制造业区位的模式-文档

牙膏C.3.Model

ofManufacturing

Location製造業區位的模式1Weber

Model–Least

Cost

Model韋伯─最低成本理論Weber

Model

–

Least

CostModel2韋伯─最低成本理論In

1909Aims目的:

Tried

to

explain

and

predict

the

locationpattern

of

industry

at

the

macro-scale.

試圖解釋及預測工業區位在宏觀規模中的模式The

most

desirable

industriallocation

最理想工業區位3

minimum

transport

costs

and

labourcosts最低的交通成本和勞工成本least

cost

location最低成本區位Assumption假設4Nations國家:isolated

nation孤立的國家Raw

materials原料ubiquitous遍在性，found

every

wherelocalised/sporadic區域性，fixedlocation固定位置3.labour勞工：given4.Transport

costs運輸費=proportionate

to

distance

and

weight(與距離及重量比例)5.Market巿場：fixed

point固定地點56.Perfect

competition絶對性競爭/完全競爭6：same

goods,at

same

price同一樣的貨品，價錢相同：↓production

cost生產成本↑revenue利潤:R利潤=Price–Costs7.economic

man經濟人：maximize

profit賺最多利潤perfect

knowledge完全知識Cost

Factor

influencing

industriallocation影響工業區位的成本因素7Transport

costs運輸成本Raw

material原料Labour

costs勞工成本Cost

savings

from

agglomeration/

deglomeration從集聚/分散節省的成本1.

Transport

Costs運輸成本8locational

triangle區位三角形Varignon

frame范力農機械方法Isodapanes等總運費線a.)

locational

triangle區位三角形原料1:純原料原料2:粗原料9Transport

Cost運輸費10b.)Varignon

frame范力農機械方法

the

knot

of

3

string

represents

theoptimum

least

transport

cost

locationwithin

the

triangle

三條繩的連結點代表在三角形範圍中最理想的，最低運輸成本位置b.)Varignon

frame范力農機械方法

The

factory

islocated

towards

M1工廠建廠接近M1

The

industry

ismaterial-oriented這是原料-導向工業11Isodapanes等總運費線

isotims等運費線：equal

transport

costlines指示同一運輸費的線

isodapanes等總運線費：equal

totaltransport

cost

lines指示同等總運輸費的線-illustrate

cost

surfaces分析空間位置的本運算1213Isodapanes等總運費線P:最低成本位置$2.5

+

$2.5

+$2.5=

$7.514c.)

Isodapanes等總運費線15Q1.(動手動腦)cost

of

transporting

Rm運原料：$1/unit/km

cost

of

transporting

Product運產品：$

0.5/

/

unit/kmdistance距離between

Market

and

Rm：

9kmscale

：

1cm：1km

Draw繪畫a

isodapane

for

the

volume

of等總運線費$7答案(見後頁)答案162.

Raw

materials原料17Material

index原料指數=Weight

of

localized

Rm

input區域性原料投入的重量

Weight

of

finished

product製成品的重量MI>1：WEIGHT

LOSS重量減少：Raw

material-oriented原料導向MI<1：WEIGHT

GAIN重量增加：Market-oriented巿場導向MI

=

1：NO

WEIGHT

GAIN

OR

LOSS:Foot-loose無導向18大量重量流失19Ex:

Weber’s韋伯20(動手動腦)Q1.(1個市場,1種原料)Q2.(1個市場,2種原料)答案(見後頁)Q1.(1個市場,1種原料)

ans21Ex:

Weber’s韋伯失例1個市場,2種原料每種原料重量:800噸

加工中,每種原料會流50%重量運輸費:$0.1/千米/噸計算以下位置的成本1）市場2)原料1,23)x點22Ex:

Weber’s韋伯23Ex:

Weber’s韋伯24Ex:

Weber’s韋伯25Ex:

Weber’s韋伯原

Q2.

(1個市場,2種料)答案(見後頁)26272829303.

Labour

costs勞工成本31modified

by

the

presence

of

a

localisedpool

of

cheapest

labour出現大量的區域性最低廉勞工供應the

saving

from

cheaper

labour使用低廉勞工節省的成本>extra

transport

costsincurved額外運輸費用*

Critical

isodapanes臨界等總運費線*Critical

isodapanes臨界等總運費線32

The

limit

point

at

which

savings

made

byreduced

labour

cost

equal

the

lossesbrought

about

the

extra

transport

costs

這限線指示從勞工節省得來的金額等同於額外運費的損失at

L1,

L2,

L3

:

Labour

costs

are

$3less勞工成本減少

Least

cost

location最低成本位置?Will

move

to

L1?

L2? L3?

Critical

isodapanes臨界等總運費線?334.

