Unit+1+The+mass+media+Grammar+ Usage+详细讲解【知识精研+拓展延伸】-2024-2024学年高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第二册

Unit1TheMassMedia

Grammar&Usage

新译林2020版

选必二一、什么是过去完成时？表示过去某一时间或动作之前发生的动作或状态，以及对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果。例：1.Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthespaceship.2.Alltheticketshadbeensoldoutwhentheyarrived.二、过去完成时的构成基本结构：had＋动词过去分词(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。HehadalreadybeentoNewYorkearlierintheweek.TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.Atthattimewehadn'tmether.Wehadn'tseeneachothersinceheleftNanjing.—Hadyouvisitedherebefore?—Yes,Ihad./No,Ihadn't.(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？Wherehadyoubeenbeforeyoucamehere?Howmanynewwordshadyoulearnedbytheendoflastterm?(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.1.过去完成时可以表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作。这个过去的时间常用by…,before…等介词短语或时间状语从句来表示，也可以从一个表示过去的动作或上下文中得到提示。如：

Hehadtriedhisbestalthoughhefailed.ShehadlearnedChinesebeforeshecametoChina.

Bytheendoflastmonth,wehadfinishedhalfoftheproject.P98GrammarFocus2.过去完成时可以表示从过去的某一时刻开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。如：

Shehadworkedfortwelvehoursby8:00p.m.Hesaidhehadworkedinthatfactorysince2005.3.hope,wish,plan,want,intend,attempt,expect,think,suppose等表示

“打算、计划、希望、试图、认为等”的动词，用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图等。如:

Ihadwantedtohelpyou,butIwastoobusythen.

Hehadthoughttosendforadoctor.4.过去完成时可以用于hardly…when或nosooner…than等结构：一……就……。如：Ihadhardlyenteredtheclassroomwhenthebellrang.Nosoonerhadshearrivedthanshedevotedherselftoherresearch.5.过去完成时常有by,when等引导的时间状语作为标志。如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbytheendoflastweek.HehadlearntEnglishfortenyearswhenhegraduatedfromhighschool.6.如果before引导的时间状语从句，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；如果after引导时间状语从句，从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：John(had)leftbeforeIcamehome.Hebegantowriteareviewafterhe(had)watchedthefilmtwice.一般过去时与过去完成时的区别时态结构用法一般过去时主动：did/was/were动作发生在过去的某个时间被动：was/weredone过去完成时主动：haddone动作发生在过去的某个时间、动作之前被动：hadbeendonePastperfecttenseFillintheblankswithproperandcorrectformsoftheverbs.1.He___________(try)hisbestalthoughhefailedagain.2.Bythetime,Tom_____________(found)hisownbusiness.3.Thetrain__________(leave)beforeIgottothestation.4.I_________________(learn)EnglishforsevenyearswhenIgraduatedfromhighschool.hadtriedhadfoundedhadlefthadlearned/learntPractice5.Julie___________(finish)cleaningthehousebytheendoflastweekend.6.Rowlingbegantowriteareviewaftershe_____________(watch)themovie.7.Shesaidshe_________(see)theheadmasteralready.8.Nosooner_____we_____(go)outthanitrained.hadfinishedhadwatchedhadseenhadgoneFillintheblankswithproperandcorrectformsoftheverbs.Lead-inReadtheshortlifestoryofJosephPulitzeronpage6toknowmoreabouthim.worktirelesslyaccusesb.ofsth.shootupmountupadvocatethetrainingofregard...asanobleprofessionofunequaledimportanceinfluenceonthemindsandmoralsUsefulExpressions不知疲倦地工作因...而控告...暴涨；迅速成长增长，上升提倡对...的培训把…当成高尚的职业无与伦比的重要性对思想和道德的影响Leading-inReadpartAonpage6andcompletetheTrueorFalseexercise.1)

HeregularlyvisitedthelibraryandstudiedEnglishandLawbythenhehadlearntverylittleFrench.()2)

Bytheageof25,hehadbecomeateacher.()3)

HeusedthesamebusinessstrategyheemployedattheStLouisPost-Dispatchandsalesofthenewspapermountedupuntilitwasthebestsellingnewspaperinthecountry.()FFFEnglishpublisherhademployed

ExploringandworkingouttherulesReadandfindthesentencesthatusethepastperfecttense.JosephPulitzerwasbornonApril10,1847,inHungary.HemovedtoAmericaand

becameanAmericancitizeninthe1860s.Hehadanumberofdifferentjobsafter

hemovedtoAmerica.HeregularlyvisitedthelibraryandstudiedEnglishand

law—bythenhehadlearnedverylittleEnglish.Whileinthelibraryoneday,he

beganchattingtotwoeditorsofaGerman-languagenewspaper.Theyofferedhim

ajob.约瑟夫·普利策于1847年4月10日出生于匈牙利。19世纪60年代，他移居美国，成为美国公民。他移居美国后做过许多不同的工作。他经常去图书馆，学习英语和法律，那时他几乎没有学过英语。一天，在图书馆里，他开始和一家德语报纸的两位编辑聊天。他们给了他一份工作。

