Unit 2 Using language Grammar 语法课件-2023-2024学年高中英语外研版（2019）必修第一册

Unit

2

ExploringEnglishWordformationLearntoknowthewordformationrulesinEnglish.LearntoknowthedifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishinspellingandwordschoice.WhyisEnglishaninterestingandcrazylanguagetolearn?Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,theformationandthemeaningsofsomewordsarecrazy,suchas“_________”and“________”.Second,somewords,like“_______,_______”and“________,_________”maymakelearnersconfused.Third,themeaningsofsomephrasesarealsoconfusing.That’sbecauseEnglishwasinventedbypeople,whichreflectstheir__________.ReviewthepassageNeitherPinenorAppleinPineappleandfinishthesummaryofthepassage.pineapplehomesickharmfulharmlessshamefulshamelesscreativityMatchthewordstothetypesofwordformation.a.Neitheristherepinenorappleinpineapple.b.…sculptasculpture…c.Whenwe…seerain…,wecansay“it’sraining”…d.WHO□1abbreviating□2changingthepartofspeech□3addingaprefixorsuffix□4combiningtwoormorewordsdcbaNowlookformoreexamplesofeachtypeinthereadingpassage.1.abbreviating:IT,US2.changingthepartofspeech:whenwe…see…snow,wecansay…“it’ssnowing”.3.addingaprefixorsuffix:paint-painting,hard-hardly,soft-softly,harm-harmless/harmful,shame-shameless/shameful,visible-invisible4.combiningtwoormorewords:hamburger,eggplant,seasick,airsick,carsick,homesick,homework,housework英语中，词的构成方法主要有四种：合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法。1.

合成法(compound)：把两个或更多的词合成一个词，可用连字符连接，也可直接写一起，或者由分开的两个词构成。合成词一般包括：合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。构词法(Wordformation)

1)

合成名词名词+名词：postman,girlfriend,flowerbed,notebook形容词+名词：blackboard,supermarket,greenhouse名词+动词：daybreak,sunrise,haircut动词-ing形式+名词：readingroom,washingmachine名词+动词-ing形式：handwriting,papermaking动词+名词：pickpocket,workroom动词+副词：breakup其它形式：get-together,go-between,passer-by2)

合成形容词形容词+名词+ed:warm-hearted形容词+v.-ing:good-looking副词+v.-ing:hard-working名词+v.-ing:English-speaking名词+v.-ed:man-made副词+v.-ed:well-known形容词+名词:mid-east,round-trip3)

合成代词代词宾格/物主代词+self/selves：herself,ourselves某些不定代词some,any,every,no等+body/one/thing：anyone,nothing4)

合成介词介词+副词：within副词+名词：outside5)

合成副词副词+名词：indoors,overhead,upstairs介词+名词：alongside,beforehand名词+形容词：sky-high副词+介词：nearby其它形式：meanwhile,headfirst6)

合成动词副词+动词：overhear,overwork,underline名词+动词：moonwalk,sunbathe形容词+动词：whitewash,safeguardpopcornrainbowsunglassesmoonlightsunflowerstarfish=?2.派生法(Derivation)：在一个词根之前或之后加上一个词缀，构成一个新词，这种构词法叫派生法。单词前加前缀，一般不改变词性，只引起意义上的变化。单词后加后缀，一般意义变化不大，只改变了词性。如：(dis)honest,(il)legal,(ir)regular,fool(ish),farm(er),visit(or)等。常见前缀含义/功能例词in-,il-,im-,ir-,un-,non-,dis-表否定或反义incorrect,illegal,impolite,irrelative,unnecessary,non-smoking,dislikemis-错误地mislead,misunderstand,misadventurepre-在……之前preschool,previewre-再，重新retell,rewrite,reviewinter-相互international,interconnect常见前缀含义/功能例词a-的asleep,aliveen-使enrich,enlargetele-远程的television,telescopeauto-自动automaticco-共同cooperate,co-workermulti-多multicultural,multilingualkilo-千kilogram,kilometer常见名词后缀含义/功能例词-er，-or表具有特征之人或用于……之物teenager,sculptor,cooker,

actor-ment表结果、状态replacement,

disappointment,arrangement,argument-tion表状态、行为examination,condition,reflection-hood表身份、性质、时期parenthood,brotherhood,childhood-ist表主义者、从事某种职业panist,socialist-ship表性质、关系ownership,friendship常见形容词后缀含义/功能例词-ed表具有interested,aged-ful表有可……性质的，充满……的useful,mouthful,painful,colorful-less表示无、没有careless,useless-able表示可……的，有……性质的knowledgeable,comfortable常见副词后缀含义/功能例词-ly表示方式carefully,quickly3.

转化法(Conversion)：有些名词可作动词，有些形容词可作动词、名词或副词。这种保持词形不变，但改变词性的方法叫转化法。1)动词转化为名词有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如attempt,laugh。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如：wind(v.上发条→n.风）tear（v.

撕开→

n.

泪水），record（v.

记载，录制→

n.

记录）。2)名词转化为动词face

n.

脸→

v.

面对nurse

n.

护士→

v.

护理water

n.

水→

v.

浇水e.g.Shegavemeaglassofwater.她给了我一杯水。

Youshouldwatertheflowerstwiceaweek.你应该每周给这些花浇两次水。3)

形容词转化为动词、名词或副词narrow

adj.

窄的→

v.

使……变窄red

adj.

红色的→

n.

红色fast

adj.

快的→

adv.

迅速地e.g.Thestairswereverynarrow.楼梯非常狭窄。Henarrowedhiseyesandgazedatthehorizon.他眯起眼睛凝望着地平线。Wepaintedthedoorbrightred.我们把门漆成鲜红色。Ilikethewaytheartistusesredinthispainting.我喜欢画家在这幅作品中对红色的运用。。4)其它情况的转化，如head（n.

