土木工程专业英语课件

Chapter1

EngineeringProjectChapter1土木工程专业英语1Conversation1.—Howmanyphasesdoesaprojectcover?—Theexecutionofitcanbeusuallydividedintosomebasicstages,likeengineering,procurementandtransportation,andfieldconstruction.一个工程项目的实施通常可分为几个基本阶段：工程设计、采购和运输、以及现场施工。2.—Pleasegiveadescriptionaboutthisproject.请对这个工程项目作一个叙述说明。3.—Whoisthecontractor?—ThecontractorisToyoEngineeringCorporation(TEC)ofJapan.Chapter1土木工程专业英语2承包商是日本的东洋工程公司。（简称TEC）4.—Itisaninquiry(commercialandtechnicalproposal,approval,agreement,protocol,annex,technicalappendix)aboutthisproject.这是这个项目的询价书。（商务和技术报价书、批准书、协议、会议记录、附加条件、技术附件）5.—Whomakesuptheprojectteam?—Theprojectteamnormallyconsistsofprojectengineer,designengineer,scheduleengineer,andvariousspecialists.项目工作组通常包括有项目工程师、设计工程师、计划工程师、以及各类专家。6.—Howcanweevaluatetheresultsoffieldconstruction—Wecanevaluatetheresultsoffieldconstructionbyfourcriteria,whicharequality,time,costandsafety.Chapter1土木工程专业英语3我们可以通过四个指标来评价现场施工的成绩，即质量、时间进度、费用和安全。7.—Whatareyouresponsiblefor?8.—Iamresponsibleforthetechnical(scheduling,inspection,qualitycontrol)workofthisproject.我负责这个项目的技术（技术、检查、质量控制）工作。9.—Wouldyoutellusthetechnicalcharacteristicaboutthisproject?你能告诉我们有关这个工程项目的技术特性吗？—Certainly!10.—Doyouhaveanyreferencematerialsaboutthisproject?你有关于这个工程项目有参考资料吗？—Yes,hereyouare.Chapter1土木工程专业英语4TextFrameworkofCivilEngineeringIntroductionGenerally，engineering

istheapplicationof

economic,social,andscientificpracticalknowledgeto

design,build,andmaintainstructures,machines,devices,systems,materialsand

processes.Basically,engineeringisanend-product-orienteddisciplinethatisverybroad,innovative,cost-consciousandmindfulofhumanfactorsandincludesvariousmorespecialized

fieldsofengineering,eachwithamorespecificemphasisonparticularareasoftechnologyandtypesofapplication.土木工程框架介绍一般而言,工程学是应用经济、社会和科学的实用知识来设计、建造和维护结构、机器、设备、系统、材料和过程。基本上,

工程学是一个面向最终产品的学科,它非常广泛,

创新,

成本意识和考虑到人的因素,

包括各种更专业的工程领域,

每一个更具体地强调特定领域的技术和应用类型。Chapter1土木工程专业英语5Civilengineeringisoneofthemostdiversebranchesofengineering.Thecivilengineerplans,designs,constructs,andmaintainsalargevarietyofstructuresandfacilitiesforpublic,private,commercialandindustrialuse.Thesestructuresincluderesidential,office,factorybuildings;and

infrastructure,

forexample,airports,

roads,

railways,watersupplyandtreatmentetc.),bridges,dams,andbuildings.土木工程是工程中最多样化的分支之一。土木工程师计划、设计、建造和维护大量的公共、私人、商业和工业用途的结构和设施。这些结构包括住宅、办公室、工厂建筑;和基础设施,例如,机场,公路,铁路,供水和处理等),桥梁,水坝和建筑物。

土木工程专业英语6Theterm“civilengineer”didnotcomeintouseuntilabout1750,whenJohnSmeaton,thebuilderoffamousEddystonelighthousenearPlymouth,England,issaidtohavebeguncallinghimselfa“civilengineer”todifferhimselffromthemilitaryengineersofhistime.However,theprofessionisasoldascivilization.EddystoneLighthouse土木工程师"一词直到1750才开始使用,当时英国普利茅斯附近著名的Eddystone灯塔的建造者约翰.斯米顿据说已经开始自称"土木工程师",与他当时的军事工程师不同。然而,这个行业和文明一样古老。Eddystone

