外研版英语必修三讲义Module4SandstormsinAsia1SectionⅠIntroductionReadingandVocabulary-ComprehendingWord版含答案

“沙暴”和“沙尘暴”是同义词。它是指强风将地面上的大量沙尘卷入空中，使空气特别浑浊，水平能见度低于1000米的天气现象。在古今中外的历史上有哪些严重或恐怖的沙尘暴呢？Howoftendoyouthinkaboutsandstorms?Maybenotveryoften.Butherewearegoingtoseeafewfamoussandstormsoutofmanythroughouthistory.Australia,September22nd,2009ThisonewascruelbecauseitmadeAustralialooklikeanotherplanetinanentireweek.Itlookedlikethatthephotosdocumentingthesandstormwereeditedbysomeonewhowasseverelycolorblind.Theentiresoutherncontinentwaspaintedorange­red,butpeoplestilltriedtogoabouttheirdayasif5milliontonsofdusthadn’tblownthroughtheirrespiratorysystem(呼吸系统)．Pakistan,July4th,2007Onthisday,asandstormsweptthroughthenationandshockedeveryonewithitshazyblindingsheetsofsand.Everyonethoughtit’dbeoverwithinaday.However,itpouredforseveraldays,displacinghomesandfloodingpeopletodeath.Temperaturesrangedfrom131Fduringthedayto30Fatnightandabout200peoplediedduetothissandstorm.NorthAmerica,1930－1935Farmerswereverydisappointedaboutthisone.Duringthe1930s,NorthAmericanregionsfromNewMexicotoSaskatchewanunderwentserioussandstormsbeforeWorldWarⅡ.Thiswasknownas“TheDustBowl”anditstruckrightaroundthetimeoftheGreatDepression.Ifyouaskyourelderlyfriendsaboutit,they’llprobablyhavesomethinginterestingtosay.Letmegiveyouanideaofhowexhaustingandannoyingthesandstormwas:windsreachedupto60mph,anditlastedforFIVEYEARS.Niya,China,400ADNiya,believedtohaveflourishedfromthe1stcenturyBCtothe4thcenturyAD,hasremainedthebestpreservedandoneofthelargestruinsofthecitystatesthatwerescatteredalongtheancientSilkRoadabout1，500yearsago.ThesandstormwassocruelthatitpletelyburiedthisparticularregionofWesternChina.Itisactuallyregardedas“PompeiioftheSilkRoad.”Anotherinterestingthingtonotewasthattheyfoundwhitepeoplemummified(使成木乃伊)bythisparticularsandstorm.SectionⅠIntroduction&ReadingandVocabulary—prehending,重点单词写作词汇1.massadj. 大量的；大规模的2.campaignn. 战役；活动3.processn. 进程；过程4.citizenn． 公民；市民5.forecastvt. 预报；预告拓展词汇6.frighteningadj.吓人的；可怕的→frightn．害怕；恐惧→frightenvt.使害怕→frightenedadj.害怕的7.dustn．沙尘；灰尘→dustyadj.满是灰尘的8.strengthn．力量；力气→strengthenvt.加强→strongadj.坚强的；强壮的→stronglyadv.强有力地；坚强地阅读词汇9.sandstormn． 沙尘暴10.inlandadj. 内地的；内陆的11.dunen. 沙丘12.desertificationn． (土地的)沙漠化13.cyclevi. 骑自行车14.maskn. 面罩重点短语1.cut__down 砍倒2.be/get__caught__in 突然遭遇(风暴等)3.as__a__result__of 由于4.wake__up__to 认识到，意识到5.prevent__sb.from__doing__sth. 阻止某人做某事6.one__after__another 一个接一个地重点句型1.so＋adj./adv.＋that...如此……以至于……：Theyareoftenso__thick__that__you__cannot__see__the__sun(密集得遮天蔽日),andthewindissometimesstrongenoughtomovesanddunes.2.动词不定式作主语：To__have__been__caught__in__a__sandstorm(被围困在沙尘暴中)wasaterribleexperience.3.appeartodo/tohavedonesth.(＝Itappearsthat...)