厦大大二微生物课件2013 2014第一章

微生物学Microbiology2013.9-2014.1OutlineIntroductionofmicrobiologyWhatisamicrobe,microbiology?Whywelearnit?Howtolearnit?IntroductionaboutofmicrobialworldTheEvolutionofMicroorganismsandMicrobiology-Whatisamicrobe?Theorganismsthatistoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye.Whatismicrobiology?Thestudyofmicroorganisms;specialtechniquesarerequiredtoisolateandgrowthem.Thestudycontentsinclude:morphologytraitGrowth,metabolismdiseaseControlandappliedetc.Whywelearnit?

Thesignificanceofmicrobemostpopulousanddiversegroupoforganismsfoundeverywhereontheplanetplayamajorroleinrecyclingessentialelementssourceofnutrientsandsomecarryoutphotosynthesisbenefitsocietybytheirproductionoffood,beverages,antibiotics,andvitaminssomecausediseaseinplantsandanimals数量多,种类丰富(无所不在)(物质循环中具有重要作用)(营养物质的来源进行光合作用)(食品,饮料,抗生素和维生素)(某些微生物会导致动植物疾病)

Howtolearn?TextbookPrescott`sprinciplesofmicrobiology(editioneight)Foundationsinmicrobiology(editionsix)BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms(11thEditon)1Teachingteam田蕴Tel:2184528Email:tianyun@袁晶Tel:2880316Email:yuanjing@TeachingAssistant:杨璐溪，Tel远远，Telartone:Introductiontomicrobiology2+6(prokaryotic)+3(eukaryotic)+4(virus)Parttwo:Microbialnutrition,growthandcontrol(2+4)Partthree:Microbialmetabolism(8)Partfour:Microbialmolecularbiologyandgenetics(7)Partfive:Thediversityofthemicrobialworld(1+2)Partsix:Ecologyandsymbiosis(2)Partseven:PathogenicityandHostResponse(5)Parteight:Microbialdiseases,detection,andtheircontrol(1)Partnine:Appliedmicrobiology(1)ThicktothinMagic?AssessmentScore=Midsemester40％+normal10％+final50％Method:Reading-Listening-Thinking-Asking-A-R(Textbook-PPT-talkingtopic)TheEvolutionofMicroorganismsandMicrobiology-

Chapter1微生物和微生物学的历史沿革Whatismicrobeanditsworld?1.1MembersofthemicrobialworldMicroorganism:Anorganismthatistoosmalltobeseenclearlywiththenakedeyeandlackshighlydifferentiatedcellsanddistincttissues.Microorganismsinclude:Bacteria（细菌）Archaea（古菌）Viruses（病毒）Fungi（真菌）protozoa（原生动物）Algae（藻类）helminths(worms寄生虫)(微生物是个体小,没有高度分化的细胞和清晰的组织的一类肉眼不可见的有机体)some<1mm,somemacroscopic1.1.1characteristicsofmicrobesProcaryotesandeucaryotesProcaryote（原核生物）–unicellularorganisms,lacknucleiandmembrane-boundorganellesEucaryote（真核生物）–unicellular(microscopic)andmulticellular,nucleusandmembrane-boundorganellesViruses（病毒）

acellular,parasitic（寄生）particlescomposedofanucleicacidandprotein(单细胞,无核/膜类细胞器)(有核/膜类细胞器)(无细胞结构)1.1.2microbialdimensionsProcaryotesaremeasuredinmicrometers(μm).Virusesinnanometers(nm)Helminthsaremeasuredinmillimeters(mm).1.1.3Classificationschemes-3DomainsBacteria-truebacteria,peptidoglycan(肽聚糖)Archaea-oldbacteriathatliveinextremeenvironments,highsalt,heat,etc.Eucarya-haveanucleusandorganellesDomainbacteriaUsuallysingle-celledMajorityhavecellwallwithpeptidoglycanMost

