土壤中石油烃的加拿大标准

第4页共51页CANADA-WIDESTANDARDforPETROLEUMHYDROCARBONS(PHC)INSOIL土壤中石油烃的加拿大标准TechnicalSupplement技术补充CanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment加拿大环境部长会议January2008OverviewofthisTechnicalSupplement概述ThePHCCWSisa3-tiered,risk-basedremedialstandarddevelopedforfourgenericlanduses–agricultural,residential/parkland,commercialandindustrial.Thistechnicalsupplementhasbeenpreparedtodescribethescientificandsocio-economicbasisofthestandardandguideitsappropriateapplicationtoPHCcontaminatedsitesinCanada.石油烃加拿大标准分为三级，是基于风险的修复标准，用于三种土地—农业、居住/风景区、商业区和工业区。本技术补充文件描述标准的科学和社会经济基础，指导在PHC污染地点的适当应用。Therisk-basednatureofthePHCCWSmeansthat,foreachlanduse,allvaluestobeprotected(lifeformsorreceptors,ecosystemproperties)areexplicitlydocumentedaswellasthecontaminantsconsideredwithinPHCsandthepathwaysbywhichPHCscanaffectthesevalues.基于风险的PHCCWS的意义在于，对于每种土地用途，所有需要保护的价值（生命形态或受体、生态系统性质）、PHC污染及其影响这些价值的途径得到了清楚的证明。Thisapproachprovidesgreatflexibility,itallowsassessmentandmanagementofdifferentvariationswithinalanduseandevenextensionofthestandardtootherlandusecategories(e.g.,wildlands).Thevision,orexposurescenario,attachedtoeachlanduseistheheartofthePHCCWS.这种方法具有很大的灵活性，能够评价和管理土地用途的不同变化，甚至可将标准扩展到其他土地用途类别（如野生动物）。将视野或接触情况与不同土地用途联系起来是PHCCWS的核心。Agriculturallands:wheretheprimarylanduseisgrowingcropsortendinglivestock.Thisalsoincludesagriculturallandsthatprovidehabitatforresidentandtransitorywildlifeandnativeflora.Agriculturallandmayalsoincludeafarmresidence.农业土地：主要用于种植庄稼或饲养家畜。也包括野动物居住和迁徙、本土植物的土地。也可包括农场居住地。Residential/Parkland:wheretheprimaryactivityisresidentialorrecreationalactivity.Theecologically-basedapproachassumesparklandisusedasabufferbetweenareasofresidency,butthisdoesnotincludewildlandssuchasnationalorprovincialparks,otherthancampgroundareas.居住/风景区：主要活动为居住或修养。基于生态的方式认为修养区是居住区之间的缓冲，并不包括荒地，如国家或省级公园，而不是野营区域。Commercial:wheretheprimaryactivityiscommercial(e.g.,shoppingmall)andthereisfreeaccesstoallmembersofthepublic,includingchildren.Theusemayinclude,forexample,commercialday-carecentres.Itdoesnotincludeoperationswherefoodisgrown.商业：主要活动为商业（如购物中心），公众可自由进入，包括儿童。例如，用途包括儿童日托站。不包括食物栽培。Industrial:wheretheprimaryactivityinvolvestheproduction,manufactureorconstructionofgoods.Publicaccessisrestrictedandchildrenarenotpermittedcontinuousaccessoroccupancy.工业：主要活动为货物的生产、制造、建造。公共进入受到限制，不允许儿童联系进入或出现。Section1describesthescientificapproach,datasources,andspecificassumptionsmaderegardingreceptorsandtheirinteractionswithasiteundertheexposurescenarioapplicabletoeachlanduse.Section2describeshowtheenvironmentalmanagementobjectivesunderpinningtheTier1levelscanbeachievedcost-effectivelythroughthephasedacquisitionandapplicationofsite-specificinformationinTiers2and3.Section3describestheprincipalbenefitsandcostsofthePHCCWSasappliedatTier1.Section4providesasummaryoftheanalyticalmethodsupportingthePHCCWS.第一章描述科学方法、数据来源、受体的特定条件，以及适用于每种土地接触情况下的相互作用。第二章描述一级水平下可分阶段经济达到的环境管理目标，以及耳机和三级地址的信息。第四章描述在一级时采用PHCCWS的主要益处和费用。