灯塔Chapter1土木工程专业英语7Theengineeringmarvelsoftheworld,startingfromthepyramidstotoday’sthinshellstructures,aretheresultsofthedevelopmentincivilengineering.Communicationlineslikeroads,railways,bridges,etc.withoutwhichdevelopmentisimpossible,arefruitsofcivilengineers’work.Variousfunctionsofacivilengineerarelistedbelow.从金字塔到今天的薄壳结构,世界工程奇迹是土木工程发展的结果。如道路、铁路、桥梁等通信线路没有发展是不可能的,是土木工程师工作的成果。下面列出了土木工程师的各种功能。土木工程专业英语8InvestigationThefirstfunctionofacivilengineeristocollectthenecessarydatathatisrequiredbeforeplanningaproject.调查土木工程师的第一个功能是收集计划项目前所需的数据。SurveyingTheobjectiveofsurveyingistopreparemapsandplanstolocatethevariousstructuresofaprojectonthesurfaceofearth.测量勘测的目的是准备地图和计划在地球表面寻找项目的各种各样的结构。

Chapter1土木工程专业英语9PlanningDependingontheresultsobtainedfrominvestigationandsurveying,acivilengineershouldpreparethenecessarydrawingfortheprojectintermsofcapacity,sizeandlocationofitsvariouscomponents.Onthebasisofthisdrawing,anecessaryestimateshouldbeworkedout.规划土木工程师应根据调查和测量所得的结果,在其各部件的容量、尺寸和位置方面,为项目准备必要的图纸。在这幅图画的基础上,应该制定出一个必要的估计。

Chapter1土木工程专业英语10DesignAfterplanning,thesafedimensionofthecomponentsrequiredisworkedout.Withthisdimensionadetaileddrawingispreparedforvariouscomponentsandalsoforthewholestructureandadetailedestimateisalsocalculated.设计经过规划,制定了所需部件的安全尺寸。利用此维度,为各种部件以及整个结构准备了详细的图纸,并计算了详细的估计值。

土木工程专业英语11ExecutionThisfunctiondealswiththepreparationofschedulesforconstructionactivities,finalizationofcontracts,supervisionofconstructionwork,preparationofbillsandmaintenance.执行本职能涉及编制施工活动进度表、合同定稿、施工监理、帐单编制和维修等工作。

土木工程专业英语12ResearchanddevelopmentAcivilengineerneedstogetinvolvedinresearchanddevelopmenttoobtainprofitsandtoimprovetheefficiencytothepresentandfutureneeds.研究与开发土木工程师需要参与研究和开发,以获取利润,提高效率,以满足目前和未来的需要。

Chapter1土木工程专业英语13Sub-disciplinesofCivilEngineeringAnydisciplineofengineeringisawidefieldwithvariousspecializations.Civilengineeringistraditionallydividedintoseveralsub-disciplinesincludingstructuralengineering,transportationengineering,geotechnicalengineering,constructionmaterials,surveying,constructionengineering,waterresourcesengineering,coastalengineering,environmentalengineeringandmunicipalengineering.土木工程分学科任何工程学的学科是一个广泛的领域与各种各样的专业化。土木工程传统上分为结构工程、交通工程、岩土工程、建筑材料、测绘、建筑工程、水资源等几个子学科。工程,海岸工程,环境工程和市政工程。

土木工程专业英语14StructuralEngineeringStructuralengineeringfocusesonthestructuraldesignandstructuralanalysisofbuildings,bridges,towers,flyovers,tunnels,off-shorestructureslikeoilandgasfieldsinthesea,andotherstructures.Thisinvolvesidentifyingtheloadswhichactuponastructureandtheforcesandstresseswhichappearwithinthatstructureduetothoseloads,andthendesigningthestructuretosuccessfullysupportandresistthoseloads.Theloadscanbeselfweightofthestructures,otherdeadload,liveloads,moving(wheel)load,windload,earthquakeload,loadfromtemperaturechange,etc.Thestructuralengineermustdesignstructurestobesafefortheirusersandtosuccessfullyfulfillthefunctiontheyaredesignedfor(tobeserviceable).Duetothenatureofsomeloadingconditions,subdisciplineswithinstructuralengineeringhaveappeared,includingwindengineeringandearthquakeengineering.Chapter1土木工程专业英语15结构工程结构工程的重点是结构设计和结构分析的建筑物,桥梁,塔,天桥,隧道,离岸结构,如在海洋中石油和天然气离岸结构，