头

→

v.

朝某方向行进），

north（adj.

北方的→

adv.

向北）。e.g.Heheadedforthebusstop.他朝着公共汽车站走去。Thebirdsflynorthinsummer.夏季鸟儿向北飞。4.

缩略法(Abbreviation)：用单词或短语的部分内容指代整体。

1)首字母缩写

WTO–WorldTradeOrganization世界贸易组织IOC–InternationalOlympicCommittee国际奥林匹克委员会OPEC–OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries石油输出国组织2)单词截断(Clipping)

advertisement–adlaboratory–labexamination--examDividethefollowingwordsaccordingdifferentwordformation.Abbreviation:_____________________________________________USADJPMwatermelonschoolworkUSAsunshinetoothacheimpossiblebookstorenationalmooncakeDJrestroomchopstickimpolitetextbookwarmthbathroomdisagreePMbutterflysnowmanCompounding:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Derivation:_________________________________________________watermelonschoolworksunshinetoothachebookstoremooncakerestroomchopsticktextbookBathroombutterflysnowmanimpossiblenationalimpolitewarmthdisagreewatermelonschoolworkUSAsunshinetoothacheimpossiblebookstorenationalmooncakeDJrestroomchopstickimpolitetextbookwarmthbathroomdisagreePMbutterflysnowmanCompletethepassagewiththehelpofwordformationandgetthemainideaofeachparagraph.Whenyouopenadictionary,youoftencomeacrossalotofunfamiliarwords.Youmightthinkthisisabitscary.Butmanyofthemareformedusingothersimplerwords.Thisiscalledwordformation.Whatiscalledwordformation.Wordsformedbycombiningotherwordsarecalledcompounds,forexample,__________(afriendthatyoucontactbywriting,traditionallyusingapen)and____________(knownbymanypeople).penfriendwell-knownWhatarecalledcompoundsandsomeexamples.Prefixesandsuffixesoftenhavefixedmeanings.Ifyouaddun-orin-toaword,thenewwordusuallymeansopposite.Forexample,ifsomethingisn’tcorrectit’s_________,andifsomeoneisn’thappythey’re_________.Wordswiththesuffixes-mentand-nessareoftennouns.Forexample,ifsomebodyhasimprovedalot,theyhavemadegreat______________.incorrectunhappyimprovementPrefixesandsuffixesoftenhavefixedmeanings.Somenounsandadjectivescanbeusedasverbs,ortheotherwayround.Whenwecalmsomebodydown,theybecome________.Andwecangivesomeoneapresentby____________it.calmpresentingThepartofspeechcanbechanged.Andsometimesawordismadeupofthefirstlettersofseveralwords:“WorldTradeOrganization”canbereferredtoas________,and________isshortfor“assoonaspossible”.Itisimpossibletoknowthemeaningofeveryword,butknowingaboutwordformationcanhelpusguesstheirmeanings.WTOASAPAbbreviatingHowwordformationcanhelpus.1.Whenyouopenadictionary,youoftencomeacrossalotofunfamiliarwords.e.g.Whenyoucomeacrossanydifficulty,don’thesitratetoturntomeforhelp.HespokeforalongtimebutIamafraidhismeaning

didnotcomeacross.comeacross

findunexpectedly

偶然发现

cometogether

偶然遇见

bereceivedorunderstood

被理解contactv.towritetoortelephonesomeone(写信、打电话)联系(某人)n.

communicationwithaperson,organization,countryetc联系，联络2.afriendthatyoucontactbywriting,traditionallyusingapene.g.Givethenamesoftwopeoplewhocanbecontactedinanemergency.Manyofushavenodirectcontactwithelderlypeople.stay/keepincontactwithsb.与某人保持联系beincontactwithsb.与某人有联系losecontactwithsb.与某人失去联系makecontactwithsb.

与某人取得联系LearntoknowtheAmericanEnglishwordsandtheirEnglishequivalents.Watchavideoforfun!AmericanandBritishEnglishLookatthepicturesandgettoknowtheAmericanEnglishwordsandtheirBritishequivalents.asubway(AmericanEnglish)/underground(BritishEnglish)bhighway(AmericanEnglish)/motorway(BritishEnglish)ctheater(AmericanEnglish)/theatre(British

English)dgas(AmericanEnglish)/petrol(BritishEnglish)eapartment(AmericanEnglish)/flat(British

English)felevator(AmericanEnglish)/lift(BritishEnglish)Keys:Nowcompletethepassagewiththewordsabove.Today,AmericanEnglishisincommoninternationaluse.ItisdifferentfromBritishEnglishinseveralways,mostlyinspellingandvocabulary.SomeAmericanspellingswerecreatedbyNoahWebster,whomadeoneofAmerica’sfirstdictionaries.Hechanged“-re”spellingto“-er”,whichiswhy________isspelt________inAmericanEnglish.theatertheatreTheAmericansandtheBritishalsousedifferentwordsforeverydaythings.Forexample,Americanstalkaboutputting______intheircarsanddrivingalongthe________,whereasintheUK,peopleput________intheircarsanddrivealongthe___________.Americanstakethe________tothetopfloorofabuilding,buttheBritishusethe_____.gashighwaypetrolmotorwayelevatorliftIntheUS,theytakethe________,butintheUK,peopletravelonthe____________.Americansliveina(n)___________,whiletheBritishliveina(n)______.It’snotasconfusingasitseems:usuallypeoplefromthetwocountriescanunderstandeachotherfromthecontext.Buttha