自制飞机图纸

《自制飞机构造图纸》(Hand-builtaircraftdrawings)

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自制飞机是可能的但是前提是你必须拥有足够丰富的专业知识，送上一堆图纸仅供参考。

有条件的就买飞机套材吧！有图纸也不一定能加工出相应的零件。

推荐制作安全系数高的MONERAI滑翔机

开始在飞机制造

也许你想知道你是否应该建立一个飞机。或者，也许你已决定建造，但不知道从何处开始。也许你已经开始建立，然后停止由于某种原因。有许多问题，经常出现有关飞机建设一般。为什么要建立一个飞机？什么是可建造？什么技能，我需要？

什么类型的飞机，我应该建立？具体来说，什么是需要在这个过程中的建设飞机？我该如何克服这些障碍可能会妨碍我完成这个项目？这个讨论和随后的条款将解决这些问题和其他常见问题，新的建设者常问。

自订飞机建设的一个主要形式的娱乐飞行。当然，许多人已成功地建造自己的飞机。超过20000飞机目前正在注册为业余建。很多人都建立一个以上的飞机。几乎任何人的名义技能并愿意作出的承诺能够做到这一点。请注意我所提到的“承诺”。它重要的是要认识到，建设自己的飞机确实需要一个承诺个人的部分，是对家庭。我将讨论什么是需要更新。建设飞机为自己的享受当然是什么新鲜事。我们可以认为，莱特兄弟被也许其中的第一个“房屋。”在1947年首次允许个人建立自己的飞机，并有认证的飞行。1953年，保Poberezny成立地产代理监管局。这开始了一项运动，已经历通过本时间。许多人开始享受实际建设的飞机，然后飞往他们。相信我，在初期是真正的飞机建设。工具包，只是需要组装尚未制定。在1970和1980年代的一些新的设计应运而生。风俗飞机制造开始变得越来越受欢迎。当然，产品责任问题有助于运动。营销工具包的设计或不履行相同的法律责任生产和销售已完成的飞机。我想简要地表达我的意见，使用单词“homebuilt。”对我来说，文字的内涵进行了一定的联想了一个愿景飞机可能不妥善建造。改为“实验”也没有激励质量的信心。我们认为，实验飞机作为一个只有查克耶格尔应该飞。这些话已被使用多年，但我更喜欢使用“定制”。我们的飞机正在讨论已经发展到通过几年优质，安全的飞机，在许多情况下导致的民航界在技术领域。这就是为什么你会看到我使用的术语

“自定义基础。”

为什么要建立一个飞机？

这是一个很好的问题。为什么就不能购买飞机，然后在我的方式享受飞行。那个当然可能是最好的解决方案，许多人。决定建造飞机应只是在经过仔细考虑的许多因素。这不是一个决定掉以轻心。它要求明确承诺的时间，金钱和努力。这亦是应享有。如果您的目标仅仅是为了有一个飞机，您可能需要考虑的购买选择权。但是，如果你认为你可以享受建设然后飞行，采取一切手段继续阅读。我想引用评论玛丽提出琼斯在监管局出版Aerocrafter。“决定建立一个飞机不是一个要进入掉以轻心。如果你的承诺，建设-这是一个承诺-你的生活会更改。这就是为什么它如此重要的未来的建设者，全面，客观地评价他们的理由建设;他们预计的收益作出;和宗旨飞机将。

GettingStartedInAircraftBuilding

SportAviation-10/99

ByRonAlexander

Perhapsyouarewonderingwhetherornotyoushouldbuildanairplane.Ormaybeyouhavemade

thedecisiontobuildbutdonotknowwheretobegin.Perhapsyouhavestartedtobuildandthen

stoppedforonereasonoranother.Therearemanyquestionsthatoftenarisepertainingtoaircraft

buildingingeneral.Whybuildanairplane?Whatisavailabletoconstruct?WhatskillsdoIneed?

WhattypeofairplaneshouldIbuild?Specifically,whatisrequiredinthisprocessofconstructingan

airplane?HowdoIovercometheobstaclesthatmaypreventmefromcompletingtheproject?This

discussionandsubsequentarticleswilladdresstheseandothercommonquestionsthatnewbuilders

oftenask.