lackamembrane-boundnucleusUbiquitousandsomeliveinextremeenvironments蓝藻Cyanobacteriaproduceamountsofsignificantoxygen单个细胞(细胞壁含有肽聚糖)(无核膜)(广泛存在,有些生活在极端环境)(产生氧气，是地球上最早释放氧气的细菌）)DomainarchaeadistinguishedfromBacteriabyuniquerRNAsequenceslackpeptidoglycanincellwallshaveuniquemembranelipidssomehaveunusualmetaboliccharacteristicsmanyliveinextremeenvironments(细胞壁无肽聚糖)(膜脂独特)(独特的代谢特征)Domaineucarya-eucaryoticprotists–generallylargerthanBacteriaandArchaeaalgae–photosynthetic(藻类-光合作用)protozoa–maybemotile,“hunters,grazers”slimemolds–twolifecyclestageswatermolds–devastatingdiseaseinplants

fungiyeast-unicellularmold-multicellular

Acellularinfectiousagentsvirusessmallestofallmicrobesrequireshostcelltoreplicatecauserangeofdiseases,somecancersViroids(类病毒)andvirusoids(拟病毒)infectiousagentscomposedofRNAPrions（朊病毒）–infectiousproteinsViroidsInfectiousagentsofplantscomposedonlyofsinglestrandRNAVirusoidsInfectiousagentscomposedonlyofsinglestrandRNA.Theyareunabletoreplicatewithoutoftheaidofspecificvirusthatco-infectthehostcellVirusesInfectiousagentshavingasimpleacellularorgnizationwithaproteincoatandanuclearacidgenome,andreproducingonlywithinlivinghostcells.WhatisadefinitionofLife?cellsandorganizationresponsetoenvironmentalchangesgrowthanddevelopmentbiologicalevolutionenergyuseandmetabolismregulationandhomeostasisreproductionDefinitionoflife

1.2.1Originsoflifemicrobialfossils3.5billionyearsoldfossilrecordsparseindirectevidenceandscientificmethodareusedtostudyoriginsoflifeCyanobacteriafossil1.2.Microbialevolution1.2.2Earliestmolecules–RNA？originalmoleculemusthavefulfilledproteinandhereditaryfunctionribozymesRNAmoleculesthatformpeptidebondsperformcellularworkandreplication

earliestcellsmayhavebeenRNAsurroundedbyliposomes1.3.Microbiologyoriginsandmicrobiologist-pioneer1.3Microbiology-originsstudyofmicroorganismstoolsusedforthestudymicroscopesculturetechniquesmoleculargeneticsgenomicsAntonieVanLeeuwenhoek(1632-1723)DutchlinenmerchantFirsttoobservelivingmicrobesSingle-lensmagnifiedupto300XDrawingBacterialfrommouthInsertfigure1.81.3.1microscopyanddiscoveryofmicroorgnismsInsertfigure1.9(a)microscopeLouispasteur(1822-1895)ShowedmicrobescausedfermentationandspoilageDisprovedspontaneousgenerationofmicroorganismsDevelopedpasteurizationDemonstratedwhatisnowknownasGermTheoryofDiseaseDevelopedarabiesvaccineRobertKoch(1843-1910)EstablishedKoch’spostulates-asequenceofexperimentalstepsthatverifiedthegermtheoryIdentifiedcauseofanthrax(炭疽),TB,andcholeraDevelopedpureculturemethodsInsertfigure1.12Agar(琼脂)petridish(培养皿)nutrientbrothandnutrientagarmethodsforisolatingmicroorganismsKoch’sworkledtodiscoveryordevelopmentof:

32JosephLister–干净的真正含义introducedaseptic(无菌)techniquesreducingmicrobesinmedicalsettingstopreventinfectionsinvolveddisinfection(消毒)ofhandsusingchemicalspriortosurgeryuseofheatforsterilization(灭菌)1.4Taxonomy:organizing,classifyingandnaminglivingthingsConcernedwith:classification–order