经原答案带英文大一下作业

PrinciplesofEconomicsI(Fall(Chapter4-6,DueonNov.13,Note:Alltextbookproblemnumbersreferto“ProblemsandApplication”partincorrespondingchapter,the6thChinese/USeditionofthetextbook.ForChapter4Foracompetitivemarket,whichofthefollowingstatementsisAsellercanalwaysincreaseherprofitbyraisingthepriceofherIfasellerchargesmorethanthegoingprice,buyerswillgoelsewheretomaketheirAselleroftenchargeslessthanthegoingpricetoincreasesalesandAsinglebuyercaninfluencethepriceoftheproduct,butonlywhenpurchasingfromseveralsellersinashortperiodoftime.Textbook,Chapter4,Technologicaladvancesthatreducethecostofproducingcomputerchipsrepresentadeclineinaninputpriceforproducingacomputer.Theresultisashifttotherightinthesupplyofcomputers,asshowninFigure19.Theequilibriumpricefallsandtheequilibriumquantityrises,asthefigureFigureBecausecomputersoftwareisacomplementtocomputers,thelowerequilibriumpriceofcomputersincreasesthedemandforsoftware.AsFigure20shows,theresultisariseinboththeequilibriumpriceandquantityofsoftware.FigureBecausetypewritersaresubstitutesforcomputers,thelowerequilibriumpriceofcomputersreducesthedemandfortypewriters.AsFigure21shows,theresultisadeclineinboththeequilibriumpriceandquantityoftypewriters.FigureTextbook,Chapter4, Reducedpoliceeffortswouldleadtoanincreaseinthesupplyofdrugs.AsFigure26shows,thiswouldcausetheequilibriumpriceofdrugstofallandtheequilibriumquantityofdrugstoFigure FigureOntheotherhand,cutbacksineducationeffortswouldleadtoariseinthedemandforThiswouldpushtheequilibriumpriceandquantityup,asshowninFigure Afallintheequilibriumpricewouldleadustobelievethefirsthypothesis. Iftheequilibriumpricerose,wewouldbelievethesecondhypothesis.Textbook,Chapter4,Becauseflourisaningredientinbagels,adeclineinthepriceofflourwouldshiftthesupplycurveforbagelstotheright.Theresult,showninFigure31,wouldbeafallinthepriceofbagelsandariseintheequilibriumquantityofbagels.FigureBecausecreamcheeseisacomplementtobagels,thefallintheequilibriumpriceofbagelsincreasesthedemandforcreamcheese,asshowninFigure32.Theresultisariseinboththeequilibriumpriceandquantityofcreamcheese.So,afallinthepriceofflourindeedraisesboththeequilibriumpriceofcreamcheeseandtheequilibriumquantityofbagels.Figure FigureWhathappensifthepriceofmilkfalls?Becausemilkisaningredientincreamcheese,thefallinthepriceofmilkleadstoanincreaseinthesupplyofcreamcheese.Thisleadstoadecreaseinthepriceofcreamcheese(Figure33),ratherthanariseinthepriceofcreamcheese.Soafallinthepriceofmilkcouldnothavebeenresponsibleforthepatternobserved.Inpart(a),wefoundthatafallinthepriceofflourledtoariseinthepriceofcreamcheeseandariseintheequilibriumquantityofbagels.Ifthepriceofflourrose,theoppositewouldbetrue;itwouldleadtoafallinthepriceofcreamcheeseandafallintheequilibriumquantityofbagels.Becausethequestionsaystheequilibriumpriceofcreamcheesehasrisen,itcouldnothavebeencausedbyariseinthepriceofflour.Whathappensifthepriceofmilkrises?Frompart(a),wefoundthatafallinthepriceofmilkcausedadeclineinthepriceofcreamcheese,soariseinthepriceofmilkwouldcauseariseinthepriceofcreamcheese.Becausebagelsandcreamcheesearecomplements,theriseinthepriceofcreamcheesewouldreducethedemandforbagels,asFigure34shows.Theresultisadeclineintheequilibriumquantityofbagels.Soariseinthepriceofmilkdoescausebothariseinthepriceofcreamcheeseandadeclineintheequilibriumquantityofbagels.35436 3