ExploringandworkingouttherulesReadandfindthesentencesthatusethepastperfecttense.Pulitzerquicklybecameasuccessfuljournalistandbytheageof25,hehadbecome

apublisher.In1878,hefoundedthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch.Pulitzer

workedtirelessly,fromearlyinthemorninguntilmidnight.Hispaperpublished

articlesaboutpoliticsandsocialissues,accusing

governmentofficials

ofdishonesty

andwealthypeopleofnotpayingtheirtaxes.Salesofthenewspapershotup.In

1883,PulitzerboughttheNewYorkWorld.Heusedthesamebusinessstrategyhe

hademployedattheSt

LouisPost-Dispatchandsalesofthenewspapermountedup

untilitwasthebestsellingnewspaperinthecountry.普利策很快成为一名成功的记者，25岁时，他成为了一名出版商。1878年，他创办了《圣路易斯邮报》。普利策从早到晚不知疲倦地工作。他的报纸发表了有关政治和社会问题的文章，指责政府官员不诚实，富人不纳税。报纸的销量急剧上升。1883年，普利策买下《纽约世界报》。他采用了他在《圣路易斯邮报》时采用的经营策略，报纸的销量节节攀升，最终成为全国最畅销的报纸。

ExploringandworkingouttherulesReadandfindthesentencesthatusethepastperfecttense.Pulitzerwasthefirsttoadvocatethetrainingofjournalistsatuniversitylevel.

In1892,heofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart

aschoolofjournalism.

Ofthisdecisionhesaid,“Iamdeeplyinterestedintheprogressandelevationof

journalism...regardingitasanobleprofessionandoneofunequaledimportance

foritsinfluenceuponthemindsandmoralsofthepeople.”Pulitzerdiedin1911.

Oneyearafterhisdeath,theColumbiaSchoolofJournalismwasestablished.Six

yearsafterhisdeath,thefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded.普利策是第一个提倡在大学层面对记者进行培训的人。1892年，他向哥伦比亚大学提供资金开办新闻学院。关于这一决定，他说:“我对新闻业的进步和提升深感兴趣……认为这是一种高尚的职业，对人们的思想和道德具有无与伦比的重要性。”普利策于1911年去世。他去世一年后，哥伦比亚大学新闻学院成立。他死后六年，首届普利策奖颁发。Step2Exploringandworkingouttherules

1.HeregularlyvisitedthelibraryandstudiedEnglishandLawbythenhehadlearnt

verylittleEnglish.2.Bytheageof25,hehadbecomeapublisher.3.Heusedthesamebusinessstrategyhehademployed

attheStLouisPost-Dispatchandsalesofthenewspapermountedupuntilitwasthebestsellingnewspaperinthecountry.FinishthetableinpartA.Weoftenusethepastperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthathappened(1)________(before/after)apasttime.Theverbformofthepastperfecttenseis“(2)

_________(have/had)done”.beforehad

Circlethemistakesandcorrectthemintheblanksbelow.1)PulitzerknewthathehadlearntverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.___________________________________________________2)Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.____________________________________________________hadstarted去掉hadwasworking改成hadworkedB1BApplyingtherules

Circlethemistakesandcorrectthemintheblanksbelow.3)Forthetimehewas25,Pulitzerhadbecomeajournalistandpublisher.___________________________________________________4)Manyofthebestreportershaveworkedforhispaperbeforeitsfailurein1931.___________________________________________________For改成Byhaveworked改成hadworkedB1ThePulitzerPrizesare