SummaryofKeyChangesSince2001变化概要WhenthePHCCWSwasimplementedin2001,acommitmentwasmadetoreviewnewscientificinformationandexperiencewithimplementation,andupdatethestandardafter5years.2001年，PHCCWS开始实行，成立了一个委员会，审查标准实行5年后的新的科学信息和经验。Basedoninputfromstakeholders3advisorysubgroupswerestrucktoreportbacktoCCMEandrecommendchangestotheStandard.Subgroupreportsareprovidedunderseparatecover(CCME2006b,c,d).Basedontherecommendationsofthreeadvisorysubgroups,thefollowingkeychangesweremadetothePHCCWS:根据利益相关方的信息，3个咨询小组向CCME报告，推荐标准的变更。小组的报告分别提供。根3个咨询小组的意见，PHCCWS有以下重要变化：Thehumansoilingestionanddermalcontactpathwayswerecombined,consistentwiththecurrentprotocol(CCME2006a).Modificationsweremadetoseveralfateandtransportmodelparameterstoreflectcurrentscience.EcologicalsoilcontactvalueswereupdatedbasedonfurthertoxicitytestingandfieldstudiesconductedsincethePHCCWSwasimplemented.SubsoiltableswereremovedfrommostoftheCanadaWideStandardreportsduetodifferencesinimplementationbetweenjurisdictionsandconcernsregardingtheapproachtaken.Intheirplace,managementlimitsweredevelopedthathaveexplicitlystatedconsiderationsthatwerepreviouslyincorporatedintothesubsoilecologicalguidelines.Subsoiltableswereincludedinthetechnicalsupplementtomaintainconsistencywiththe2001CanadaWideStandards.将人类的摄入与皮肤接触途径合并，与当前的报告一致。修改了几种归宿和转移方式模型参数，反映当前的科学。根据PHCCWS实行以来的毒性试验和现场研究，更新了生态土壤接触值。由于执行时管辖和关注方式的差异，从多数PHCCWS报告中删除了底层土壤层。取而代之的是，制定了管理限值，清楚地描述了与底层土壤生态导则整合的条件。本技术补充所指的底层土壤与2001CWS一致。Consistentwiththe2001CanadaWideStandards,surfaceterrestrialecologicalcriteriawillcontinuetoapplyforallsitesbetween0and1.5metersbelowgroundlevel.Fordepthsgreaterthan3metersbelowgroundlevel,amanagementlimitwasdevelopedthatmaybeappliedinplaceofthesurfaceecologicalsoilcriteria.Duetojurisdictionaldifferencesininterpretingrequirementsformanagementpractices,noguidanceisgivenfordepthsbetween1.5and3metersbelowgroundsurface.Guidanceforapplicationofthecriteriamaybedevelopedbythejurisdictionforthesedepths.与2001CWS一致，地表陆地生态标准将继续适用于所有地面下0~1.5m的地址。在地面以下3m以上时，制定了管理限值，可用于地表生态土壤标准。由于在解释管理做法规定时管辖的差异，没有给出任何地表下1~3m之间的指南。对于这样的深度，需要由管辖机构制定使用标准的指南。Section1:DevelopmentofTier1GenericSoilQualityLevels一级通用土壤质量水平的制定ApproachforPHCs方法Tier1levelsforeachlandusearederivedthroughasystematicevaluationofallpathwaysofexposurethatapplytothereceptorsofconcernidentifiedunderthatlanduse.AdetailedaccountofthisprocessasappliedtodevelopmentofsoilqualityguidelinesispresentedinCCME(1996a,2006a).BelowisacondenseddescriptionoftheprocessasappliedtodevelopmentoftheTier1PHCCWS.Emphasisisusedinareaswherechangesweremadetoprocessesand/ordecisionspresentedinCCME(2006a).Asummaryofthereceptor/pathwaycombinationsconsideredundereachlanduseinthePHCCWSispresentedinTable1.EachcombinationisdiscussedfurtherintheappropriatesectionofthisTechnicalSupplement.Gapsintheenvironmentalfateandeffectsliteraturemeantthatnotallreceptor/pathwaycombinationscouldbeexplicitlyaddressed.对于不同的土壤用途，通过系统评估所有接触途径，得出了一级水平。这一过程的详细解释也用于CMME发布的土壤质量指南的制定。以下是用于制定PHCCWS方法的简要描述。主要强调对CCME方法/决策的变化。环境归宿的差异和影响文献的意义在于，并非所有的受体/途径组合都能进行清楚地分析。Table1:Land-uses,keyreceptorsandexposurepathways.