联合国详细介绍

WelcometotheUnitedNations

Emblem（会徽）oftheUnitedNationsFlagoftheUnitedNationsFlagandEmblemABriefIntroductionTheUnitedNationswasfoundedin1945afterWorldWarIItoreplacetheLeagueofNations,tostopwarsbetweencountries,andtoprovideaplatformfordialogue.Itcontainsmultiplesubsidiaryorganizationstocarryoutitsmissions.In1945,theUNhad51members.Itnowhas193,ofwhichmorethantwo-thirdsaredevelopingcountries.Becauseoftheirnumbers,developingcountriesareoftenabletodeterminetheagendaoftheAssembly，thecharacterofitsdebates,andthenatureofitsdecisions.Formanydevelopingcountries,theUNisthesourceofmuchoftheirdiplomaticinfluenceandtheprincipaloutletfortheirforeignrelationsinitiatives.FourofthefiveprincipalorgansarelocatedatthemainUnitedNationsHeadquarterslocatedoninternationalterritoryinNewYorkCity.TheInternationalCourtofJusticeislocatedinTheHague（海牙）,whileothermajoragenciesarebasedintheUNofficesatGeneva,（日内瓦）,Vienna（维也纳）,andNairobi（内罗比，肯尼亚首都）.OtherUNinstitutionsarelocatedthroughouttheworld.TheLocationsNewYorkViennaGenevaThesixofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations,usedinintergovernmentalmeetingsanddocuments,areArabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian,andSpanish.[2]TheSecretariatusestwoworkinglanguages,EnglishandFrench.FouroftheofficiallanguagesarethenationallanguagesofthepermanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncil(theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesshareEnglishasofficiallanguage);SpanishandArabicarethelanguagesofthetwolargestblocsofofficiallanguagesoutsideofthepermanentmembers(Spanishbeingofficialin20countries,Arabicin26).FiveoftheofficiallanguageswerechosenwhentheUNwasfounded;Arabicwasaddedlaterin1973.TheOfficialLanguages

GeneralAssembly(联合国大会)

SecurityCouncil（安全理事会）

Secretariat（秘书处）

InternationalCourtofJustice（国际法院）

EconomicandSocialCouncil（经济及社会理事会）

Specializedinstitutions

OrganizationGeneralAssemblyUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyhallTheGeneralAssemblyisthemaindeliberativeassemblyoftheUnitedNations.ComposedofallUnitedNationsmemberstates,theassemblymeetsinregularyearlysessionsunderapresidentelectedfromamongthememberstates.Overatwo-weekperiodatthestartofeachsession,allmembershavetheopportunitytoaddresstheassembly.Traditionally,theSecretary-Generalmakesthefirststatement,followedbythepresidentoftheassembly.Italwaystakesthreemonths.Thefirstsessionwasconvenedon10January1946intheWestminsterCentralHallinLondonandincludedrepresentativesof51nations.大会是做什么的?

