外的介词后作宾语，通常会加上特殊疑问词（宾语从句的省略）。如：They’retalkingabouthowtogetthere.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Wehavenothingtodobutwait.动名词作宾语作及物动词的宾语考虑建议盼原谅（consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon）承认推迟没得想（admit,delay/putoff,fancy）避免错过继续练（avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practise）否认完成就欣赏（deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate）禁止想象才冒险（forbid,imagine,risk）不禁介意准逃亡（can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape）难以忍受始反对（can’tstand,setabout,objectto）想要成功坚持忙（feellike,succeedin,stickto/insiston,bebusy）习惯放弃有困难（beused/accustomedto,giveup,havedifficulty/trouble/problems<in>）导致专心防道款（leadto,devoteto,prevent/stop/keepsb/sthfrom,apologizefor）besurprisedat对……感到惊讶beproudof以……为骄傲beafraidof害怕……注意①allow,permit,forbid,advise等及物动词后直接加动名词（doing）作宾语；如果这些词后有名词或代词，则用todo作宾语。如：allowdoingsth.或allowsbtodosth.；②大部分能加名词作宾语的及物动词，也能加动名词（doing）作宾语（但expect,want等除外）；③主动表被动：need/want/requiredoing=need/want/requiretobedone。作介词的宾语：vi./adj.+介词短语+doing。其中，需特别注意介词to！补充含有介词to的固定搭配admitto,beequalto,devote...to,getdownto,lookforwardto,objectto,stickto,taketo开始沉湎于……；养成……的习惯,seeto,attendto,leadto,payattentionto,be/getused/accustomedto等。3、动名词的复合结构作宾语（注意时态和语态）：人称代词（宾格）+动名词形容词性物主代词+动名词名词所有格+动名词名词通格+动名词如：=1\*GB3①Itthebabysittercan’tetomorrow,doyoumindFred’s/his/himbeingleftaloneathome,sleeping?=2\*GB3②Iknewnothingaboutthewindowbeingopen.非谓语动词作表语不定式或动名词→对称结构注意对于不定式，如果主语部分有实义动词“do”，则作表语的不定式通常省“to”。如：Theonlythingyoucandoiswaitandsee.（前有“do”，后无“to”）分词：exciting和excited非谓语动词作定语注意完成式<tohavedone,tohavebeendone,havingdone,havingbeendone>不作定语！！作前置定语（单个单词→所以没有todo）→doing,done动名词（doing表功能，强调名词词性；没有beingdone）现在分词（doing表进行，强调动作；没有beingdone）过去分词（done表完成，强调动作）注意有些单个的过去分词在作定语时习惯后置，如：given,left,concerned有关的等。作后置定语→todo,tobedone;doing,beingdone;done不定式（表将来）*现在分词短语（doing表主动/进行；beingdone表被动且进行，“正在被……”）过去分词短语（done表被动且完成，“已经被……”）Therearemanydifficultiestohandle.→可在不定式前加“forme”，说明困难是由“我”解决。Therearemanydifficultiestobehandled.→表示困难不是由“我”解决。中心词为不定代词，或被theonly/last/next/...,thefirst等序数词或最高级修饰时。如：Ihavenopenciltowritewith.Heisthefirstonetogettoschool.注意①非谓语动词为不及物动词，则只有现在分词的主动形式（过去分词表示动作已完成）；②非谓语动词为及物动词，则有2种情况：有名词或代词作宾语，用现在分词的主动形式。如：Theyliveinaroomfacingthesouth.若无宾语，则用被动语态。根据时态的不同，有3种情况：Themeetingtobeheldisveryimportant.“将被举办的”Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.“正在被举办的”Themeetingheldwasveryimportant.“已被举办的”（三）预习作业1.预习本单元Integratedskills&Extendedreading&Project部分的重点词汇和短语2.熟读这部分出现的文章003探究提升环节一变：单句语法填空1．Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you'llbelesslikely(bring)yourworkhome.2．(build)thebridge,theworkersmovedtoanothercity.3．(face)withthedifficultsituation,hetookcourageandovercameitatlast.4．LangPingisthefirstpersoninvolleyballhistory(win)goldasbothaplayerandaheadcoachintheOlympicGames.5．(inspire)bythespiritofthespider,thegeneralgatheredhissoldiersandtrainedthemcarefully.6．Keeptheinjuredwithhishead(hold)straightwhilesomeonecallsforemergency.7．Theairport(plete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea.8．Attheparty,theprettygirlworeaveryattractiveskirttomakeherself(notice)．