8小时的为1斤。1斤鱼的机会成本。在这四个人形成的市场中，最终的交易价4-62斤鱼。鱼的买者为李逵、李忠；

643 108位好汉参与的市场上，鱼的交易价格（以柴为单位）1斤得买者中出价最低者愿意支付的价格高于卖者中成本最高者愿意接受的价格。可以ForChapterTextbook,Chapter5,Mysterynovelshavemoreelasticdemandthanrequiredtextbooks,becausemysterynovelshaveclosesubstitutesandarealuxurygood,whilerequiredtextbooksareanecessitywithnoclosesubstitutes.Ifthepriceofmysterynovelsweretorise,readerscouldsubstituteothertypesofnovels,orbuyfewernovelsaltogether.Butifthepriceofrequiredtextbooksweretorise,studentswouldhavelittlechoicebuttopaythehigherprice.Thus,thequantitydemandedofrequiredtextbooksislessresponsivetopricethanthequantitydemandedofmysterynovels.Beethovenrecordingshavemoreelasticdemandthanclassicalmusicrecordingsingeneral.Beethovenrecordingsareanarrowermarketthanclassicalmusicrecordings,soitiseasytofindclosesubstitutesforthem.IfthepriceofBeethovenrecordingsweretorise,peoplecouldsubstituteotherclassicalrecordings,likeMozart.Butifthepriceofallclassicalrecordingsweretorise,substitutionwouldbemoredifficult.(Atransitionfromclassicalmusictorapisunlikely!)Thus,thequantitydemandedofclassicalrecordingsislessresponsivetopricethanthequantitydemandedofBeethovenrecordings.Subwayridesduringthenextfiveyearshavemoreelasticdemandthansubwayridesduringthenextsixmonths.Goodshaveamoreelasticdemandoverlongertimehorizons.Ifthefareforasubwayridewastorisetemporarily,consumerscouldnotswitchtootherformsoftransportationwithoutgreatexpenseorgreatinconvenience.Butifthefareforasubwayridewastoremainhighforalongtime,peoplewouldgraduallyswitchtoalternativeformsoftransportation.Asaresult,thequantitydemandedofsubwayridesduringthenextsixmonthswillbelessresponsivetochangesinthepricethanthequantitydemandedofsubwayridesduringthenextfiveRootbeerhasmoreelasticdemandthanwater.Rootbeerisaluxurywithclosesubstitutes,whilewaterisanecessitywithnoclosesubstitutes.Ifthepriceofwaterweretorise,consumershavelittlechoicebuttopaythehigherprice.Butifthepriceofrootbeerweretorise,consumerscouldeasilyswitchtoothersodasorbeverages.Sothequantitydemandedofrootbeerismoreresponsivetochangesinpricethanthequantitydemandedofwater.Textbook,Chapter5, Ifyourincomeis$10,000,yourpriceelasticityofdemandasthepriceofDVDsrisesfrom$8to$10is[(40–32)/36]/[(10–8)/9]=0.22/0.22=1.Ifyourincomeis$12,000,theelasticityis[(50–45)/47.5]/[(10–8)/9]=0.11/0.22=0.5. Ifthepriceis$12,yourincomeelasticityofdemandasyourincomeincreasesfrom$10,000to$12,000is[(30–24)/27]/[(12,000–10,000)/11,000]=0.22/0.18=1.22.Ifthepriceis$16,yourincomeelasticityofdemandasyourincomeincreasesfrom$10,000to$12,000is[(12–8)/10]/[(12,000–10,000)/11,000]=0.40/0.18=2.2.Textbook,Chapter5, IfMariaalwaysspendsone-thirdofherincomeonclothing,thenherincomeelasticityofdemandisone,becausemaintainingherclothingexpendituresasaconstantfractionofherincomemeansthepercentagechangeinherquantityofclothingmustequalherpercentagechangeinincome. Maria'spriceelasticityofclothingdemandisalsoone,becauseeverypercentagepointincreaseinthepriceofclothingwouldleadhertoreduceherquantitypurchasedbythesame