和其他结构。这包括确定在结构上的载荷,以及由于这些载荷而出现在该结构内的力和应力,然后设计结构以成功地支持和抵抗这些负载。荷载可以是结构自重、其他死荷载、活荷载、动(轮)荷载、风荷载、地震荷载、温度变化荷载等。结构工程师必须设计结构,以安全为其用户和成功地履行其设计的功能(可维修)。由于某些加载条件的特殊性,结构工程中的分支已经出现,包括风工程和地震工程。

土木工程专业英语16TransportationEngineeringTransportationengineeringisconcernedwithmovingpeopleandgoodsefficiently,safely,andinamannerconducivetoavibrantcommunity.Thisinvolvesspecifying,designing,constructing,andmaintainingtransportationinfrastructurewhichincludesstreets,canals,highways,railsystems,airports,ports,andmasstransit。Itincludesareassuchastransportationdesign,transportationplanning,trafficengineering,someaspectsofurbanengineering,pavementengineering,intelligenttransportationsystem,andinfrastructuremanagement.Chapter1土木工程专业英语17交通工程交通工程是以高效、安全、有效的方式移动人和物品,并以一种有利于充满活力的社区为目的。这涉及指定、设计、建造和维护运输基础设施,包括街道、运河、公路、铁路系统、机场、港口和大众运输。它包括交通设计、交通规划、交通工程、城市工程、路面工程、智能交通系统、基础设施管理等方面。

土木工程专业英语18GeotechnicalEngineeringGeotechnicalengineeringisafieldofcivilengineeringregardingtherockandsoilthatcivilengineeringsystemsaresupportedby.Knowledgefromthefieldsofgeology,materialscienceandtesting,mechanics,andhydraulicsareappliedbygeotechnicalengineerstosafelyandeconomicallydesignfoundations,retainingwalls,andsimilarstructures.Environmentalconcernsinrelationtogroundwaterandwastedisposalhavespawnedanewareaofstudycalledgeoenvironmentalengineeringwherebiologyandchemistryareimportant.Chapter1土木工程专业英语19岩土工程岩土工程是土木工程系统所支持的岩石和土壤的土建工程领域。地质、材料科学、测试、力学和水力学等领域的知识,是由岩土工程工程师在安全、经济地设计地基、挡土墙和类似结构的基础上应用的。与地下水和废物处理有关的环境问题催生了一个新的研究领域,称为地理环境工程,其中生物学和化学是重要的。

土木工程专业英语20QualificationsforCivilEngineering

Engineering

is

a

professionwhichmeans

an

engineermusthaveaspecializededucation。Many

government

jurisdictions

also

have

licensing

procedures

which

require

engineering

graduates

to

pass

an

examination.Similar

to？

the

bar

examinations

for

a

lawyer,before

they

can

actively

start

on

their

careers.土木工程资格工程是一门专业,意味着工程师必须有专门的教育。许多政府管辖区也有许可证程序,

要求工程毕业生通过考试。类似的律师酒吧考试,

他们才可以积极地开始他们的职业生涯。

Chapter1土木工程专业英语21

In

theuniversity,mathematics,physics,and

chemistry

are

heavily

stressed

throughoutthe

engineering

curriculum,but

particularlyin

the

first

two

or

three

years.Mathematics

is

very

important

in

all

branches

of

engineering,so

it

is

greatly

stressed.Today,mathematics

includes

courses

in

statistics,whichdealswith

gatheringclassifying,and

using

numerical

data,or

pieces

of

information.在大学里,数学、物理和化学都受到了沉重的压力。工程学课程,但特别在前三年。数学在工程的各个分支中是非常重要的,因此受到了很大的压力。今天,

数学包括统计课程,其中涉及收集分类、使用数字数据或信息片断。

土木工程专业英语22An

important

aspect

of

statistical

mathematics

is

probability,which

deal

with

what

may

happen,

there

are

different

factors,or

variables,that

canchange

the

result

of

problem。Beforethe

construction

of

a

bridge

is

carriedout,for

example,a

statistical

study

is

madeof

theamountof

traffic

the

bridge

will

be

expected

to

dealwith.In

the

design

of

bridge,variables

such

as

water

pressure

on

the

foundations,impact,

the

effects

of

different

wind

forces,and

many

otherfactors

must

be

considered.