Agglomeration

Economics集聚經濟效益/Deglomeration離散/反聚集力

Agglomeration

Economics集聚經

濟效益

agglomerationsavings集聚的節省成本>additionaltransport

costs額外運輸費用344.

Agglomeration

Economics集聚經濟效益/Deglomeration離散/反聚Advantages優點/集Be力nefits利益Time

saving節省時間Transport

saving節省運輸成本Access

to

a

pool

of

skilled

labour大量技術勞工供應Presence

of

ancillary

services輔助服務Generation

of

co-operation

between

plants廠間合作internal

economics/specialization專門化35Agglomeration

Economics集聚經

濟效益/Deglomeration離散/反聚集力36Diseconomies

of

scale規模不經濟37traffic

congestion交通阻塞Waste

disposal垃圾棄置Overtaxed

local

facilities地區設施稅額太高High

land

rent地租高

Inadequate

room

for

storage

and

expansion缺乏貯貨及發展空間Applicability

of

Weber’s

model韋伯模式的應用38The

material

index

of

extracting

sugarbeet

is

8提煉甜菜的原料指數是8

The

sugar-beat

factory

should

bematerial-oriented煉甜菜工廠屬於原料-導向

It

is

located

closely

at

the

beet-produciin

England因此在英國，它的廠址非常接近甜菜園2.)in

18th

and

19th

century在18-19世紀

Japan’s

iron

and

steel

industry

wasweight-losing

industry

that

was

locatedtowards

material

sources.

e.g.

Muroranand

Kamaishi.

They

were

least-costlocations(material-oriented).

日本鋼鐵業屬於失重工業。它位於原料供應地，例如：釜石和室蘭。該區屬於最低成本區位(原料-導向)。39Labour-intensive

industries

shift

to

S.E.

Asibecause

of

the

provision

of

labour

cost因勞工

成本低，勞工密集的工業移至東南亞(

During

the

80

century,

Hong

Kong

‘s

textileindustry

and

electronic

industry

shifted

toGuang

Chau

in

order

to

reduce

the

labour

costand

production

cost.在80年代香港的製衣業,電子業紛北上廣州等地開設廠房,從而減低勞工成本,生產成本。)There

are

famous

industrial

belts有名的工業帶e.g.

Tokyo-yokohama

in

Japan日本的東京-橫濱帶.

享有Agglomeration

Economics集聚經濟效益isenjoyed.40Inapplicability不能應用41Firms

may

not

be

located

at

the

point

ofminimum

transport

cost.工廠/公司不一定建廠於最低運輸成本地點Innovation

of

production生產技術改善Innovation

of

transport運輸技術改善Mass

transit

system大型運輸系統Freight

rate貨運費比率(附件)Case：2.)Labour

is

mobile.勞工是流動的42economics

depression

in

1930s經濟蕭條

labor

may

come

to

the

industrial

regionsspontaneously勞工會自發到工業區工作3.)Government’s政府encouragement鼓勵/control限制direct直接/indirect間接Case:牙膏Transport

Costs

andManufacturing

Location運輸費與工業區位43Freight

rate貨運費比率Transport

Costs

andManufacturing

Location運輸費與工業區位a.)

Transport

costswith

increasing

distance

當運輸距離增加

Transport

Costcharges

rise

at

adecreasing

rateover

increasingdistance

當距離增加，運輸費上升的幅度下降44a.)

Transport

costs

with

increasing

distance

當運輸距離增加45Total

cost=terminal

costs場站成本+haulage

costs搬運費Terminal

costs場站成本(fixed

costs固定成本)=cost

of

equipment設施，provision

of

unloadingmachinery起卸貨機械Haulage

costs搬運費(variable

costs可變成本)=fuel燃油，depreciation折舊費Transport

Costs

andManufacturing

Location運輸費與工業區位Transport

Costs

andManufacturing

Location運輸費與工業區位Because

with

longtransportingdistance,

theproportion

ofterminal

costsdecreases.

因為對於長途運輸,場站成本的比例下降46b.)

Transport

Rates

For

Three

MainCarries三種運輸工具的運費Road

transport陸路交通/運輸

Cheapest

for

short

hauls短程運輸最平Rail

transport鐵路運輸

Cheapest

for

intermediate中距離運輸最平Sea

Transport海路運輸

Cheapest

for

long

distance長距離運輸最平47Freight

rate貨運費比率Stepped

FreightRates分區收費

Charges

are

heldconstant

between

allplaces

in

the

zoneand

the

point

oforigin

由起點，與不同區域的收費保持穩定482.)The

In-Transit

Privilege暫放特權

benefit

from

the

concessional

long

haulfreight

rates

offered

by

trans