【答案】1.tobring2.Havingbuilt3.Faced4.towin5.Inspired6.held7.tobepleted8.noticed环节二变：单句语法填空1.Wemustalsoconsiderthereactionoftheperson________(receive)thegift.2…Withtheproblem________(solve),Ifeltproudofmyachievement..3.…IthennoticedthatIhadjust10minutesleft_________(plete)therest..4.There,________(place)neatlybesidetheemptydish,weretwonickelsandfivepennies—hertip!5.________(pare)withthepreviousyear,thenumberofstudentswhowentabroadforstudywasincreasedby15,000,orariseof13%.6.StormssweptalongNewMexico'sborderwithTexasonFriday,______(destroy)homesandotherbuildingsandinjuring…7．Wemustpractisespeakingand________(write)thelanguagewheneverwecan,butitisnotenoughonly________(memorize)rulesfromagrammarbook.8.Thetelevisionviewermakesnochoiceandnojudgment.Heispletelypassiveandhaseverything______(present)tohimwithoutanyeffortonhispart.【答案】receiving2.solved3.toplete4.placed5.pared6.destroying7.writing;tomemorize8.presented环节三变：语法填空TheMid­AutumnDayisaveryimportanttraditionalfestivalinChina.Ittakesitsnamefromthefactthatit(36)________(celebrate)inthemiddleoftheautumnseason.TheMid­AutumnFestivalfallsonthe15thdayoftheeighthlunarmonth.ThedayisknownastheMoonFestival,asatthetimeoftheyear,themoonisatitsroundestand(37)________(bright).Itisaneveningcelebrationin(38)________familiesgathertogetherandeatmooncakes.Besides,(39)________(make)thehousemorebeautiful,peoplewillhangredlanternsinfrontofit.Onthatday,peoplelookbackonthepastandlookforwardtothefuturetogether.Childrenwillplaywiththeirown(40)________(toy)andenjoythemselves.TheMid­AutumnFestivalcelebrationsdateback(41)________morethan2，000years.Theword“Mid­Autumn”first(42)________(appear)inthefamousancientbookZhouLi.However,itwasnot(43)________theearlyTangDynastythatpeoplecelebratedthedayasatraditionalfestival.Itbecamean(44)________(official)establishedfestivalduringtheSongDynasty,andhasbeeaspopularastheSpringFestivalsincetheMingandQingDynasties.Celebrationshavecontinuedeversinceandmorecustomsfor(45)________(mark)thisoccasionhavebeenformed.【答案】36.iscelebrated37.brightest38.which39.tomake40.toys41.to42.appeared43.until44.officially45.marking004体系构建todo不定式、动词ing形式非谓语动词作主语todo不定式、动词ing形式非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作表语非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作补语非谓语动词作状语todo不定式、动词ing形式todo不定式、动词ing形式todo不定式、动词ing形式todo不定式、动词ing形式、动词ed形式todo不定式、动词ing形式todo不定式、动词ing形式、动词ed形式todo不定式、动词ing形式todo不定式、动词ing形式、动词ed形式todo不定式、动词ing形式todo不定式、动词ing形式、动词ed形式005记忆清单一、非谓语动词作主语1.不定式作主语：指具体的一次性的动作（通常会用it作形式主语）2.动名词做主语：指一般的或抽象的多次性的动作3.动名词的复合结构：①形容词性物主代词+动名词②名词所有格+动名词二、非谓语动词作宾语1.不定式作宾语2.动名词作宾语3.主动表被动：need/want/requiredoing=need/want/requiretobedone三、非谓语动词作表语1.前有“do”，后无“to”：对于不定式，如果主语部分有实义动词“do”，则作表语的不定式通常省“to”2.区分exciting和excited这类词四、非谓语动词作定语1.完成式<tohavedone,tohavebeendone,havingdone,havingbeendone>不作定语2.作前置定语→doing,done3.作后置定语→todo,tobedone;doing,beingdone;done4.中心词为不定代词，或被theonly/last/next/...,thefirst等序数词或最高级修饰时00601强化训练一、阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Everyonefeelsliketheyhavetoomuchtodobuttoolittletimetodoit.Maybeyoufeellikeyourlistisgrowinglongerbytheminute.36Here’showtomanageyourtasks.