土地利用、关键受体和接触途径ExposurePathway接触途径Agriculture农业Residential/Parkland居住区/风景区Commercial商业Industrial工业SoilContact土壤接触NutrientcyclingSoilinvertebratesCrops(plants)Human(child)营养循环无脊椎动物庄稼(植物）人类（儿童）NutrientcyclingInvertebratesPlantsHuman(child)营养循环无脊椎动物庄稼(植物）人类（儿童）NutrientcyclingInvertebratesPlantsHuman(child)营养循环无脊椎动物庄稼(植物）人类（儿童）NutrientcyclingInvertebratesPlantsHuman(adult)营养循环无脊椎动物庄稼(植物）人类（成年人）SoilIngestion土壤摄入HerbivoresHuman(child)食草动物人类（儿童）(wildlife)*Human(child)野生动物人类（儿童）(wildlife)*Human(child)野生动物人类（儿童）(wildlife)*Human(adult)野生动物人类（成年人）Groundwater/SurfaceWater地下水/地表水AquaticLife/LivestockWateringHuman(child)水生生物/家畜用水人类（儿童）AquaticLifeHuman(child)水生生物人类（儿童）AquaticLifeHuman(child)水生生物人类（儿童）AquaticLifeHuman(adult)水生生物人类（成年人）VapourInhalation(humansonly)蒸发吸入（人类）Child,indoor**儿童，室内Child,indoor儿童，室内Child,indoor儿童，室内Adult,indoor成年人，室内Produce,meatandmilkproducedonsite(humansonly)生产肉类和牛奶生育（人类）Child儿童Child(produceonly)儿童（生育）Off-sitemigrationofSoil/Dust土壤/尘的异地迁移Human/Eco人类/生态Human/Eco人类/生态*wildlifedermalcontactandingestiondatamaybeparticularlyimportantforPHCs(e.g.,oilingoffeathers,etc.,althoughthisshouldbeaddressedwithaninitialassessmentofthepresenceofnon-aqueousphaseliquids-NAPL),butthereareunlikelytobesufficientdatatodevelopguidelinesthataddressthisexposurepathway野生动物皮肤接触和摄入PHC的数据可能特别重要（如皮毛沾油等，在进行无液体存在的初始评价时，也应进行分析—NAPL），但是，不大可能有充分的数据，用来制定分析这种方式的导则。**indoorinhalationpertainstoafarmresidence.农场居住区的室内吸入。Tier1levelsinthePHCCWSarepresentedasanintegrationoftheabovepathway/receptorcombinations–onlythegoverningpathwayispresented.Inapplication,userswillgatherinformationonrelevantpathwaysandwillfrequentlyrequireinformationonthepathwaysthatdonotnormallygovernatTier1.Tier1informationonthesepathwaysispresentedinthetechnicalguidanceaccompanyingthisstandard(CCME2007a,2007b).PHCCWS中的一级水平综合了上述途径/受体—只对途径进行管理。在应用时，应收集相关途径的信息，经常需要通常不由一级管理的信息。接这些方式一级信息见与本标准对应的技术指南。Inadditiontothetoxicrisksaddressedbythereceptor/pathwayanalyses,certainothermanagementconsiderationsapply.Theseinclude:Freephaseformation;ExposureofworkersintrenchestoPHCvapours;Fireandexplosivehazards;Effectsonburiedinfrastructure;and,Aestheticconsiderations.处理受体/途径的毒性风险分析，也要采用某些其他管理条件。包括：形成游离相工人挖掘事交出PHC蒸汽火灾和爆炸危害对地下结构的影响美学因素。WhereastheprimaryfocusinPHCCWSstandarddevelopmentispreventionoftoxiceffectstothereceptorsinTable1,incertainsituationsthesepathwaysmaybeoflittleimmediateconcernandPHCmanagementisdrivenbythesemanagementconsiderationsandotherpolicyfactors.制定PHCCWS的主要目标是防止对表1中受体的毒性影响，但是，在一定条件下，这些途径也会有轻微的即时影响，PHC的管理受管理因素和其他政策因素的影响。HumanHealthLevels人类健康水平ProtocolSummary报告概要Petroleumhydrocarbonsaregroupedbyphysico-chemicalpropertiesintofourfractionsbasedontheequivalentcarbonnumberofthechainlengths.Grouptoxicologicalandphysico-chemicalpropertiesareusedtoestimateconcentrationsofPHCsinsoilthatwouldnotleadtoanexposureexceedingahazardindexof1,multipliedbyasoilallocationfactortoaccountforexposurefromothercontaminatedmediaatthesite,along3majorexposurepathways–inhalationofvapours,directcontactwithcontaminatedsoil(dermalcontactandincidentalingestionofsoil)andingestionofcross-contaminatedgroundwater.Thesamepathwaysandsameexposureequationsareusedforalllanduses,however,exposuredurationandfrequencyvarybetweenlandusesandonlyanadult’sexposureisconsideredfortheindustriallanduse.Representativevaluesareusedformostparametersandcharacteristicswhich,whencombinedwithinherentconservatismbuiltintotoxicityreferencevalues,exposurescenariosandmodels,givesaprotectiveandpracticalresult.ThereareinsufficientdatatoevaluatePHCexposurethroughthefoodchain.ThefewdataavailableindicatethatplantuptakeofPHCsandsubsequentexposureathighertrophiclevelsisnotaconcern.根据物理化学性质，按链长的等炭数，石油烃分为4类。采用类别的毒性和物理化学性质，测算土壤中不会导致超过危害指数为1的浓度，乘以土壤分布因素，说明现场其他污染解介质的接触，有3中主要接触方式—蒸汽吸入、直接接触污染土壤（皮肤接触和摄入）、通过地下水的摄入。对于所有的土地用途，采用同样的接触方式和接触等式，但是，接触时间和频次会有很大的变化，对于工业土地，只考虑成年人。对于多数参数和特性，采用有代表性的值，与偏于保守的毒性参考值、接触情况和模型组合，给出预防性和可行的结果。没有充分的数据用来评估通过食物链接触OHC，后续的接触属于更高层次的食品水平，不是涉及的问题。ToxicologicalBasis生态毒性基础ExposuretoPHCsleadstoavarietyofresultsdependingupontheparticularcompoundsormixturesinvolved,intensity,frequencyanddurationofexposure,andexposurepathway.WhilecertainPHCsareconfirmedhumancarcinogens(e.g.,benzene,benzo(a)pyrene),theseareexceptionaland,wherepresentatasite,theyaredealtwithasseparateissuesusingcompoundspecificguidelinesorriskassessments.MostPHCsareunderstoodtoactasthresholdtoxins,elicitinggeneralnarcosissymptoms.与特定化合物或混合物、强度、频次和接触方式有关，接触PHC会导致不同的结果。已经确定某些PHC有人类致癌作用（如苯、苯并（a）芘），如果存在，属于异常，要采用特定的智囊或风险评价，作为单独的问题处理。多数PHC作用为阈值毒素，诱发通常的昏迷症状。ThetoxicologyofPHCswasextensivelyreviewedbytheUSTotalPetroleumHydrocarbonsWorkingGroup(TPHCWG),whichwasformedbytheUSDepartmentofDefenseinthemid-1990s.TheTPHCWGdefined14aromaticandaliphaticsub-fractionsofPHCsbasedonsimilarphysico-chemicalproperties.Differentoralreferencedoses(RfDs)andinhalationreferenceconcentrations(RfCs)arepresentedforeachaliphaticoraromaticsubfractionintheTPHCWGsystem.TheseRfDsandRfCswerere-evaluatedaspartofthe5-yeartechnicalreviewofthePHCCWS.ThePHCCWSusestheseTPHCWGsub-fractionsandfurthergroupsthemintothefourpracticalfractions--F1:nC6-nC10,F2:>nC10-nC16,F3:>nC16-nC34,F4:>nC34.WithinaTPHCWGsub-fractionthebalancebetweenaromaticandaliphaticconstituentsisassumedtobe20/80basedonananalysisofsomerepresentativehydrocarbonproducts.TheseanalyseswerealsousedtodetermineappropriateproportionsofdifferentcarbonrangeswithinaPHCCWSfraction.ToxicologicalinformationforeachTPHCWGsubfractioniscombinedwiththeinformationontheexpectedmassofeachsubfractiontoproduceatoxicologicalbenchmarkforeachPHCCWSfraction.美国最石油烃工作组（TPHCWG）全面审查了PHC的毒性，前者有美国国防部在1990年代组建。根据相近的物理化学性质，TPHCWG定义了PHC的14种芳烃和脂肪烃亚组。在TPHCWG的体系中，提出了不同脂肪烃或芳烃次组的不同的口服参考剂量和吸入参考浓度。作为PHCCWS的5年技术回顾的组成部分，重新评估了上述参考剂量和吸入参考浓度。PHCCWS采用了TPHCWG的次组，进一步转化为4种使用的组分—-F1：nC6-nC10，F2：>nC10-nC16,F3：>nC16-nC34,F4：>nC34。在TPHCWG中，根据对一些有代表性石油烃产品的分析，设定芳烃和脂肪烃组分的平衡值为20/80。在PHCCWS的组分中，采用了上述分析，用来确定不同炭范围的适当比例。综合了每种TPHCWG的次组分毒性信息与每种PHCCWS组分产生毒性作用的预计次组分质量。