似乎要做/似乎已经做过某事：SandstormsinChinaappear__to__have__increased(好像增加了)inrecentyearsasaresultof“desertification”.4.makeit＋adj./n.＋todosth.(it是形式宾语，形容词或名词作宾补，不定式是真正的宾语)：Thestormssometimescontinuealldayandtrafficmovesveryslowlybecausethethickdustmakes__it__difficult__to__see(使能见度很低).5.不定式作目的状语：To__prevent__it__ing__nearer(为了阻止它越来越靠近),thegovernmentisplantingtrees.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)Readthetextandmatchthemainideaofeachparagraph.1．Para.1A．SandstormssometimesaffectBeijing.2．Para.2B．Sandstormsdoalotofdamagetopeople.3．Para.3C．Thegovernmentplantstreestopreventsandstorms.4．Para.4D．SandstormshavebeenamajordisasterformanyAsiancountriesforcenturies.5．Para.5E．SandstormsinAsia.6．Para.6F．SandstormsinChinaappeartohaveincreasedasaresultof“desertification”．答案：1－6.DEFABCeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)Readthetextcarefullyandchoosethebestansweraccordingtothetext.1．Whatisthebestdescriptionaboutasandstormaccordingtothepassage?A．ItisamajordisasterformanyAsiancountriesforcenturies.B．It’sstrongwindcarryingsand.C．Itisawaytocauselandtobeedesert.D．It’sakindofnaturaldisasterthatcan’tbetreated.2．WhatisthemainreasonfortheincreaseofsandstorminChinarecently?A．Tobeclosetomanydeserts.B．TheworseningoftheweatherinChina.C．Theresultofdesertification.D．Peoplecuttingdowntreesanddiggingupgrass.3．Whatisthegoodsuggestionwhenpeoplemeetsandstorm?A．Notgoingout.B．Ifyougoout,justwearthickclothes.C．Whengoingout,wearamask.D．Nevergoout,juststayathome.4．Whatisthebestwaytoavoidtheeffectsfromthesandstorm?A．Livingfarawayfromdeserts.B．Stayingathomewhenasandstormhappens.C．Wearingamaskifyouwanttogoout.D．Plantingmoretrees.答案：1－4.BCCDeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)Analyzethefollowingdifficultsentencesinthetext.1．Thisisaprocessthathappenswhenlandbeesdesertbecauseofclimatechangesandbecausepeoplecutdowntreesanddigupgrass.[翻译]这(沙漠化)是一个由于气候变化和人类砍伐树木、铲除草皮而使陆地变成沙漠的过程。2．Thestormssometimescontinuealldayandtrafficmovesveryslowlybecausethethickdustmakesitdifficulttosee.[翻译]这种沙尘暴有时持续一整天，车辆开得很慢，因为浓浓的尘埃降低了能见度。3．TheChineseCentralWeatherStationcanforecastasandstormsomeweeksbeforeitarrivesinBeijing,butthestrengthofthestormsometimessurprisespeople.[翻译]中国中央气象局能在沙尘暴到达北京前几个周进行预报，但沙尘暴的力量有时很惊人。,①sandstorm['sændˌstɔːm]n.沙尘暴②major['meIdʒə]adj.主要的；多数的③mass[mæs]adj.大量的；大规模的④campaign[kæm'peIn]n.战役；活动⑤enoughadv.足够；充分enough作副词时，放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面。⑥dune[djuːn]n.沙丘⑦asprep.作为，此处表示在某一年龄段时。⑧becaughtin突然遭遇(风暴等)⑨Therewasnothingtobedone.一点儿办法也没有/什么也干不了。eq\o(○,\s\up1(10))survivev．幸存；活命⑪appearlinkv．看上去；似乎，此处运用了appeartodo的完成式，表动作的完成。⑫desertification[deˌzɜːtIfI'keIʃn]n.(土地的)沙漠化⑬process['prəʊses]n.进程；过程intheprocessof(doing)sth.在(做)某事的过程中⑭cutdown砍倒⑮digup掘出，挖到⑯citizen['sItIzn]n.