智力及其测量研究新进展

心理科学2000年第23卷第2 黄洁华陈小红5

莫摘要不同的见解关键词智力心理测验多样性智力静态的测验是指通常要求被试解答给定问题,并且解答后没有反馈的测验。目前运用最多的是多因素理论的观点,认为智力是多层次的。例如,Wechler的儿童智力测验第三版和StanfordBinetKaufman的青少年和青年智力测验1993,Woocckonsn的认知能力修正版1989Naglieri认知评估系统Naglieri&s,197)建立在鲁利亚的理论的基础上,它测量了注意力,Feuerstein的学习潜能评估测验已应用于临床,但其标准化和有效性仍有待于研究[1]典型表现测验可以作为最佳表现测验的补充[2]。在这种测验中,被试要回答诸如“我乐于做要求认真和有从1930年至今是如此。对这种效应的有关解释包括学校教育的增加,父母受教育程度的提高,更好的营养,儿童疾病的减少和父母增加对下一代的关心[4]。Flynn真思考“IQ是固定的”这个观点,因为对个体来说它可能不是固定的,BellBell 心理科 第23进行隔离和家长式管理。而Sternberg(1995[)6]则提出疑问。首先,HerrnsteinMurray10IQ90%或更多的变化仍然没有得到解释。第二,Herrstein和MurrayIQ式测验的结果,而不是智力本身的个别差异的结果。近于一般能力的能力,位于下层的是更接近于特殊能力的能力。Carroll(1993)[7]的智力层次模型包括三个层次音乐的、身体运动的、人际关系的和人自身的智力。近来,Gardner(1998[8]又提出自然智力,即人们辨认自然的能力,达题的关注。目前没有直接检验整个GardnerSternberg(1996提出成功智力[9],即适应、改造和选择环境来达到个人的、社会的和文化的目标的能力。分析,创造和实践能力这三种广义能力对成功对独立于常规的能力,IQ一样,有时比IQ能更好预测工作成功的标准。erkin199]Perkins认为神经智力是人们神经系统的功能大部分由遗传决定的不可传授。一些人的系统比另的扩展和组织,第2 黄洁华等智力及其测量研究的新进 很难区分生物和环境对智力的影响。另外,ayer&Gehr(1996[11SATHuAnnual49479 AckermanPL,HeggestadED.Intelligence,personality,anditeretsevdeeforoverlappingtraits.Psychol.Bull,1997:121219 edM BronfenbrennerU,CeciSJ.Naturenurturereconceptionalizedindevelopmentalperspective:abioecologicalmodel.Psychol.Rev,1994101565 HerrnsteinRJ,MurrayC.TheBellCurve:IntelligenceandClassStructureinAmericanLife.NewYork:FreePress,a, HANCranformaionEgewNSOutsmFMayerJD,GehrG.Emotionalintelligenceandtheidentificationofemotion.Intelligence,1996;22 202页形成的知觉物体对选择性注意有重要作用。忽视病人的忽视行为表现为以知觉组织 A,P,10 E,,97 etal,pycopys173,155 al,EPsycol,,16 et,Er ,Pyc,, et,,EPsyhol,P,448 S3260,AnnNerol,309 Iet,JNeuosi,et,ol,47J,negectiialdes193, 心理科 第23isticsofbehavioraffectperformanceofgroupdecisionclimate.Interactionbetweenpurposeandtimedelaywassupported“theCurture andtheexplanationofinteractionbetweentimeandpurposebyK.R.Murphy:thepurposeofgroupdecisionmakingmayaffectboththeencodingofinformationandretrievalofthatinformation.Keywords:Groupdecisionmaking, plementarityhypothesis,twohighthresholdtheoryEFFECTSOFPSYCHOLOGICALSTRESSONRATS'FREERADICALSHou(HangzhouMedcalMiaoX(PsychologyDeparen,EasChnaNoralUnversThepresentresearchstudiedthedamageofthefreeradicalsofrats brain,liver,heart,kidneyandthechangeofantifreeradicalenzymeswhenthepsychologicalstresscausedbynoiseoccurredIntheexperiments,therewerethreeexperimentalgroups(5daygroup,10daygroup,20daygroup)andcontrolgroupsTLPO,SODandCADoftheratsorgansmentionedabovewereanalysedTheresultswereasfollows:1)Psychologicalstresscouldmaketheanimalproducemorefreeradical,andhaveeffectsonthebrain,liver,heart,kidneytissues;2)Duringshorttermstress,thetissuesmentionedabovecouldgetridoffreeradicalsthroughSODorCATIfstressreactionwasprolonged,theeffectofantifreeradicalenzymesdecreasedKeywords:psychologicalstress,freeredical,lipidperoxidation,superoxidedismutases,cattalosACOMPARISONBETWEENTHEPDP(PRIMINGTYPE)SCHEDULEAND(DeparenoPsychology,ShanghaTeachers'UnversTwoexperimentsweremadeforcomparingtheprimingtypeschedulewithRichardsonKlavehnsmodelBymanipulationofthedirections,weexaminedtheimpactofvoluntarinessontheparticipantsretrievalstrat

egyandtheinfluenceofdifferentfactors(attentionlevel,stimulusmaterials,processinglevel,testtypes)upontheparticipantsperformanceTheresultshowed:1)Stimulusmaterialshadanotableinfluenceontheexperimentofvoluntarycontrolledmemory,buthadnoeffectontheunconsciousprocessingparametersofPDP;2)TheresultofprimingtypescheduleshowedagreatcorrespondencewithPDPtheory;3)ThemakingofretrievalstrategyisnotcompletelycontrolledbyKeywords:primingtypeexperimentalscheduleofPDP,retrievalstrategy,oppositiontest,intendedtest,casualtestNEWPROGRESSINTHERESEARCHONINTELLIGENCEANDITSTEST(InsueoHgherEducaon,ShanouUnversy,(DeparenoPsychology,SouhChnaNoralUnversThearticlereviewsrecentliteratureonintelligenceanditstestAlthoughtherearevariousviews,peopleaccepttheideaofmultipleintelligenceItsthemultipleintelligencethatcausespeopletoadaptthemselvesto,selectandshapeenvironmentsinwaysthatmeetthedemandsofthoseenvironmentsKeywords:intelligence,psychometrictest,multipleFROMGAGNE'SIDEAABOUTLEARNER'SQUALITIESLinYing,YaoX(DeparenoPsychology,EasChnaNoralUnversIthasbeenalongtimesincequalityeducationwasputforwardButtheconnotationofthequalityisstillcontroversialtodayInthisarticle,thecomponentsofsqualitiesaredividedintothreeparts:thenatureoflearersqualities,thelearnedqualitiesandthequalitiesmeasuredbypsychometricsTheobjectiveofqualityeducationisthelearnedqualities,involvingverbalinformation,intellectualskill,cognitionstrategy,motorskillandattitudeInstructionshouldfollowtheprinciplesonwhichthequalitiesareacquiredKeywords:learnersqualities,learned—USINGIRTINPOLYCHOTOMOUSLYSCOREDITEMSDIRECTLYMiaoYuan,Li(InsueoHgherEducaonalResearch,