沙郡年纪(英语考研翻译试题)

ASandCountyAlmanac,

阿尔多·李奥帕德(AldoLeopold，1887-1948)，美国著名生态学家和环境保护主义的先驱，被称为“一个热心的观察家，一个敏锐的思想家和一个造诣极深的文学巨匠〞。从耶鲁大学毕业后，他一直从事与土地、森林相关的工作，还买下了位于威斯康辛河畔的一个废弃的农场，举家迁入这个农场的一座破旧的木屋里。在此后的十几年时间里，他在这里观察自然的变异、思考土地的命运，并且亲自动手栽种了上千株松树，以便恢复这片土地上的生态，观察植物和动物们的生命的繁衍与强壮。他不仅创立了“野地动物保护学科〞，并且提出了“上地伦理〞观念——人类对上地应摒弃征服者的姿态，而应换以谦恭平和的态度，因为“征服者最终都将祸及自身〞。Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunity,andifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegritytheyareentitledtocontinuance.完全基于经济动机的保护系统有一个根本的弱点，即陆地群落的大局部成员不具备经济价值。但这些物种是生物群落的一局部；如果生物群落的稳定性取决于其整体性，那么这些物种就有权利生存下去。Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.当一种没有经济价值的物种受到威胁，如果我们碰巧喜欢它，我们就会想方设法赋予它经济价值。本世纪初，燕雀原本正在逐渐消失。科学家们急忙赶来挽救这种局面，他们使用的证据明显站不住脚：如果没有鸟类来制衡昆虫，昆虫会把一切都吃光。证据要有说服力，就必须和经济价值挂钩。Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.如今，读这些绕弯子的解释叫人很痛苦。我们还没有土地伦理观，但至少我们趋向于成认——无论鸟类对我们来说是否具有经济价值，它们自有生存的权利。Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.〞肉食性哺乳动物和食鱼的鸟类身上也存在类似的情况。有证据说明，这些动物通过猎杀弱者来保持猎物群落的健康状态，或者说它们捕杀的只是“毫无价值的物种〞；曾几何时，生物学家或多或少滥用了这个证据。Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.一些看重经济利益的护林员已不再种植某些树种，因为它们生长太过缓慢，或是作为木材的价值过低。在林业更注重生态的欧洲，没有经济价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的一局部，同样得到了合理的保护。Moreoversome(likebeech)haveseenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheforestanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.另外，人们发现有些树种对增加土地的肥沃度有着很重要的作用。森林与构成这片森林的树种、植物群及动物群之间的相互依存被认为是理所当然的。Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.总之，一个仅仅建立在经济利己主义上的保护系统是非常不平衡的。它倾向于无视陆地群落中的许多物种，并最终导致它们的灭绝。那些物种虽然缺乏商业价值，却对保证陆地群落的健康运作至关重要。这个系统假定，即使少了缺乏经济价值的物种，这套生态机制也能够运作。2.OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.②Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsections,butseveralmajorpapers,includingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribune,nolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.③Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothem,whilethe“thinkpieces〞onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.过去的25年，在英文报纸发生的所有变化中，或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸文艺报道的范围在缩小，严肃性在减弱，势头不可阻挡。不仅许多报纸都撤掉了其书评版面，而且一些主要报纸，包括《芝加哥太阳时报》和《明尼阿波利斯星坛报》也都不再雇佣全职的古典音乐评论家了。纵然是那些继续评论美术方面的事件的报纸留给这些评论的空间也比以往要少。与此同时，曾经使大城市星期日报纸增色的关于文化主题的“时事短评〞也已经是昨日黄花了。Itis,Isuspect,difficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcentury,includingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene(1945),EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance(1949),KennethTynan’sCurtains(1961),andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde(1973)consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.我疑心，年龄在40岁以下的普通读者无法想象那样一个能够在大局部的大城市报纸上找到高质量的文艺评论的时代。然而有大量在20世纪出版的具有最重要意义的评论作品，包括维吉尔·汤姆逊的《音乐现场》(1945年)、埃德温·登比的《看舞蹈》(1949)、肯尼斯·惕南的《窗帘》(1961)和希尔顿·克拉莫尔的《先锋派时代》(1973)在报纸评论中占据了很大局部。如今去读这种书籍会使人们对这样一种事实感到大为惊讶，那就是这些书籍广博的内容曾经被人们认为很适合在面对群众发行的日报上刊登。WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.我们离20世纪初期和二战前夕期间在英国发表的东拉西扯的报纸评论甚至更远，当时，新闻用纸非常廉价，而且时髦的文艺评论被认为是一种对刊登这种内容的出版物的装饰。在那些遥远的年代，主流报纸的评论家们会把报道的事件详细充分地记录下来，这被视为理所当然。Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemen(fortheywereallmen)believedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,〞Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’〞这些评论家们所从事的是严肃的事业。甚至是那些喜欢卖弄学问的评论家们,像萧伯纳和欧内斯特·纽曼,也知道自己在做什么，这一点足以让人信任。这些男人(因为他们都是男人)把新闻业认为是一个职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上刊登出来感到很自豪。“能拥有足够的思想或足够的文学天赋可以使他们在新闻业上成就自己的事业的作者是如此之少〞，纽曼写道，“以致于我禁不住把‘新闻业’定义成被某些作家所使用的一个蔑称。那些作品不受欢送的作家就这用这样的字眼称呼那些作品受欢送的作家。〞Why,then,arevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgotten?NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity?那么，为什么几乎所有的这些评论家们被人们忘却了呢？从1917年开始一直到1975年死前不久还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的内维尔·卡达斯，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。然而，在他的一生中，他也是英国最重要的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位被广为赞赏的文体家，其1947年的《自传》是一本畅销书。他于1967年被授予爵士称号，也是第一位被授予这个头衔的音乐评论家。然而，他出的书中如今只有一本还在版。并且，他关于音乐方面的大量作品都不为人知，除了专业人士以外。①IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?②Theprospectseemsremote.③Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.④Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

Aartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedby

Afreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

AItiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalismDProminentCriticsinMemory

作文Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"postgraduateassociation"instead.ThePostgraduates’AssociationisnowrecruitingvolunteersfortheinternationalconferenceonglobalizationtobeheldinthiscomingOctober.Studentswhoareinterestedcansendusresumesandwewilltrytoofferyousomegoodopportunities.Weneedthreeinterpretersandexperiencedcandidateswillbeconsideredfirst.Thosewhoarefamiliarwithourcitycanserveastourguidesforwewillshowourforeignguestsaroundwhentheytakeabreakaftereachsession.Ofcourse,tomaketheirtripmoreinterestingandshowourhospitality,itispreferableforyoutoknowsomeforeignlanguages.Yourapplicationwillbeacceptedbeforetheendofthismonth.Lookingforwardtohearingfromyou.Pleasecallat85853421ifyouhaveanyquestions.ThePostgraduates’AssociationVolunteersWantedAninternationalconferenceonglobalizationwillbeheldinthecomingwintervacation.ThisconferencewillbeorganizedbythePostgraduates’Association.Atpresentwewillrecruit10volunteerstoworkasassistantsforthisconference.TheapplicantsarerequiredtospeakEnglishfluently.ThosewhocanspeakanotherforeignlanguagesuchasFrenchorJapanesearepreferable.Inadditiontothelanguageskills,thosevolunteersareexpectedtobepatient,helpful,open-mindedwithalovingheart.Thevolunteerswillbeprovidedfreethreemealsadayaswellastransportationfromandbacktotheconferencesite.Thosewhoareinterestedinworkingasvolunteers,pleasesendyourresumeandapplicationlettertothee-mailaddresspostgraduateassociation@163.ThePostgraduates’AssociationwillcontactthosechosencandidatesforaninterviewbeforeFebulary,10th.Wearesincerelywaitingforyoutojoinus!Postgraduates’AssociationDirections:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and，3)giveyourcomments。Asisvividlydepictedinthedrawing,inthemiddleofthecartoonstandsahotpot,containingmanyChineseculturalsymbols,suchasBeijingoperas,Daoism,andsomeforeighculturalsymbols,etc.HowimpressivethedrawingisindescribingthecommonphenomenonthatChinesecultureisbecomingincreasinglyintegratedintotheworld.Thedrawer’sintentionseemstobehighlyself-evidentandthemeaningcausesustobethought-provoking.Itholdstobeapparentthatthecartoonisindicativeofapervasivephenomenonwithregardtoculture.Whenitcomesto(一谈到)culture，itsgreatimpactsandbenefitscan’tbetooesti