公民；市民⑰wakeupto意识到；认识到⑱dust[dʌst]n.沙尘；灰尘⑲forecast['fɔːkɑːst]vt.预报；预告其过去式、过去分词为forecast，forecast或forecasted，forecasted。⑳strength[streŋθ]n.力量；力气eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))advisesb.(not)todosth.建议某人(不)做某事eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))cycle['saIkl]vi.骑自行车eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))breathev．呼吸breathn．呼吸eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))hadbetter最好hadbetter后接不带to的动词不定式。eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))mask[mɑːsk]n.面罩eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))continuedoingsth.与continuetodosth.用法基本相同，表示“继续做某事”。Sandstorms①inAsiaSandstormshavebeenamajor②disasterformanyAsiancountriesforcenturies.ScientistshavetriedmanywaystosolvethisproblemandinChina，amass③campaign④hasbeenstartedtohelpsolveit.◆动词不定式短语tosolvethisproblem作状语，表示目的。Sandstormsarestrong，drywindsthatcarrysand．Theyareoftensothickthatyoucannotseethesun，andthewindissometimesstrongenough⑤tomovesanddunes⑥.ThefourmainplacesintheworldwheretherearesandstormsareCentralAsia，NorthAmerica，CentralAfricaandAustralia.RenJianbo，fromInnerMongoliadescribedaterriblesandstormheexperiencedas⑦achildinthedesert.“Tohavebeencaughtin⑧asandstormwasaterribleexperience，”hesaid.“Therewasnothingtobedone⑨.ItwasthemostfrighteningandthemostdangeroussituationI’veeverbeenin.Youjusthadtohopeyou’dsurviveeq\o\ac(○,).IthoughtIwasgoingtodisappearunderthesand.”◆thatcarrysand是定语从句，修饰winds，that在从句中作主语。◆so...that...如此……以至于……，that引导结果状语从句。◆wheretherearesandstorms是定语从句，修饰Thefourmainplaces，where在从句中作地点状语。◆heexperienced是定语从句，修饰sandstorm，从句中省略了作宾语的关系代词which或that。◆Tohavebeencaughtinasandstorm是动词不定式的完成式作主语。◆I’veeverbeenin是定语从句，修饰situation。引导词that或which作介词in的宾语，所以省略了。NorthwestChinaispartofthesandstormcentreinCentralAsia.Sandstormsbeginindesertareas.SandstormsinChinaappear⑪tohaveincreasedinrecentyearsasaresultof“desertification⑫”．Thisisaprocess⑬thathappenswhenlandbeesdesertbecauseofclimatechangesandbecausepeoplecutdown⑭treesanddigup⑮grass.SandstormssometimesaffectBeijing.Citizens⑯wakeupto⑰anorangeskyandstrongwindsthatcoverthecityinathick，brown­yellowdust⑱.Thestormssometimescontinuealldayandtrafficmovesveryslowlybecausethethickdustmakesitdifficulttosee．◆定语从句thatcoverthecity...修饰winds，that在从句中作主语。◆makesitdifficulttosee中，it是形式宾语。此处是“make＋形式宾语＋宾补＋真正的宾语”句式。TheChineseCentralWeatherStationcanforecast⑲asandstormsomeweeksbeforeitarrivesinBeijing，butthestrength⑳ofthestormsometimessurprisespeople.Whenasandstormarrivesinthecity，weatherexpertsadvisepeoplenottogoouteq\o\ac(○,).HuangXiaomei，wholivesinBeijingsays，“Tobecyclingeq\o(○,\s\up1(22))inasandstormisfrightening.Thewindsareverystrong.It’sdifficulttobreatheeq\o(○,\s\up1(23))andthedustmakesmeill.Soifyouwanttogoout，you’dbetterB24wearamaskeq\o(○,\s\up1(25)).”