•37Beforeyoutrytosortyourtasksinorderofimportance，takethetimetomakealistofeverythingthatyouwanttofinish.Divideyourlistintopartsfordifferenttypesoftasks，suchasdailyorweeklytasks，necessarytasksandunnecessarytasks.•Organizeyourlist.Onceyou’velistedeverything，youcanfigureoutwhattodofirstandorganizeyourschedule.Youcanorganizeyourtasksaccordingtowhethertheyareimportantorwhatthevalueofataskis.38•Batch(分批处理)tasks.Batchingtasksisoneofthemostusefulwaystogetthosetasksdone.Batchingsimplymeansyouworkonthesametypeoftaskagainandagainbeforestartingsomethingelse.39Thenyoudealwiththosetasksatthesametimeusingthatworkprocess.•Deletetasks.Onceyou’velistedallyourtasksandsortedthemcorrectly，itwillbeeclearwhichtasksareatthebottomofthelist.40However，ifthat’snotpossible，youhavetodecidewhethertoscheduletimeforthemortodeletethem.Youmayhavetasksonyourlistthatyoudonothavetodoorevenwanttodo，butyoufeelpressuredatsomepoint.Thesecanbedeletedentirely.A．Makealistofyourto­dotasks.B．Makeothersknowyourprivatetasks.C．Maybeyoudon’tevenknowwheretostart.D．Youcanalsoorganizethemaccordingtoyourtime.E．Sometimesyoucancallsomeoneelsetodothosetasks.F．Thosetasksshouldbeofgreatimportancetoyourownfuture.G．Thefirststepistoidentifytasksandsetupasimpleworkprocesstofollow.【答案】CADGE二、应用文写作假设你是李华，你校即将举办一场孔子思想讲座，主题是“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也”。请写一封邮件邀请对中国传统文化感兴趣的交换生Jim听讲座，内容包括：1.时间、地点；2.讲座主题；3.可能的收获。注意：1.词数80左右；2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：《论语》TheAnalectsofConfucius；儒家思想Confucianism_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】DearJim，Goodnewsforyou!TherewillbealectureaboutConfuciousnextweekinourschool.SinceyouareveryinterestedinChineseculture,thisisagoodchanceforyoutogetaglimpseofitsorigin—Confucianism.Thelectureisscheduledtobeheldat6pmnextFriday,inLectureHall1.YouknowwemodernChinesegettoknowtheideasofConfuciousfromthebookTheAnalectsofConfucius,whichkeepsarecordofhisideasandthoughtsaboutpoliticsandlife.TheinvitedprofessorwillfocusononeofConfucious'sayings—Whenweseemenofworth,weshouldthinkofequalingthem;whenweseemenofacontrarycharacter,weshouldturninwardsandexamineourselves.Afterthelecture,youwillknowwhatweChinesefollowinourprivatelifeandwhatshapesourpersonality.Weareapeoplewhoaregoodatreflectingonourthoughtsandbehaviours.Ifyouareinterestedinthelecture,remembertobeinLectureHall1at6pmnextFriday.Yours，LiHua三、阅读理解AFourappstokeepyourlifeontrackFromsimpletaskschedulingtodetailedtaskmanagement,alltheseappsoffereverythingyouneedforefficienttaskrecording.FocusterWithFocuster,youjustneedtoaddallyourtasksandthetoolwillarrangethemimmediatelyinorderofimportance.Afteraddingallthetasks,justpresstheNowbuttonandthetoolwillshowthetasksyoushouldbefocusingonfortheday.TeuxDeuxThisusefulappletsyouscheduleandorganizeallyourtasksforthewholeweek.Justaddthetasksbelowthedaycolumnandyou'redone.Wanttomoveataskfromonecolumntoanother?Noworries.Itsdrag­and­dropinterface(界面)letsyourearrangethetaskandaddittoadifferentday'scolumn.Additionally,TeuxDeuxletsyouaddrepeatingtasksforaday.TickTickTickTickallowsyoutoaddtasks,subtasks,customremindersaswellasdeadlinesforaday,aweek,oramonth.Inordertoprovideyouwithmoreeaseintaskscheduling,TickTickoffersanicecalendarview,whereyoucanaddoredittasksonaweeklyordailybasis.Italsohasexperimentalfeatures,whichyoucanturnonifyouwanttotryoutbetacapabilities(测试功能)．