Customaircraftbuildingisoneoftheprimaryformsofrecreationalflying.Certainly,manypeople

havesuccessfullybuilttheirownaircraft.Over20,000aircraftarecurrentlyregisteredas

amateur-built.Manypeoplehavebuiltmorethanoneairplane.Virtuallyanypersonwithnominalskills

andthewillingnesstomakethecommitmentcandoit.NoticeImentionedtheword"commitment."It

isimportanttounderstandthatbuildingyourownairplanedoesrequireacommitmentonthe

individual'spartandonthepartofthefamily.Iwilldiscusswhatisrequiredlater.Buildinganairplane

foryourownenjoymentiscertainlynothingnew.WecanconsiderthattheWrightbrotherswere

probablyamongstthefirst"homebuilders."

In1947individualswerefirstallowedtobuildtheirownairplaneandhaveitcertificatedforflightbythe

government.In1953,PaulPobereznyfoundedtheEAA.Thisbeganamovementthathasendured

throughthepresenttime.Manypeoplebegantoenjoyactuallybuildingaircraftandthenflyingthem.

Believeme,intheearlydaysitwastrulyaircraftbuilding.Kitsthatsimplyneededtobeassembled

hadnotbeendeveloped.Duringthe1970'sand1980'sseveralnewdesignscameintobeing.Custom

aircraftbuildingstartedtobecomemoreandmorepopular.Ofcourse,productliabilityissues

contributedtothemovement.Marketingadesignorkitdoesnotcarrythesamelegalresponsibilityas

manufacturingandsellingacompletedairplane.Iwanttobrieflyexpressmyopiniononusingthe

word"homebuilt."Tomethatwordcarriesacertainconnotationthatconjuresupavisionofan

airplanethatmightnotbeproperlyconstructed.Theword"experimental"alsodoesnotinspire

confidenceinquality.WethinkofanexperimentalaircraftasoneonlyChuckYeagershouldfly.

Thesewordshavebeenusedforyears,butIprefertousethewords"custom-built."Theaircraftwe

arediscussinghaveevolvedthroughtheyearsintohighquality,safeaircraftthatinmanyinstances

haveledtheaviationcommunityintheareaoftechnology.Thatiswhyyouwillseemeusetheterm

"custombuilt."

WhyBuildAnAirplane?

Thisisagoodquestion.Whynotsimplypurchaseanairplaneandgoonmywaytoenjoyflying.That

certainlymaybethebestsolutionformanypeople.Thedecisiontobuildanairplaneshouldbemade

onlyaftercarefulconsiderationofmanyfactors.Itisnotadecisiontobetakenlightly.Itrequiresa

definitecommitmentoftime,moneyandplainhardwork.Itisalsosomethingthatshouldbeenjoyed.

Ifyourgoalissimplytohaveanairplane,youmaywanttoconsiderthepurchaseoption.However,if

youthinkyoumayenjoybuildingandthenflying,byallmeansreadon.Iwanttoquoteacomment

madebyMaryJonesintheEAApublicationAerocrafter."Thedecisiontobuildanaircraftisnotone

tobeenteredintolightly.Ifyoumakethecommitmenttobuild-anditisacommitment-yourlifewill

change.That'swhyit'ssoimportantforprospectivebuilderstothoroughlyandobjectivelyassess

theirreasonsforbuilding;thegainstheyexpecttomake;andthepurposetheaircraftwillserve."Well

said.

Buildingyourownairplaneisaverysatisfyingandrewardingexperience.Thereissomethingvery

specialinknowingthatyouhaveconstructedtheairplaneyouareflying.Itisverysatisfyingtoflyyour

custombuiltairplanetoanairshowandproudlydisplayit.Therearemanyvalidreasonsthatmaybe

presentedtojustifybuildingyourownairplane.(Bytheway,Ihavebeentryingtojustifyowningan

airplaneforyears.Forgetaboutdoingthat.Itisveryfrustrating.)Let'slistsomeofthereasonsto

build.

•Youcansavemoneybuildingyourownairplane.

•Buildingletsyouownamoresophisticatedairplanethanyoumightnotbeabletootherwise

afford.

•Formanypeopleaircraftbuildingissimplyahobbytheyenjoydoing.

•Youwillbetterunderstandthemechanicalaspectsofyourairplaneifyoubuiltit.Thishas

obvioussafetybenefits.

•YoucanmaintainacustombuiltairplanewithoutanA&Plicense.Nomoreexpensive

maintenancebills.Thisincludesdoingyourownannualinspection(conditioninspection).

•Youcanacquireaparticulartypeofdesignthatisprobablynotavailableasaproduction

airplane.

•Aircraftbuildingcan(andshouldbe)afamilyproject.

•Youbecomeamemberofanelitegroupofindividualswhosharecommongoalsand

interests.