◆wholivesinBeijing是定语从句，修饰HuangXiaomei。◆动词不定式的进行式Tobecyclinginasandstorm作主语，此时谓语动词用单数形式。Thedesertisonly250kilometresawaytothewestofBeijing.Topreventitingnearer，thegovernmentisplantingtrees.Alreadythegovernmenthasplantedmorethan30billiontreesandplanstocontinueplantingeq\o\ac(○,)forthenextfiveyears.◆Topreventitingnearer作目的状语。其中运用了preventsb./sth.(from)doingsth.结构，表示“阻止某人/某物做某事”，from可以省略。亚洲的沙尘暴几百年以来，沙尘暴一直是许多亚洲国家面临的一个主要灾难。科学家们已尝试过许多方法解决这个问题，在中国，一场大规模帮助解决沙尘暴问题的行动已经开始了。沙尘暴是夹带沙尘的强烈而干燥的风。沙尘暴夹带的沙尘含量常常很大，可以遮天蔽日。有时风力强大到可以移动沙丘。世界上沙尘暴发生的四个主要地区是中亚、北美、中非和澳大利亚。来自内蒙古的任建波是这样来描述他小时候在沙漠中遭遇的一次可怕的沙尘暴的：他说：“被困在沙尘暴中的经历真是太可怕了。你一点儿办法也没有。那是我遭遇过的最可怕、最危险的境况。你只能希望自己会活下来。那时候我以为我要被沙子淹没了。”中国的西北地区是中亚沙尘暴中心的一部分。沙尘暴发源于沙漠地区。近些年来沙漠化导致的沙尘暴在中国似乎有所增加。这(沙漠化)是一个由于气候变化和人类砍伐树木、铲除草皮而使陆地变成沙漠的过程。沙尘暴有时候会影响北京。居民醒来时，看到昏黄的天空，狂风夹着厚厚的黄褐色灰尘在城里肆虐。这种沙尘暴有时持续一整天，车辆开得很慢，因为浓浓的尘埃降低了能见度。中国中央气象局能在沙尘暴到达北京前几个周进行预报，但沙尘暴的力量有时很惊人。当沙尘暴到达这个城市时，气象专家建议人们不要外出。家住北京的黄小梅说：“在沙尘暴中骑自行车真可怕。风力很强，呼吸困难，沙尘使我很难受。因此，如果你想外出的话，你最好戴个口罩。”沙漠离北京西部只有250千米远。为阻止沙漠的逼近，政府正在植树。政府已经种植了300多亿棵树，并准备在未来的5年里继续种植。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)阅读理解AAsmostpeopleknow,inthepastfewyears,sandstormshavesweptacrossmanycitiesandareasofNorthChina,pollutingtheairanddisturbingdailylivesofhumanbeings.Peoplelookdirtyandsuffermanykindsofillnesses,suchasbreathdifficulty.ThesandstormissuchaseriousproblemthatithasnotonlyunderminedtheindustrialandagriculturaldevelopmentofourcountrybutalsocausedalotoftroubletothelivingconditionsoftheChinesepeople.Itisexpectedthateffective(有效的)measuresshouldbetakenassoonaspossiblethroughourjointeffortstolimititsoccurrence.Sowhatshouldwedowiththefrighteningsandstorms?Someexpertsputforwardpracticalsuggestionsasfollows:Foronething,morefunds(基金)oughttobeputintotreeplantingandforestprotectionsoastokeepmorewaterresourceswithinthesurfaceoftheearth.Foranother,governmentsofallcountriesshouldmakelawsonenvironmentalprotection.Forexample,banningtheuseofthrow­awaychopsticksandpunishingillegaltreecutting.Scientistsshouldalsostudyandfindwaystocutdownthedegreeofitsdestructionandtoimprovethewholeenvironment.Howpeoplelookforwardtosunnydayswithlittlebreeze(微风)touchingtheirfacesnowandforever!Nevertheless,Iamfullyconfidentthatthegoldendayscanebacksolongaseveryonetrieshisbesttoprotectnaturalenvironmentfromtodayon.【解题导语】本文讲述了沙尘暴对我们的工农业和生活的影响，分析了我们能够采取的多种措施。1．Theunderlinedword“undermined”inParagraph1means________．A．weakened B．encouragedC．kept D．madeA解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，沙尘暴不仅仅“削弱”了工农业的发展，还带来很多生活方面的困难，故选A项。2．Fromthefirstparagraph,wecaninfer________．A．ChinahastakennomeasurestopreventsandstormsB．sandstormscancausemuchdamagetohumanbeingsandtheirdailylivesC．