WunderlistTheappletsyoucreatetasks,subtasksandallowsyoutosharewithyourfamily,friendsandcolleagues.Thewholeappisdesignedinthemostuser­friendlywayandoffersyoutheabilitytoadddeadlines,additionalinformationandreminders.1.Toshareyourtaskswithothers,you'dprefertochoose________．A.FocusterB.TeuxDeux C.TickTick D.Wunderlist2.What'sthesimilaritybetweenTeuxDeuxandTickTick?A.Theyofferabeautifulcalendarview.B.Theyhavegreatexperimentalfeatures.C.Theycanhelporganizetasksforaweek.D.Theyhaveaveryuser­friendlyinterface.3.Whatbenefitcanyougetfromthefourapps?A.pletingyourworkmoreeasily.B.Obtainingeverythingyouneedfaster.C.GettingaccesstotheInternetmorequickly.D.Organizingyouractivitiesmoreeffectively.【语篇解读】本文介绍了四个让你的生活保持正轨的应用程序。1.D细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Theappletsyoucreatetasks,subtasksandallowsyoutosharewithyourfamily,friendsandcolleagues.”(这款软件允许你创建任务、子任务，并允许你与家人、朋友和同事分享。)由此可知，要想与他人分享你的任务，你会选择Wunderlist，故D项正确。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thisusefulappletsyouscheduleandorganizeallyourtasksforthewholeweek.”(这个有用的应用程序可以让你安排和组织整个星期的任务。)及第四段中的“TickTickallowsyoutoaddtasks,subtasks,customremindersaswellasdeadlinesforaday,aweek,oramonth.”(TickTick允许您添加任务、子任务、自定义提醒一天、一周或一个月的截止日期)可知，TeuxDeux和TickTick的相似之处是这两个应用程序都可以帮助你组织一周的任务，故C项正确。3.D细节理解题。根据第一段内容(从简单的任务调度到详细的任务管理，这四个应用程序都提供了高效记录任务所需的一切。)由此可知，这四个应用程序都可以让你更有效地组织你的活动，故D项正确。BHereisarecordofthediscussionaboutAI(artificialintelligence)conductedbyseveralscientists：ScientistA:IwouldsaythatwearequitealongwayoffdevelopingtheAI,thoughIdothinkitwillhappenwithinthenextthirtyorfortyyears.Wewillprobablyremainincontroloftechnologyanditwillhelpussolvemanyoftheworld'sproblems.However,noonereallyknowswhatwillhappenifmachinesbeemoreintelligentthanhumans.Theymayhelpus,ignoreusordestroyus.ItendtobelieveAIwillhaveapositiveinfluenceonourfuturelives,butwhetherthatistruewillbepartlyuptous.ScientistB:Ihavetoadmitthatthepotentialconsequencesofcreatingsomethingthatcanmatchorgobeyondhumanintelligencefrightenme.Evennow,scientistsareteachingputershowtolearnontheirown.Atsomepointinthenearfuture,theirintelligencemaywelltakeoffanddevelopatanever­increasingspeed.Humanbeingsevolvebiologicallyveryslowlyandwewouldbequicklyreplaced.Intheshortterm,thereisthedangerthatrobotswilltakeovermillionsofhumanjobs,creatingalargeunderclassofunemployedpeople.Thiscouldmeanlarge­scalepovertyandsocialunrest.Inthelongterm,machinesmightdecidetheworldwouldbebetterwithouthumans.ScientistC:I'mamemberoftheCampaigntoStopKillerRobots.ForgetthemovieimageofaterrifyingTerminator(终结者)stampingonhumanskullsandthinkofwhat'shappeningrightnow:militarymachineslikedrones,gunturretsandsentryrobotsarealreadybeingusedtokillwithverylittlehumaninput.Thenextstepwillbeautonomous“murderbots”followingordersbutfinallydecidingwhotokillontheirown.Itseemscleartomethatthiswouldbeextremelydangerousforhumans.Weneedtobeverycautiousindee