DocumentedbackgroundexposurethatCanadiansexperienceisconsideredinthedevelopmentoftheTier1levels.AreviewofliteratureindicatednogeneralinformationontheoccurrenceofPHCfractionsF2,F3orF4inair,waterorfood.Thisislikelyduetotheirlowvolatilityandwatersolubility.DatawereavailableonF1componentsindicatingthatonlyinhalationexposuresareroutinelysignificant.InclusionofthesedatareducedtheeffectiveRfCforvolatilealiphaticsby0.5to2%andforvolatilearomaticsby20%.在制定一级水平时，考虑了加拿大记录的背景接触。文献回顾表明，没有PHC组分的F2、F3、F4出现在空气、水或食物中的总体信息。者可能是由于挥发性低、水中的溶解性差。适用于F1的数据表明，只有吸入接触有常规意义。采用这些数据，挥发性脂肪烃的吸入参考制值减少了0.5~2%，挥发性芳烃减少了20%。DerivationofTier1Levels一级水平的来历Exposureequationsforeachpathwayarere-arrangedtosolveforthesoilconcentrationdeliveringanexposureequivalenttotheappropriateallocationoftheRfCorRfD(fractions2,3and4)or“residual”RfC/RfDadjustedforbackgroundexposureunrelatedtoPHCcontaminationofsoil.AfterallpathwayshavebeenassessedthegoverningvalueisbroughtforwardfortheTier1look-uptable.重新调整了每种方式的接触公式，将土壤浓度达到一定接触水平时与吸入浓度或参考剂量的分配等同起来，或者调整与土壤中PHC浓度无关的背景接触的“剩余”参考浓度/参考剂量。在评估了所有接触方式后，得出了一级查阅表的管理值。Directsoilcontact(soilingestionanddermalcontact)valuesarecalculatedusingageneralexposureequationpresentedinCCME(2006a,2007a).Thisaredefinedindependentofsoiltexture.采用CCME的通用公式，计算直接土壤接触（土壤摄入和皮肤接触）值。其定义与土壤结构无关。InhalationexposureTier1levelsarebasedonanimplementationoftheJohnsonandEttinger(1991)modelforintrusionofvapoursintoanenclosedspace(building).Defaultbuildingsare,forresidentiallanduse,asinglefamilydwellingwithbasementorslab-on-gradeconstructionand,forcommercialandindustriallanduses,aslab-on-gradeconstruction.Coarseandfinetexturedsoils,definedashavingamediangrainsizeof>75μmor<75μmrespectively,arepresentedasseparatecasesbecausevapourtransportfortheformerisdominatedbyadvectionasopposedtodiffusionforfinesoils.吸入接触一级水平基于蒸汽进入密闭空间（建筑）的模型。对于居住土地用途，默认的建筑为有地下室的单户住宅对于商业和工业用途的土地，为slab-on-grade建筑，粗细结构土壤的定义分别粒径中值>75μm或<75μm，由于前者主要是通过蒸发迁移，后者主要是扩散迁移，作为不同情况区分。Equation21oftheJohnsonandEttingerpaperisusedtocalculateanattenuationfactorforboththecoarse-texturedandfine-texturedcases,usingappropriatesoilpropertiesassummarizedinCCME(2007a),andthisiscoupledtotherelevantRfCtoback-calculateanacceptablesoilconcentration.Criticalsoilvariablesincludedistancefromthecontaminationtothebuildingfoundation,setto30cmtoreflectcommonbackfillingpractice,andsoilorganiccarboncontent,setto0.5%toreflectaveragesub-soilconditionsinCanada.BothoftheseareadjustableinTier2(seeCCME,2007b).Wherecontaminationexistswithin30cmofabuilding,theproponentmustcarryoutaTier2or3assessment.Detailsregardingtransport,buildingcharacteristicsandexposureareprovidedinCCME(2007a).采用适当CCME总结的土壤性质，用公式计算两种土壤的衰减系数，与相应的吸入浓度结合，反算出可接受的土壤浓度。重要的土壤参数包括污染物到建筑物的距离，采用30cm反映通常的回填做法，采用0.5%的有机炭浓度，反映加拿大的土壤条件。在二级中进行调整。污染物存在于建筑的30m内，必须进行二级或三级评价。CCME提供转移、建筑性质和途径的详细内容。PotentialhumanexposuretoPHCsfromingestionofwaterisaddressedbydefiningthedowngradientboundaryofaPHCcontaminatedsiteasthepointofcomplianceforgroundwaterpotability.Again,soiltexturesareseparatedbecauseofdifferingtransportcharacteristics.Detailsregardingthegroundwatermodel,sitecharacteristics,hydrologicalregimesandcompliancebenchmarksareprovidedinCCME(2006a,2007a).Themodelincludesadynamicadvective-dispersivecomponent,whichmaybeusedathigherTierstoaddressoffsitemanagementofPHC-contaminatedgroundwater.