asetofawardshonoringexcellenceinjournalismandthearts.Theprizeswereestablished

largelyduetotheeffortsofJosephPulitzer,who(1)____________hisreputationasanewspaperpublisher.Heleftmoneyinhis1904willtofundtheestablishmentoftheprizes,statingthathewantedfourawardsinjournalism,fourinlettersanddrama,oneforeducation,andfivetravelingscholarships.Sincethefirstprizes(2)______________in1917,therehavebeenmanywinnersandsomepeoplehavewonmorethanonce.PastwinnersincludesuchfamousnamesasEugeneO’Neill.WhenO’NeillreceivedthePulitzerPrizeinDramain1957,itwasthefourthtimehe(3)____________it.hadbuiltwereawardedhadwonCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.B2winbuildintendawardallowTherehavebeenanumberofchangestothePulitzerPrizesovertime.Someoftheseresultedfromadvancesintechnology.Forexample,onlinecontentfromnewspaperwebsites(4)________________inallofthejournalismcategoriessince2006.ThePulitzerPrizeshavealsoexpandedtoincludesuchcategoriesasphotographyandmusic.Nevertheless,journalismisstillwhatthePulitzerPrizesarebestknownfor.Today,winningthePulitzerPrizesisconsideredbymanytobethehightestachievementpossibleinjournalism－justasPulitzer(5)_______________.hasbeenallowed(had)intendedCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.B2winbuildintendawardallowPage58Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.1.hadfinished2.hadbeen3.havebeen4.(had)studied5.hadwanted6.called7.hadrecommended8.hadleftCHomeworkChecking选用括号内合适的内容完成下面短文。HuShuliisaChinesejournalistwhoiscurrentlythepresidentofCaixinMedia,amediagroupwhichshe1.__________(founded,hadfounded)in2009thatreleasesbusinessandfinancemagazines.Hu2.__________(hasbeen,hadbeen)chiefreporterandinternationaleditorof

ChinaBusinessTimes

beforefoundingCaixin,wheresheworkedaseditor-in-chiefformanyyears.foundedhadbeenConsideredoneofthemostrespectedreportersinChina,she3.__________(waslisted,hadbeenlisted)asthe87thmostpowerfulwomanintheworldby

Forbes

in2011—thesameyearshewaslistedamongtheTop100InfluentialPeopleby

Time

Magazine.In2017,Hu4.

__________(wasnamed,hadbeennamed)oneoftheWorld'sGreatestLeadersby

Fortune.Nowshe5.__________(is,was)aboardmemberoftheInternationalWomen'sMediaFoundationandalsositsontheReutersEditorialAdvisoryBoardaswellashavingaregionaladvisoryroleintheInternationalCenterforJournalists.waslistedwasnamedis1.Hispaperpublishedarticlesaboutpoliticsandsocialissues,accusinggovernmentofficialsofdishonestyandwealthypeopleofnotpayingtheirtaxes.

他的报纸刊登关于政治和社会问题的文章，谴责政府官员满口谎言和富人逃税。

e.g.Thegovernmentwasaccusedofincompetence.accusevt.tosaythatsb.hasdonesth.wrongorisguiltyofsth.控诉;谴责【语境应用】翻译句子。1)

虽然他说谎了，但我并不想因此而指责他。

Though/Althoughhetoldalie,Idon’t/didn’twanttoaccusehimofit.2)

那位司机由于酒后驾驶被控告了。

Thedriverwasaccusedofdrivingafterdrinking/drunkdriving.accusesb.

控告或指责某人accusesb.ofsth./doingsth.控告或指责某人(做)某事2.WhenO’NeillreceivedthePulitzerPrizeinDramain1957,itwasthefourthtimehehadwonit.

奥尼尔在1957年获得普利策戏剧奖，这是他第四次获得该奖。

e.g.ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveheardthunderthisyear.It/This/Thatwasthefirst/second…time(that)sb.haddonesth.这是/那是某人第一次/第二次……做某事。It/This/Thatwasthefirst/second…time+that从句(现在完成时)It/This/Thatisone’sfirsttimetodosth.这/那是某人第一次做某事。It’stimethatsb.did/shoulddosth.某人该做某事了。

e.g.ItisLinda’sfirsttimetocometoChina.

It’stimethatwetook/shouldtakesomemeasures.【语境应用】单句语法填空1)

Itisthethirdtimethatshe___________(win)therace,whichhassurprisedus.

2)Thatwasthesecondtimethattheforeigner_________(come)toourschool.

3)It’stimethatyou___________________(hand)inyourpapers.haswonhadcomehanded/shouldhand TalkaboutZouTaofen’slifestoryaccordingtothetimelineandshareitwitheachother.Example:Bythetimehewas31,

ZouTaofenhadbecome

thechiefeditorofLifeWeekly.TopictalkingB3ZouTaofenwasafamousChinesejournalistandpublisher.Readthetimelinebelowanddescribehislifestoryusingthepastperfecttense.B3Bythetimehewas31,ZouTaofenhadbecomethechiefeditorofLifeWeekly.ZouTaofenwasafamousChinesejournalistandpublisher.Hewasbornin1895,inFujian.Hegraduatedfromuniversityattheageof26,in1921.Thenextyear,hebecameaneditor.Bythetimehewas31,ZouTaofenhadbecomethechiefeditorofLifeWeekly.In1931,hestartedcampaigningagainsttheJapaneseinvasion.Bythetimehewas40,hehadstartedanewjournalcalledLifeoftheMasses.Zouhadestablishedhimselfasafamousjournalistandp