thesandstormisthemostdangerousnaturaldisastertohumanbeingsD．moresandstormswillhappeninthenearfutureinNorthChinaB解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中“butalsocausedalotoftroubletothelivingconditionsoftheChinesepeople”说明沙尘暴会给人们的生活带来很多的麻烦，故B项正确。3．Howmanywaysdosomeexpertsputforwardtofightagainstsandstorms?A．5. B．4.C．3. D．2.C解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“Foronething,morefunds(基金)oughtto...”和“Foranother,governmentsofallcountriesshouldmakelawsonenvironmentalprotection.”以及“Scientistsshouldalsostudyandfindwaystocutdownthedegreeofitsdestructionandtoimprovethewholeenvironment.”说明文章中提出了3种方法，故C项正确。4．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthesituationtosandstorms’problems?A．Unconfident. B．Optimistic.C．Regretful. D．Satisfied.B解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“Iamfullyconfidentthatthe...environmentfromtodayon”说明作者很有信心。故B项正确。BTherehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthenumberofnaturaldisastersoverthepastfewyears,anditisbelievedthatglobalwarmingandclimatechangecouldcauseevenmoredisastersinthefuture.Someoftheworld’sleadingcitiesarefacingdisasterslikefloodsandheatwaves.LondonLondon’sflooddefencesaregettingolder.Since1982,theThamesBarrier(水闸)hasprotectedthecityfromthethreatofflooding,butitwasonlydesignedtolastuntil2030andcloseonceeverytwoorthreeyears.About26yearslaterthebarriernowclosesfiveorsixtimesayearandaccordingtoEnvironmentAgencypredictions,by2050thebarrierwillbeclosedonalmosteverytideiftheproblemisnotaddressed.Thereare26undergroundstations,400schools,16hospitals,anairportand80billionworthofpropertyinLondon’sfloodriskarea,solargescalefloodingwouldbedisastrous.ParisOverasixweekperiodinJulyandAugust2003,morethan11，400—mainlyelderlypeople—diedinFrancefromdehydration(脱水)andextremelyhighbodytemperatureinadeadlyheatwave.Heatwavesofsimilarintensity(强度)areexpectedeverysevenyearsby2050,sowhatcanbedonetomakesuresuchadisasterdoesnothappenagain?Onesolutionistohaveair­conditionersinstalledinelderlycarehomes.Butthisisconsideredashort­termsolution,astheincreaseindemandforelectricityalsoincreasescarbonemissions(排放).InParisthelocalauthoritiesareencouragingarchitectstodesignnewtypesofbuildingssuchasthebuilding“FlowerTower”，whichusesacoveringofbambootoactasanaturalair­conditioner.ShanghaiShanghaiisoneofthefastestgrowingcitiesonEarth.Ithasapopulationof18millionandisonly4metersabovesealevel.Sealevelsarepredictedtoriseby20cmwithinthenextcentury.Anestimated250,000peoplemovetoShanghaieveryyearinsearchofwork,placingextrademandsonenergyconsumption.Chinareliesheavilyoncoal­firedpowerstations,buttheseemissionsincreasetemperaturesand,inturn,warmerseasincreasetheriskoftyphoons.【解题导语】近年来全球自然灾害的数量剧增，据预测，在将来，全球变暖，气候变化将会导致更多的灾难。