人类可能通入饮水接触PHC，地下水可饮用性的符合性而言，是由于PHC污染场地的向下坡度。由于转移的性质不同，还是没有考虑土壤结构。CCME提供地下水模型、场地性质、水力机制和符合标准的详细内容。模型包括动力学平流扩散组件，可在更高等级时分析PHC污染地下水的异地管理。EcologicalLevels生态水平ProtectionGoals保护目标Tier1levelsarederivedtoprotectkeyecologicalreceptorsthatsustainnormalactivitiesonthefourpreviously-definedlandusecategories:agricultural,residential/parkland,commercialandindustrial.ThederivationofTier1levelsforecologicalreceptorsfocusesontheeffectsofPHCsonthebioticcomponentsofaterrestrialecosystem.Specifically,itevaluatesthepotentialforadverseeffectstooccurfromexposurestosoil-basedPHCsatthepoint-of-contactorbyindirectmeans(e.g.,soiltogroundwaterpathwaysorfoodchaintransfer).Additionaldetailisprovidedbelowonhowtheseprotectiongoalswereachievedforthedifferentexposurepathwaysconsidered.一级水平基于保护忠言的生态受体，使之能够在先前定义的四种土地上生活。对于生态受体，一级水平的重点是PHC对陆地生态系统生物组件的影响。特殊性在于，评估土壤PHC出现接触点接触或间接接触（如土壤到地下水的方式或食物链转移）时间的负面影响。以下将提供如何实现不同接触途径的包括目标。EcologicalSoilContact–PlantsandTerrestrialInvertebrates生态土壤接触—植物和陆地无脊椎动物ThederivationofTier1levelsforecologicalreceptorsforsoilcontactisbasedontoxicologicaldataforvascularplantsandsoilinvertebrates.Toxicologicaldatawerecommissionedforthe2000PHCCWS.Sincethattime,additionalresearchonthetoxicityofPHCfractionstoplantsandsoilinvertebrateshasbeencompleted.Availabledataincludelaboratoryandfieldecotoxicitystudies.Endpointsexaminedinlaboratorystudiesincludedchronicandsub-chronicresponses(e.g.,rootelongation,shootgrowth,andinvertebratereproduction)aswellasacuteandlethalresponses(e.g.,seedgerminationandinvertebratesurvival).Fieldstudiesfocusedonchronicendpointssuchasplantbiomass,andlevelsofinvertebratepopulations.生态水体土壤接触一级水平是基于纤维植物和土壤中无脊椎动物的毒性数据。生态毒性数据适于2000PHCCWS。从那时开始，已经完成了PHC组分对植物和无脊椎动物毒性的补充研究。适用数据包括实验室和现场生物毒性研究。实验室研究的终点包括慢性毒性和次慢性毒性响应（如根延长、发芽生长和无脊椎动物繁殖），以及急性和致死响应（如种子发芽和无脊椎动物存活）。现场研究分析慢性毒性的重点，如植物的生物质和无脊椎动物的数量水平。TheoverallapproachadoptedforthederivationofTier1guidelinesforPHCsinsoilsfortheprotectionoftheecologicalsoilcontactpathwaywastousetheweightofevidencemethodologyinthelatestCCME(2006a)protocolwherepossible,buttomodifytheseprocedureswhererequired,whileremainingconsistentwiththeoverallgoalsofCCME(2006a).Thisapproachwasnecessarytomakethebestpossibleuseofthedisparatetypesofecotoxicologicalinformationthatwereavailable.TheCCME(2006a)weightofevidencemethodisbasedonusingthe25thpercentileofadistributionofIC/EC/LC25dataforagriculturalandresidential/parklanduse,andthe50thpercentileofthissamedistributionforcommercial/industriallanduse.Thisapproachrepresentsadeparturefromthatusedinthe2001PHCCWS,whereguidelinederivationwasbasedonadistributionofIC/EC/LC50values.对于保护生物土壤接触途径的PHC的一级水平指南，采用了整体的方法，尽可能采用最新CCME报告中明确方法的权重，在需要时间进行调整，但保持与CCME目标的抑制性。为了最好地利用适用的不同类型的生物毒性信息，必须采用这种方式。CCME的权重方式是基于农业和居住区/风景区的前25%C/EC/LC25数据，对于商业/工业土地用途，采用了同一分布的前50%分布数据。