Doyouneedanymoreconvincing?

WhatIsAvailableToBuild?

Thisiswherethedecisionbecomesdifficultandoftenconfusing.Therearemanyaircraftdesignsand

kitsavailableforyoutobuild(over700asamatteroffact).Everythingfromanultralighttoa

sophisticatedcrosscountryairplane.Youcancreateyourowndesignandbuildit.Youcanbuyaset

ofplansandbuild.Anotheroptionistobuyasetofplansalongwithamaterialkitfortheairplane.And

ofcourse,themostpopularoptiontoday-purchaseakitaircraft.Whenyoupurchaseakitairplane

youareusuallytradingdollarsfortime.Youwillbesentpartsandpiecesthatneedtobeassembled

thussimplifyingtheprocess.Buildingfromasetofplansrequiresmoretime,lessmoney.

Acustombuiltaircraftrequiresapilotlicensetoflyinadditiontoanairworthinesscertificateforthe

airplane.Anultralightdoesnotrequireapilot'slicenseoranairworthinesscertificate-generally

speaking.Basically,therearefivedifferenttypesofmaterialsusedinbuildingamateur-builtairplanes.

Theyaresheetmetal,wood,steeltubing,fabric,andcompositematerials.Themajorityofcustom

builtaircraftrequireacombinationoftwoormoreofthesematerials.Severaldesignsusingsheet

metalonlyareavailableandarepopular.Alargenumberoftubeandfabricairplanesarebeingbuilt

alongwiththeincreasinglymorepopularcompositeaircraft.Compositeaircraftarecomprisedoftwo

ormorebasicmaterials,suchasfoamandfiberglass,thatarecombinedtomakeaverystrong

structure.Thetypeofaircraftthatyouchooseislargelyoneofpersonalpreference.Youmayhave

sheetmetalexperiencethatwillenableyoutofeelmorecomfortablebuildingthattypeofairplane.

Youmaydesireafast,cross-countryairplanethatmightlenditselfbesttoacompositedesign.I

highlyrecommendthatyoupurchasetheEAA'sAerocrafter.Thisannuallyupdatedpublicationlists

over700aircraftthatyoucanbuildandfly.Itprovidesinformationoneachaircraftthatincludes

companyinformation,statisticsoneachairplane,howmanyhavebeensold,howmanyareflying,etc.

Itisanexcellentresourceguideforanyoneinterestedinbuildinganairplane.Itmaybeobtained

throughtheEAAbycalling800/557-2376oronlineat.

WhatIsRequiredToBuildAnAirplane?

RegulationsItisinterestingtonotethatfewFAAregulationsexistpertainingtoaircraftbuilding.One

primaryFARdefinesanamateur-builtaircraft.ThatregulationisFAR21.191(g)anditistheheartof

allregulationsforthebuilderofanairplane.Thisregulationstatesthefollowing:"Operating

amateur-builtaircraft.Operatinganaircraftthemajorportionofwhichhasbeenfabricatedand

assembledbypersonswhoundertooktheprojectsolelyfortheirowneducationorrecreation."This

regulationisthebasisofcustomaircraftbuilding.Noticethatoneormorepersonsmaybuildthe

airplanebuttheymustbuilditonlyfortheirownenjoymentoreducation.Thisistheprimaryrestriction

placeduponthecustombuilder.Noticeitstatesyoumustbuildthemajorportionoftheaircraft.That

simplymeansyoumustbuild,assembleorfabricate51%ormoreoftheaircraft.

TheFAAmaintainsaListingofEligiblekits.Tobeplacedonthislisting,thekitmanufacturermust

completeachecklistregardingtheconstructionofeachcomponentpartoftheairplane.Thechecklist

consistsofthreecolumns:onedefiningthepartandtheothertwostatingwhobuildsthepart,either

thekitmanufacturerortheamateurbuilder.Incompletingthechecklistthekitmanufacturermust

have49%orfewerofthecheckmarkstoensurecompliancewiththemajorportionrule.Ifthisisthe

case,theaircraftisthenincludedontheListingofEligiblekits.Beingplacedonthislistdoesnot

constituteanendorsementbytheFAAregardingtheaircraftitself.Itsimplymeansitmeetsthe

criteriaestablishedinthechecklist.Whenyouareconsideringaparticulartypeofaircraft,besureitis

includedonthislist.Regardingmaterialsthatyoumayusetoconstructyourownairplane...theFAA

doesnotrestrictyou.Youcanuseanythingyoulike.Now,let'sexaminethatstatement.Eventhough

youcanlegallyuseanypart,youmustusediscretionandgoodjudgment.Wearetalkingsafety.To

useunprovenanduntestedpartsormaterialsisinvitingdisaster.TheFAAinspectorwhoissuesyour

airworthinesscertificatewillalsowanttobesurethatyouhaveusedqualitymaterials.