统计数学的一个重要方面是概率,

它处理什么可能发生,有不同的因素,或变量,可以改变问题的结果。之前对桥梁的施工进行了统计研究,

并对该桥预计将处理的交通量。在桥梁设计中,

变量等由于水压对地基、撞击、不同风力的影响,

以及许多其他必须考虑因素。Chapter1土木工程专业英语23Because

a

great

deal

of

calculation

is

involved

in

solving

these

problems,computerprogramming

is

now

included

in

almost

all

engineering

curricula,Computers,

can

solve

many

problems

involving

calculations

with

greater

speed

and

accuracy

than

a

human

being

can.。But

computer

are

useless

unless

they

are

given

clear

and

accurateinstruction

and

information----in

other

words,a

good

program.由于大量的计算涉及到解决这些问题,

计算机现在几乎所有的工程课程都包含了编程,计算机,可以解决许多问题,涉及计算的速度和准确性比人能更高。但计算机是无用的,

除非他们得到明确和准确的指令和信息----换句话说,一个好的程序。

土木工程专业英语24

In

spite

of

the

heavy

emphasis

on

technical

subjects

in

the

engineering

curriculum,current

trend

is

to

require

students

to

take

course

in

the

social

sciences

and

the

language

arts.

Itshouldbepointedoutthat

the

work

performed

by

an

engineeraffects

society

in

many

differentand

important

ways

that

he

or

she

should

be

aware

of。An

engineer

also

needs

a

sufficientcommand

of

language

to

be

able

to

prepare

reports

that

are

clear

and,

in

many

cases,

persuasive

。An

engineer

engaged

in

research

will

need

to

be

able

to

write

up

his

or

her

finding

for

scientific

publications.

尽管在工程课程中对技术科目的重视程度很高,但目前的趋势是要求学生在社会科学和语言艺术中学习。应该指出的是,

工程师所做的工作影响了社会在许多不同的和重要的方式,他或她应该知道。工程师还需要足够的掌握语言的能力,能够编写清晰的报告,在许多情况下,有说服力。从事研究的工程师将需要能够写出他或她的科学出版物的发现。

Chapter1土木工程专业英语25

The

last

two

years

of

an

engineering

program

include

subject

within

the

student’s

field

of

specialization,

For

the

student

who

is

preparing

to

become

a

civil

engineer,thesespecializedcoursesmaydeal

with

such

subjects

as

geodetic

surveying,

soil

mechanics,orhydraulics.工程项目的最后两年包括在学生的领域内的主题专业化,

为准备成为土木工程师的学生,

这些专业课程可以处理诸如大地测量、土力学或水力学等学科。

土木工程专业英语26

Active

recruiting

for

engineers

often

begins

before

the

student’s

last

year

in

the

university.

Many

different

corporation

and

government

agencies

have

competed

for

the

services

of

engineers

in

recent

year。In

today’s

science-oriented

society，people

who

have

technical

training

areindemand。Young

engineers

may

choose

to

go

into

environmental

or

sanitary

engineering。for

example,where

environmental

concerns

have

created

many

openings;or

they

may

choose

construction

companies

that

specialize

in

highway

work;

or

they

may

prefer

to

work

with

one

of

the

government

agencies

that

deals

with

water

resources;

Indeed,

the

choice

is

large

and

varied.对工程师的大力招聘通常从学生在大学的最后一年开始。近年来,许多不同的公司和政府机构竞相争夺工程师。在当今的科学型社会中,需求技术培训的人。年轻的工程师可以选择进入环境或卫生工程,例如,

环境问题创造了许多空缺;或者他们可以选择专业从事公路工程的施工企业;或他们可能更喜欢与一个工作处理水资源的政府机构;的确,选择是大而多样的。

Chapter1土木工程专业英语27When

the

young

engineer

has

finally

started

actual

practice，the

theoretical

knowledge

acquired

in

the

university

must

be

applied。He

or

she

will

probably

be

assigned

at

the

beginning

to

work

with

a

team

of

engineers。Thus,on-the-job

training

thatcan

be

acquired

willdemonstratehis

or

her

ability

to

apply

theoryto

practice

for

the

supervisors.当年轻的工程师终于开始实际实践时,

理论知识必须申请在大学获得。他或她可能会被指派在开始与一个工程师团队工作。因此,

可以获得的在职培训将证明他或她的能力运用理论到实践为监督员。土木工程专业英语28WordsandExpressionsstructure ['strʌktʃə] n.结构;构造;建筑物;体系Device [di'vais] n.装置，设备;方法;策略;手段Orient ['ɔ:riənt] v.标定方向;使…向东方Innovative ['