这种方式背离了2001PHCCWS采用的方法，器指南是基于IC/EC/LC50值分布。ScientificliteratureindicatesthatthetoxicityofPHCsinsoilscanbeaffectedbysoiltexture.Wheredataweresufficient,coarseandfinesoilswereconsideredseparately,anddistinctguidelinesdevelopedforeachtextureifjustified.SoilcontactguidelinevaluesforPHCfractionF1weredevelopedbasedonavailableecotoxicologicaldataforF1andMogas(motorgasoline).科学文献表明，土壤中的PHC毒性受土壤结构影响。在数据充分时，要分别考虑粗细土壤，如有正当理由，对每种结构制定不同的导则。对于PHC的F1组分，根据适用的F1和汽油生物毒性数据制定土壤接触指南值。TheMogasdatasetwasmoreextensive,butlessapplicable,sinceMogas,althoughprimarilyF1,containsaproportionofF2.Accordingly,theF1datawereusedinpreference,andtheMogasdatawereonlyusedwhereF1datawerenotavailable.TheguidelinesweredevelopedinamannerconsistentwiththeCCME(2006a)protocolasnotedintheprecedingparagraph.Theavailabledatadidnotsupportdevelopingseparateguidelinesforcoarseandfinesoils,anthesameguidelinevalueisusedforbothtextures.汽油数据更为广泛，主要为F1，含有部分F2，但是不太适用。因此，优先再用F1数据。只在没有适用的数据时再用汽油数据。如前所述，指南制定的方式与CCME一致。适用数据不能支持独立的粗土壤和细土壤导则，对于两种结构，采用相同的导则值。SoilcontactguidelinevaluesforPHCfractionF2weredevelopedbasedonavailableecotoxicologicaldataforF2.AswiththeguidelinederivationforF1,theguidelinesweredevelopedinamannerconsistentwiththeCCME(2006a)protocol.Thesameguidelinevaluesapplytocoarseandfinesoils,sincetheavailabledatadidnotsupportseparatederivations.对于PHC的F2组分土壤接触导则值，基于适用的F2生物毒性数据，与F1的导则出处相同，导则的制定采用了与CCME报告一致的方法。适用数据不能支持独立的粗土壤和细土壤导则，对于两种结构，采用相同的导则值。AdifferentapproachwasrequiredandemployedintheanalysisoftheavailableF3data.Arangeoffieldandlaboratorystudieswereavailable.Datafromallthestudieswerecarefullyconsidered.However,thegreatestweightwasplacedontheresultsofthefieldstudies,basedoni)thegreaterrelevanceofthefieldstudiestoactualecologicalandagriculturalsituations;ii)thelargernumberofspeciesconsideredinthefieldstudies,andinparticular,thelargernumberofinvertebratespecies,whichhavebeenshowntobeoftenmoresensitivetoF3thanplants;and,iii)uncertaintywiththemeasuredexposureconcentrationsofF3insomeofthelaboratorystudies.在分析F3的适用数据时，需要采用不同的方法。有各种适用的现场和试验是研究。需要慎重考虑所有研究数据。但是，最现场研究采用最大的权重，基于：现场研究与实际生态和农业环境更接近。现场研究涉及更多的动物，特别是更多的无脊椎物种，与植物相比，对F3组分更敏感。在一些实验室研究中，F3的接触浓度检测存在不确定性。Themethodologyusedtodevelopguidelinesfromthefieldstudyresultsinvolveddevelopingadistributionoftheresponseofeachspeciesandendpointrelativetocontrols.Thenifthe25thpercentile(agriculturalandresidential/parklanduse)orthe50thpercentile(commercialorindustriallanduse)ofthedistributionshowedadecreaseoflessthan25%relativetocontrols,theexposureconcentrationofF3inthesoilsofthefieldstudywasdeemedtoshowaneffectlevelwhichwasconsistentwiththeprotectiongoalsoftheCCME(2006a)protocol.Separatefieldstudieswereavailableforcoarseandfinesoils,andanalysisofthesedatasetsshowedthatseparateguidelinesforF3incoarseandfinesoilswererequired.采用现场试验结果制定导则，采用的方法要确定每个物种的相应分布，一级与控制有关的终点。如果分布值的前25%（农业和居住区/风景区用途）或前50%（商业或工业土地用途）表明可比控制值减少20%，对于CCME报告的保护目标，现场研究的土壤中F3接触浓度肯定是影响的水平。不同的现场研究适用于粗细土壤，数据分析表明，需要制定粗细土壤的不同F3导则。