让我们看一看世界上的大城市将会面临什么样的灾难。5．WhatproblemshouldbesettlednowinLondon?A．Howtoprotectthecity’sproperty.B．Wheretobuilditsflooddefences.C．HowtousetheThamesBarriertoprotectthecity.D．Howtoimprovethefunctionoftheoldflooddefences.D解析：推理判断题。由“London”部分的首句可知，伦敦防水设施正在老化，可推知D项正确。6．Whichofthefollowingmeasurescan’tsolvetheheatwavedisasterinParis?A．Puttingupnewtypesofbuildingswithacoveringofbamboo.B．Havingair­conditionersinstalledinelderlycarehomes.C．Forbiddingthecitytobuild“FlowerTower”.D．Encouragingarchitectstodesignnewtypesofbuildings.C解析：细节理解题。由第六段的．..encouragingarchitectstodesignnewtypesofbuildingssuchasthebuilding“FlowerTower”可知是鼓励设计“FlowerTower”式的建筑物而不是禁止。7．Thepurposeofthepassageis________.A．totellushowtoprotectthebigcitiesB．togiveadviceonhowtodefendnaturaldisastersC．toexplainwhatcausesfloodandheatwavesD．towarnusoftheincreasingnaturaldisastersinbigcitiesD解析：写作意图题。由文章第一段的Someoftheworld’sleadingcitiesarefacingdisasterslikefloodsandheatwaves.可知D项正确。8．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BigCitiesFacingBigDisastersB．BigDisastersintheFutureC．TheIncreaseofNaturalDisastersD．SolutionstoNaturalDisastersA解析：标题归纳题。全文描述了世界各大城市将会面临的各种自然灾害，故A项正确。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)完形填空Iwassaidtobetheworststudentinmyclass,andmyfamilythoughtIwashopeless.Ihadto__1__gradesix.Atthattimeanewteacher,MissSadia,cametoourschool.Onedayafterclass,she__2__thatIwasstayingaloneduringthelunchbreak.Shecametomeandbegantotalktome.Itwasjusta__3__conversation.Afterthatday,shegavemeparticular__4__anditmademefeelspecial(特别的)．Istartedtoworkhardbecauseshegavemethefeelingthat__5__believedme,andmy__6__startedtoimprove(提高)inhersubject.Monthslater,shemovedintoahousenearmy__7__.Wewouldwalkhometogetherafterschool.Herconstantsupporthelpedme，__8__inmystudies,asIknewshewould__9__mygradesbothinhersubjectandtheothersubjects.Ifinally__10__secondinmyclass.Then,aftergradesix,shestartedtoslowlydriftaway(疏远)__11__stillkeptaconstantcheckonme.BythetimeIwasingradeseven,we__12__spoke,butbythenIhadbeethe__13__inmyclass.WhenIleftmyschool,Iwas__14__withher,assheneveransweredthe__15__whenIcalledher.ThenIgraduatedandwenttoagooduniversity.Onefineday,ourpaths(路)__16__again.Imetheratawedding.Icouldnot__17__askingher,“Whydidyoustoptalkingtome?”“Youareacleverboy.Iwantedyoutobeatree__18__onyourownroots,notdependingon(依靠)others.NowhereyouareandIfeel__19__ofyou.Youareyourinspirationanddonotneedto__20__ashoulder，”shesaid.Icouldnotsayanything,butIsmiled.I’llalwaysthankher.【解题导语】作者在时老师和家长认为他是个差等生，要他留级。这时遇到了Sadia老师，在她的帮助和鼓励下，作者取得很大进步。但是从此以后，MissSadia不再给他很多关注，直到毕业后的一次偶遇，他才知道了老师这样做的真正原因。1．A.jump B．attendC．copy D．repeatD解析：根据空前“Iwassaidtobetheworststudentinmyclass,andmyfamilythoughtIwashopele