英语语法层次导论课件

Introduction—GrammaticalHierarchy导论—语法层次GrammaticalHierarchyGrammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguagesisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentence,theclause,thephrase,thewordandthemorpheme.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank.Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestconstituents—themorpheme.Sentence

Clause

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DetNAuxAdvMVPrepDetN

Theseunder-graduate-sarerapid-lyimprovingintheirwrit-ing0.1Morpheme(词素）Themorphemeistheminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit,alsothesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech.Morphemesfallintotwocategories:freemorphemesandboundmorphemes.1）Freemorphemes(自由词素）本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用的词素Examples:boygirldeskkindgivetake2)Boundmorphemes(粘附词素）本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素Examples:anti-warMarxist

unlucky

postwarmovement

co-existence0.2WordsThewordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Wordscanbeclassifiedintwoways:1)Classificationintermsofword-formation2)Classificationintermsofgrammatical

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a)SimpleWord(简单词）

又叫“单词素词”（morphemeword),由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如：at,by,foot,take,make等

b)Derivative（派生词）

由词根加派生词缀构成，同一词根加不同词缀可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。如：

unfair,nonsmoker,misjudge,overeat,international,belittle等

c)Compound（合成词）

通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成。如：deadline,handbook,driveway,toothpick,downfall等

back

ClosedClass(封闭词类)

封闭词类指所有的功能词，包括:

介词(Preposition),如：in,of,on,without代词(Pronoun),如：you,he,one,which

限定词(Determiner),如：a,the,this

连词(Conjunction),如：and,or,but

助动词(Auxiliary),如：do，can,may

b)OpenClass(开放词类）

开放词类指各种实义词，包括：

名词(Noun)，如：man,Paris,drama

形容词(Adjective),如：old,big,cheap

副词(Adverb),如：here,there,late

主动词(MainVerb),如：work,give,make此外还有基数词(CardinalNumeral)，序数词(OrdinalNumeral)，感叹词(Interjection)是介乎“封闭”与“开放”之间的词类03.PhrasesThephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generally,thephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.Thewordclassoftheheaddeterminerstheclassofthephraseandthewayinwhichthewordsareorganized.1)ThenounphraseThenounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:(determiner+)(premodifier+)noun(+postmodifier)e.g.allthecollegestudentshisnewbookonphonologythetallboysittinginthecornertheauthor’snewnovelthatwillsooncomeout2)Theverbphrase

Theverbphraseisaphrasewithamainverbasitshead.Averbphrasecanbesimpleorcomplex.Asimpleverbphraseisjustamainverbor“modifier+mainverb”.Acomplexverbphraseisamainverbprecededbyanauxiliary(orauxiliaries)(+modifier).e.g.Shelookspale.Itisgettingdark.JohnwillcertainlyobjectandsowillMary.3)Theadjectivephrase

Theadjectivephraseisaphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanadjectivephraseis:(modifier+)adjective(+postmodifier/complementation)e.g.Theweatherisfinetoday.Thecourseisprettydifficult.You’renotcarefulenough.4)TheadverbphraseTheadverbphraseisaphrasewithanadverbasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanadverbphraseis:(modifier+)adverb(+postmodifier)e.g.Hespokeloudlyandclearly.Beaman.Donotactsoslowly.Shespokeveryclearlyindeed.

5)Theprepositionalphrase

Theprepositionalphraseisaphrasewithaprepositionasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofaprepositionalphraseis:(modifier+)preposition+complementatione.g.We’recollectingmoneyforthebenefitofsomeorphans.

Thestudentconsultedhisadviseraboutthetwocourses.0.4Clause

Theclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledgedclauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.1)Independentanddependentclauses

①Anindependentclauseisaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandactasacompleteutterance.e.g.Heknowseverythingaboutit.

Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.②Adependentclauseformsonlypartofanotherclauseorofaphrase.e.g.Idon’tthinkheknowseverythingaboutit.

Ifthathatdoesnotfit,tryanother.2)Simpleandcomplexclauses①Whenaclauseconsistsofonlyoneconstructionof“subject+predicate”,itisasimpleclause.e.g.Itisnottrue.Hesaidthatitwasnottrue.

②Whenaclausecomprisesanotherclauseorotherclausesasitselementorelements,itisacomplexclause.e.g.Whatyousaidisnottrue.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.3)MainandsubordinateclausesInacomplexclause,theclausethattakesanotherclauseasitselementisthemainclause,whiletheclausethatformspartofthemainclauseisasubordinateclause.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.从句主句从句主句4)Finiteandnon-finiteclauses①Afiniteclauseisonewithafiniteverbphraseasitspredicateverborpredicator.e.g.Hecomplainedthatwhathesaidwasnottrue.

②Anon-finiteclauseisaclausewithanon-finiteverbphraseasitspredicator.e.g.Isignedthepapertogetthelicense.Can’tyourecalltellingmethatstorylastweek?5)Verblessclauses

Whenaclauseismarkedbytheabsenceofanyformofverbelement.Itisaverblessclause.Averblessclauseisjustaconstructionof“subject+predicate”withoutanyformofverbelement.e.g.Hungryandexhausted,theclimbersreturned.

Christmasthenonlydaysaway,thefamilywaspentupwithexcitement.0.5SentenceThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.Thus,asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanperformacommunicativefunction.

1)Fullandminorsentences①Afullsentence