YouwillwanttoobtainacopyofAdvisoryCircular20-27D.Theinformationcontainedwithinthis

circularpertainstothebuildingofanaircraft.YoucangetacopythroughyourlocalFAAdistrictoffice

oronlineat.Severalwebsiteseitherhavethiscircularontheirsiteorhavealink

toanothersitethatcontainsit.YourlocalFAAofficeshouldhaveavailableandsendyouacomplete

packageonaircraftbuilding.ItwillincludeallpertinentAdvisoryCircularsalongwiththeListingof

EligibleKits.

WorkshopSpaceandTools

Ifyouhaveagarageyouhaveenoughspacetobuildanairplane.Atwo-cargarageispreferable.

(Yes,youwillhavetosacrificethewell-beingofyourcar.)Youwillneedspacefortools,materials,

componentpartsandpartsastheyarecompleted.Youneedaplacetoworkincludingacoupleof

workbenches.Theexactdimensionsneededvaryaccordingtothetypeofairplaneyouarebuilding.

Therequirementsforcontrollingtemperature,noise,etc.alsovary.Don'tbediscouragedfrom

buildingyourownairplanejustbecauseyoudonothavetheperfectshop.Manypeoplehavebuiltina

one-cargaragestoringpartsinsidethehouse,inanatticorwherever.(Youcanseethatyouwillneed

yourfamily'ssupport.)ThemostimportantcommentIwillmakeaboutyourworkshopistohaveit

closetohome.Ifitislocatedinyourhomeyouwillbemuchmoreinclinedtoworkontheprojectwhen

youarrivehomefromwork.Thiswillalsoallowyourfamilytomoreeasilyparticipateinthebuilding

process.Intheirrespectivemanuals,thedesignerorkitmanufacturerwillusuallypresenttheexact

layoutoftheworkshopspaceneeded.

Concerningtools,againdon'tbasethedecisiontobuildonlackoftools.Toolsrequiredvary

considerablydependinguponthetypeofconstruction.Mostpeoplehavethebasictoolsneeded.If

not,theycanbepurchasedatareasonablecost.Sheetmetalconstructionwillrequirethehighest

investmentintools.Thatstilldoesnotinvolvealotofmoney.Youcanbuymostofthetoolsyouwill

needtobuildasheetmetalairplanefor$1,000-$1,500.Ofcourse,youcanspendalotmoreifyou

desire.

Whenyoupurchasetoolsforyourprojectrememberthattheyarealifetimeinvestment.Youmayalso

berequiredtobuildcertainjigsinwhichtoassembleparts.Seldomdothejigsrequirealarge

financialinvestment.Thebottomlinewithtools-youneedthebasicsbutnothingelaborate.Granted,

themoretoolsyouhavetheeasierthejob,butyoudonothavetoinvestlargesumsofmoneyto

accomplishthebuildingtask.

SkillsNeeded

Again,thisvariesdependinguponthetypeofconstructioninvolvedinbuildingyourairplane.Iwantto

emphasizethatyoudonotneedtobeanaccomplishedcraftsmantobuildyourownairplane.Mostof

theskillsyouwillneedcanbeacquiredanddeveloped.Knowledgeofthebasicsoftencanbe

obtainedthroughtheassemblymanualprovidedwiththeaircraftinadditiontobooksandvideos.

Workingwithotherswhohavesuccessfullycompletedaprojectisanothervaluableresource.The

EAAhasaTechnicalCounselorProgramwhereinknowledgeablebuildersoffertheirassistanceand

guidance.AttendingoneoftheEAA/SportAirworkshopswillprovideyouwith"hands-on"experience

inthetypeofconstructionthatyouselect.

Ithasbeenmyexperiencethatthemostimportantingredientforthenewbuilderisconfidence.A

largenumberofpeopledecideagainstbuildingtheirownairplanebecausetheylackaconfidence

levelregardingtheirindividualbuildingskillsandtechnicalknowledge.Letmeencourageyounotto

letthisstopyou.Therearemanyresourcesavailabletothefledglingbuilder.Iwilldiscussthesein

detaillater.Lookaroundatpeoplewhohavesuccessfullybuiltanairplane.Dotheypossessany

unusualtalentsorskills?Theyusuallyhadtodevelopthemjustasyouwill.Gainthebasictechnical

knowledgeneededandthendevelopyourskillsthroughpractice.Youwillstartyourprojectwitha

smallpartandifyoumakeamistakeonit-sowhat?Startover.Icanassureyouthismayhappen.