Althoughitwasagreedthatthismethodwasgenerallymorereflectiveofactualresponseused,someconcernwasraisedparticularlyrelatedtotheresponseofearthwormsinfreshlycontaminatedsoilsandthepotentialforthedatatoreflectsomeamountofweathering.PleaseseeCCME(2007c)formoreinformation.尽管这种方法通常更能反映实际响应，但是，出现一些问题，特别是对新污染的土壤中的蚯蚓响应，而且数据反映了一些风化量。SoilcontactguidelinevaluesforPHCfractionF4weredevelopedinthe2001PHCCWSforcoarseandfinesoilbasedonecotoxicitytestingwithwholecrudeoil.Sincethattime,ecotoxicologicaldatahavebecomeavailableforF4.ThenewF4datawereanalyzedusingtheCCME(2006a)protocol,buttheresultswerenotsignificantlydifferentfromthosepreviouslyobtained,andtheexistingF4guidelinevaluesareretainedinthecurrentdocument.对于PHC的F4组分，根据全原油的生物毒性实验，2001年的PHCCWS制定了粗细土壤的导则值。从那时开始，有了F4生物毒性数据。采用CCME报告，分析了新的F4数据，但是，结果与以前取得的没有明显的差异，在目前的文件中，保留了现有F4导则值。ExposureviaGroundwater–AquaticLifeandLivestockWatering通过地下水接触—水生生物和牲畜饮水ConcentrationsofPHCsinsoilthatwouldnotbeexpectedtoposeathreattoecological/agriculturalreceptorsviagroundwaterexposurepathwayswereestimatedbymodelingtransportfromsoilviagroundwatertoadowngradientdischargepoint.ThedefaultdowngradientdistancetothedischargepointusedtocalculateTier1guidelineswas10mforaquaticlife.Itwasassumedthatinmostcasesthedistancefromcontaminatedsoiltothenearestsurfacewaterbodywouldbegreaterthan10m,andfurther,thatthisdistanceforaparticularsitewouldbeunlikelytochangedramaticallyinthefuture.Siteswithcontaminationcloserthan10mtoasurfacewaterbodywouldrequireasite-specificapproach.Thedefaultdowngradientdistanceforlivestockwateringwas0m,basedontheassumptionthatalivestockwateringwellordugoutcouldpotentiallybeconstructedatanylocationinthefuture.通过模拟土壤与地下水顺坡迁移，预计土壤中的PHC浓度不会通过地下水这一途径形成对生态/农业受体的威胁。对于水生生物，采用的到排放点的坡向距离为10m。前提条件是，在多数情况下，污染土壤到最近地表水的距离超过10m，对于特定的地址，未来这种距离不会有大的变化。污染地址与地表水的距离小于10m，需要采用特定地址的方式。基于这样的前提，牲畜饮水井将来可能在任何地方建造，对于牲畜饮水，采用的距离为0m。Thetoxicologicalapproachfortheprotectionofaquaticlifeguidelineswasbasedonalargenumberofstudiesthatreportedageneralizednarcosisendpointthatwaslinkedtothebodyresidueofhydrocarboncompoundsinaquaticinvertebrates.ThisdatasetwasusedtoestimatethresholdvaluesforPHCfractionsinwater.Thetoxicologicalbasisforthelivestockwateringguidelinewasavailabledataonthetoxicityofwholecrudeoiltocattle.保护水生生物的毒性方法基于大量的研究，普遍报告了昏迷重点，与水生无脊椎动物体内残留相关。数据用来测算水中PHC组分的阈值。对于牲畜饮水导则，有全原油对牛的毒性数据，作为毒性基础。SoilandFoodIngestionExposure–LivestockandWildlife土壤和实物摄入接触—牲畜和野生动物Exposureoflivestockandwildlifetocontaminantsthroughingestionofcontaminatedsoilandviafoodchain-mediatedexposureispartoftheexposurescenarioconsideredinthelatestCCME(2006a)protocol.However,aguidelinevaluewasnotcalculatedinthe2001PHCCWSbasedoninsufficientavailabledatatomakeasatisfactoryassessmentofthisexposurepathway,andtheassumptionthatthebioconcentration/biomagnificationofPHCsintolivestockandwildlifefooditemswasunlikelytobesignificant.Newdatatorefinetheevaluationoftheguidelinesforthisexposurepathwayhavenotemergedsince2001,andnoguidelinewascalculatedforthisexposurepathwayinthecurrentdocument.Itisstillconsideredunlikelyt