BecauseMariaspendsasmallerproportionofherincomeonclothing,thenforanygivenprice,herquantitydemandedwillbelower.Thus,herdemandcurvehasshiftedtotheleft.Becauseshewillagainspendaconstantfractionofherincomeonclothing,herincomeandpriceelasticitiesofdemandremainone.Textbook,Chapter5, Farmerswhosecropswerenotdestroyedbenefitedbecausethedestructionofsomeofthecropsreducedthesupply,causingtheequilibriumpricetorise. Totellwhetherfarmersasagroupwerehurtorhelpedbythefloods,youwouldneedtoknowthepriceelasticityofdemand.Itcouldbethatthetotalrevenuereceivedbyallfarmersasagroupactuallyrose.单位里程耗油量（升 导致沿着需求曲线移动。如图，从(P0,Q0)点移到(P1,Q1)点。ForChapterTextbook,Chpater6,Reducingthepayrolltaxpaidbyfirmsandusingpartoftheextrarevenuetoreducethepayrolltaxpaidbyworkerswouldnotmakeworkersbetteroff,becausethedivisionoftheburdenofataxdependsontheelasticityofsupplyanddemandandnotonwhomustpaythetax.Becausethetaxwedgewouldbelarger,itislikelythatbothfirmsandworkers,whosharetheburdenofanytax,wouldbeworseoff.Textbook,Chapter6, Figure9showstheeffectsoftheminimumwage.Intheabsenceoftheminimumwage,themarketwagewouldbew1andQ1workerswouldbeemployed.Withtheminimumwage(wm)imposedabovew1,themarketwageiswm,thenumberofemployedworkersisQ2,andthenumberofworkerswhoareunemployedisQ3−Q2.TotalwagepaymentstoworkersareshownastheareaofrectangleABCD,whichequalswmtimesQ2.Figure Anincreaseintheminimumwagewoulddecreaseemployment.Thesizeoftheeffectonemploymentdependsonlyontheelasticityofdemand.Theelasticityofsupplydoesnotmatter,becausethereisasurplusoflabor. Theincreaseintheminimumwagewouldincreaseunemployment.Thesizeoftheriseinunemploymentdependsonboththeelasticitiesofsupplyanddemand.Theelasticityofdemanddeterminesthechangeinthequantityoflabordemanded,theelasticityofsupplydeterminesthechangeinthequantityoflaborsupplied,andthedifferencebetweenthequantitiessuppliedanddemandedoflaboristheamountofunemployment. Ifthedemandforunskilledlaborwereinelastic,theriseintheminimumwagewouldincreasetotalwagepaymentstounskilledlabor.Withinelasticdemand,thepercentagedeclineinemploymentwouldbelowerthanthepercentageincreaseinthewage,sototalwagepaymentsincrease.However,ifthedemandforunskilledlaborwereelastic,totalwagepaymentswoulddecline,becausethenthepercentagedeclineinemploymentwouldexceedthepercentageincreaseinthewage. 人们看病时自我支付的金额最终会 ，社会总体上花在看病上的金额最终 Marketresearchhasrevealedthefollowinginformationaboutthemarketforchocolatebars:ThedemandschedulecanberepresentedbytheequationQD=1,600-300P,whereQDisthequantitydemandedandPistheprice.ThesupplyschedulecanberepresentedbytheequationQS=1,400+700P,whereQSisthequantitysupplied.Calculatetheequilibriumpriceandquantityinthemarketforchocolatebars.Equilibriumoccurswherequantitydemandedisequaltoquantitysupplied.Thus:QD=QS,or1,600–300P=1,400+whichresultsP=$0.20,QD=QS=Theequilibriumpriceofachocolatebaris$0.20andtheequilibriumquantityis1,540Chocolateproducerspersuadethegovernmentthatchocolatebarsareimportantforpeople’shealth.Thegovernmentdecidestoimposeapricefloor$0.50.HowmanyChocolatesaresold?Doyouthinkthispolicyindeedhelptoimprovepeople’shealth?Thepolicywillcauseasurplusofchocolatebars.Thequantitysoldwillbedeterminedsolelybythedemandas