However,asyoupracticeandgainmoreknowledgeyouwillinturngainmoreconfidenceandmake

fewermistakes.Ifyouarewillingtolearnanddevotesometimetopracticeyoucanlearntheskills

neededforaircraftbuilding.

Time

Thisiscertainlyanemotionalissue.Howlongwillittaketobuildyourairplane?IwishIcouldprovide

youwithasimpleanswerbutIcan't.Thetimeissuehastoomanyvariables.Icansaythis-itwill

probablytakeyoumoretimethanyouthinktocompletetheairplane.Youshouldbementally

preparedforthis.Ofcourse,aplansbuiltairplanewillcertainlytakemoretimetobuildthanakit

aircraft.A"quick-build"kitwillrequirelesstimetobuildthanaregularkit.

Manyfactorsenterintotheamountoftimerequiredtobuildanairplane.Tobeginwith,youwillmake

mistakesandthatwilladdtoyourtime.Youmayhavetodrivetotheworkshopeverytimeyouwantto

dosomethingontheproject.Whatkindofjobdoyouhave?Doyouwork8to5everydayordoyou

havesome"chunks"oftimeyoucanspendbuilding?Whatkindofweatherdoyouhavewhereyou

live?Maybeyoucanonlyworkontheairplaneduringcertaintimesoftheyear.Howclearand

concisearetheplanssuppliedtoyou?Doyougetgoodbuilderassistancefromthedesigneror

manufacturer?Isyourfamilyactivelyinvolvedordotheyresentthetimeyouspendontheproject?

Asyoucansee,thereisnoeasywaytoaccuratelyforecastthetimerequired.Thekitmanufacturer

willprovideyouwithanestimatebaseduponsomewhatidealconditions.Theycanonlyestimate

basedupontheirexperienceandtheexperienceofotherbuilders.Ifyouwantagoodestimate,talkto

otherpeoplewhohavebuiltthesametypeofairplaneyouareconsidering.Afterasamplingofafew

peopleyoucanmoreaccuratelypredictthetime.Averagebuildingtimesformostkitaircraftvaryfrom

about800hoursto2,000hours.Foraplansbuiltyouarelookingat3,000+hours,dependingupon

thetypeofairplane.

Again,thisshouldnotbeadeterrenttoyourdecision.RememberImentionedearlierthatyoushould

enjoythebuildingprocess.Sowhatifittakeslongerthanyouthought.Youaredevelopingskills,

involvingthefamilyandhavingagoodtimewhileyoubuild.

Oneofthemostimportantthingstorememberistobreaktheprojectdownintosmallpieces.Ifyou

tendtolookattheoverallprojectanditscompletion,youaremorelikelytobecomediscouraged.

Buildonepieceatatime.Concentrateonatailsurface,awing,etc.Don'tsetunrealisticgoalsfor

yourself.Manyaprojectsitsidletodaybecausethebuilderbecamediscouragedbythinkingthe

aircraftshouldhavebeencompletedinlesstime.Willyoubecomediscouragedwhilebuilding?

Probably.Whathaveyoueveraccomplishedinyourlifethatwasworthwhilewhereyoudidnot

experiencediscouragement?

FinancesRequired

Thisissueismucheasiertopredictthanthetimeelement.Mostofthetimeyouwillhaveagoodidea

astohowmuchtheairplanewillcostwhencomplete.Numbersareavailable.Youcantalktoother

builders.Youcansitdownandplanthisout.However,afewthingsareworthyofmention.Whenyou

purchasethematerialsoracompletekit,youwillincuranumberofadditionalexpenses.Afewof

themtoconsiderare:(1)shippingcostforthekit,(2)engine,(3)propeller,(4)avionics,(5)paintand

(6)upholstery.Theremaybeotheritemsthatyouwillhavetopurchasedependinguponwhatis

includedinthekitcost.

Ifyouarebuildingaplansbuiltairplane,youwillbeabletopurchasematerialsonanas-neededbasis.

Thiswillhelpyourcashflow.Severalkitmanufacturersalsoallowyoutobuycertainportionsofthe

a