n

ve

t

v] adj.革新的;创新的;创新立异specialized ['speʃəlaizd] adj.专门的;专业的;专用的facilities [fə'siliti] n.工具；设备Commercial [kə'mə:ʃəl] adj.商业的；贸易的；营利的Residential [

rezi'denʃəl] adj.住宅的，适于作住宅的；Infrastructure ['infrə'strʌktʃə] n.基础设施;基础建设military ['militəri] adj.军事的;军用的Chapter1土木工程专业英语29Civilization [sɪvɪlaɪ'zeɪʃən;] n.文明，文化；开化Function ['fʌŋkʃən] n.功能，作用Investigation [in

vesti'geiʃən] n.（正式的）调查，勘测Component [kəm'pəunənt] n.成分;零件;[数]要素;Capacity [kə'pæsiti] n.容量;性能;生产能力Dimension [di'menʃən] n.尺寸;[数]次元，度，维度Calculate ['kælkjuleit] v.计算;估计;打算Construction [kən'strʌkʃən] n.建筑物;建造;contract ['kɔntrækt] n.合同；契约municipal [mju(:)'nisipəl] n.市的，市政的Chapter1土木工程专业英语30sub-discipline [sʌb'disiplin] n.分支Geotechnical [d

i:əʊ'teknɪkəl] adj.岩土工程技术的hydraulics [ha

'dr

:l

ks] n.水力学qualification [

kwɔlifi'keiʃən] n.资格，授权;条件Curriculum [

kwɔlifi'keiʃən] n.全部课程，课程Statistical [stə'tistikəl] adj.统计的;统计学的variable ['v

əriəbl] n.可变因素，变量Foundation [faun'deiʃən] n.地基;基础;Accuracy ['ækjurəsi] n.精确（性），准确（性）Recruit [ri'kru:t] v.招聘，征募;吸收新成员sanitary

['sænitəri] adj.清洁的;卫生的supervisor ['sju:p

vaiz

] n.监督者，管理者;镇长Chapter1土木工程专业英语31Notes:1.Basically,engineeringisanend-product-orienteddiscipline……typesofapplication.工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新和成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素，包含各种更专门化的工程领域，每个领域更加具体的强调专门的技术领域和应用类型。2.Dependingontheresultsobtained……variouscomponents.依据勘测和调查中获得的结果，土木工程师应该在工程的生产能力，规模，各个部件的位置方面卫工程准备必要的制图。3.Many

government

jurisdictions

also

have

licensing

procedures

which

require

engineering

graduates

to

pass

an

examination.许多政府决议机构也有许可程序，要求工程专业毕业生必须通过考试。4.Thus,on-the-job

training

thatcan

be

acquired

willdemonstratehis

or

her

ability

to

apply

theoryto

practice

for

the

supervisors.工作中获得的培训可以使年轻的工程师为监管者展示将理论应用到实际的能力。Chapter1土木工程专业英语32ExercisesI.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisCivilEngineering?2.Whatarethesub-desciplinesofCivilEngineering?3.Whatarethequalificationsforacivilengineer?II.Translatethesecondparagraph“Civilengineeringis…buildings.”intoChinese.III.

Translatetheparagraphwiththesubtopicof“TransportationEngineering”intoChinese.IV.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:1.直到大约1750年，人们才开始使用“土木工程师”这一术语。2.为了获得利润，提高目前和未来需要的效率，土木工程师需要参与项目研究和研发。Chapter1土木工程专业英语33III.WritingLetterofrequestingaraise/salaryincreaseWritingTipsSalarynegotiation(askingforasalaryincrease,apayrise,orsimplymoremoney)affectseveryonefromtimetotime.Salarynegotiationcanbedifficult,andmanypeoplehandleitpoorly,causingfrustrationandill-feeling.Inthiscase,youcanwritealetteraskingforaraisebecausedoingsowillforceyoutodocumentallyouraccomplishments—whichshouldnotonlyhelpyouwiththeraise,butwillhelpyouwithupdatingyourresumewhenit’stimetostartjob-hunting.Moreandmore,youneedtothinkofraisemeetingsinthesameveinassalarynegotiation;thus,themorereasoningyouhave,themorelikelyyou’llgettheraiseyouwish.Chapter1土木工程专业英语34Usefulpatterns:Ihavesuccessfullytakenresponsibilityfor...Ihaveanumberofaccomplishmentstomycredit:...Myknowledgeandskillin...hasallowedthecompanyto...Ihavetakeninitiative,forex