这是一个所有会员国均派有代表的独一无二的世界论坛。是最近乎国际议会的机构。会上，所有各国均可表达其不同意见并就如何行动达成谅解。联合国大会,所有国家不分贫富,不分强弱,均享有同等的表决权；享有同样的权利和特权以及同样的责任与义务。大会的表决结果是世界舆论的准确反映。其决定对于会员国虽不具法律效力,但却代表着国际社会的道义权威。SecurityCouncilUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilchamberTheSecurityCouncilischargedwithmaintainingpeaceandsecurityamongcountries.WhileotherorgansoftheUnitedNationscanonlymake'recommendations'tomembergovernments,theSecurityCouncilhasthepowertomakedecisionsthatmembergovernmentshaveagreedtocarryout,underthetermsofCharterArticle25.ThedecisionsoftheCouncilareknownasUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilresolutions.TheSecurityCouncilismadeupof15memberstates,consistingof5permanentmembers–China,France,Russia,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates–and10non-permanentmembers,currentlyAzerbaijan,India,SouthAfrica,Colombia,Morocco,Togo,Germany,Pakistan,Guatemala,andPortugal(阿塞拜疆、印度、南非、哥伦比亚、摩洛哥、多哥、德国、巴基斯坦、危地马拉、和葡萄牙).Thefivepermanentmembersholdvetopower(否决权).Thetentemporaryseatsareheldfortwo-yeartermswithmemberstatesvotedinbytheGeneralAssemblyonaregionalbasis.ThepresidencyoftheSecurityCouncilisrotatedalphabeticallyeachmonth.MembersWhythefive?ThefivepermanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncilwerethevictoriouspowersinWorldWarIIandhavemaintainedtheworld'smostpowerfulmilitaryforceseversince.Theyannuallytopthelistofcountrieswiththehighestmilitaryexpenditures;in2011,theyspentoverUS$1trillioncombinedondefense,accountingforover60%ofglobalmilitaryexpenditures(theU.S.aloneaccountingforover40%).Theyarealsotheonlycountriesofficiallyrecognizedas"nuclear-weaponstates"undertheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty(NPT),thoughthereareotherstatesknownorbelievedtobeinpossessionofnuclearweapons安理会对国际问题的调停和裁决实行5个常任理事国一致的原则（大国一致原则），即每项决议只要有一个常任理事国投否决票，便不能通过。SecretariatTheUnitedNationsSecretariatBuildingattheUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYorkCity.TheUnitedNationsSecretariatisanintergovernmentalorganizationchargedwiththepromotionofaidingstatestocollectivelymaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity;itservesasaforumformember-statestodiscussandresolvepressingissuesintheinternationalfieldthroughprimarilydiplomaticresources.TheSecretariatiscomposedofaSecretaryGeneral,assistedbyastaffofinternationalcivilservantsworldwide.TheactivitiesoftheSecretariatareperformedbyastaffof44,000civilservantsfromaroundtheworldundertheleadershipoftheSecretary-General.EligibilityforcivilserviceisbasedonaUN-administeredexaminationofferedworldwide,inadditiontoacompetitiveapplicationprocess.DutiesTheUNCharterisnotspecificabouttheSecretariat‘spowers.HoweveritisclearthattheSecretariat,andtheSecretary-General,arevitalpartstotheUN.Itisinchargeofnotifications(通告)andthearrangementofthemeetingsofthesecretary-general.TheSecretariatisalsoinchargeofpublishingallofthetreatiesandinternationalagreementsthattheUNmakes.TheroleoftheSecretariatvarieswiththeagendaoftheUN.SometimesitisrequiredtoactasamediatorandothertimesitissettoadministerdifferentpeacekeepingoperationsTheSecretariatisheadedbytheSecretary-General,whoactsasthespokespersonandleaderoftheUN.ThecurrentSecretary-GeneralisBanKi-moon,whotookoverfromKofiAnnanin2007andhasbeenelectedforasecondtermtoconcludeattheendof2016.SecretaryGeneral联合国秘书长是联合国秘书处的长官。依照联合国宪章，秘书长是由安理会推荐，联合国大会指定的，是这一机构的“行政首长”（联合国宪章），负责秘书处的工作，将其认为可能威胁国家和平和安全的任何事项提请安理会关注，并执行安理会、联合国大会和其他主要机构托付的“其它职务”。在世界各国面前，联合国秘书长往往被看作联合国的象征，同时也利用这一身份对争端的各方进行调停。联合国秘书长的任期为五年，可以连任。秘书长可以根据工作需要，任命若干名副秘书长，协助其工作。联合国秘书长，常被看作是“世界的总管”。联合国秘书长的作用是什么?秘书长是联合国的最高官员和行政首长,在世人面前,他是联合国的象征。秘书长的主要职责之一是提请安全理事会注意威胁到国际和平与安全的任何问题。为帮助解决国际争端,秘书长可进行调停,或在幕后进行“悄悄的外交”。秘书长的公正不偏是联合国最重要的资产。InternationalCourtofJustice

PeacePalace,seatoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeatTheHague,NetherlandsTheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),locatedinTheHague,Netherlands,istheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations.Establishedin1945bytheUnitedNationsCharter,theCourtbeganworkin1946asthesuccessortothePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice.Itspurposeistoadjudicatedisputesamongstates.Thecourthasheardcasesrelatedtowarcrimes,illegalstateinterferenceandethniccleansing,amongothers,andcontinuestohearcasesTheCourtiscomposedof15judges,whoareelectedfortermsofofficeofnineyearsbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyandtheSecurityCouncil.ItisassistedbyaRegistry,itsadministrativeorgan.ItsofficiallanguagesareEnglishandFrench.

TheCourtmayentertaintwotypesofcases:legaldisputesbetweenStatessubmittedtoitbythem(contentiouscases)andrequestsforadvisoryopinionsonlegalquestionsreferredtoitbyUnitedNationsorgansandspecializedagencies(advisoryproceedings).TheInternationalCriminalCourt（ICC),itcameintobeingon1July2002.Itisthefirstpermanentinternationalcourtchargedwithtryingthosewhocommitthemostseriouscrimesunderinternationallaw,includingwarcrimes,genocide(种族灭绝),crimesagainsthumanityandthecrimeofaggressionEconomicandSocialCouncilTheECOSOCchamberTheEconomicandSocialCouncil(ECOSOC)assiststheGeneralAssemblyinpromotinginternationaleconomicandsocialcooperationanddevelopment.ECOSOChas54members,allofwhichareelectedbytheGeneralAssemblyforathree-yearterm.Thepresidentiselectedforaone-yeartermandchosenamongstthesmallormiddlepowersrepresentedonECOSOC.ECOSOCmeetsonceayearinJulyforafour-weeksession.Since1998,ithasheldanothermeetingeachAprilwithfinanceministersheadingkeycommitteesoftheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFund.Viewedseparatefromthespecializedbodiesitcoordinates,ECOSOC'sfunctionsincludeinformationgathering,advisingmembernations,andmakingrecommendations.Specializedinstitutions

ManyUNorganizationsandagenciesexisttowork