跨文化交际学考试名词解释

精选欢迎下载跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Interculturalcommunication:interculturalcommunicationisaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalback-grounds.Intraculturalcommunication:intraculturalcommunicationcanbedefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture–whetherthisisinthemajority.orwithinminoritycultures.Individualism:broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.Collectivism:itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthattheyfelltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison(1)theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;(2)socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;(3)beliefssharedwiththein-group;ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;and(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.Powerdistance:it’stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Context:it’stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.High-contextcommunication:itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.,Chinese,JapaneseLow-contextcommunication:it’sjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.it’sthemassofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGermanHigh-contextculture:it'sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,JapaneseLow-contextculture:it'sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,GermanActivityorientation:itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbykluckhohnsandstrodtbeckasbeing,being-in-becoming,anddoing.Nonverbalcommunication:nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.Paralanguage:certainvocalcuesprovideduswithinformationwithwhichtomakejudgmentsaboutcharacters’personalities’,emotionalStates,andrhetoricalactivity.Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeech,thatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageintothreekindsofvocalizations;vocalcharacterizers;vocalqualifiers;andvocalsegregatesM-time(monochromictimeschedule):M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;andever-presentpartoftheenvironment,justliketheairwebreatheP-time(polychromictimeschedule):P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityoccurringatthemoment.Polychronictimeculturesemphasizepeoplemorethanschedules.ForP-timecultures,timeislesstangibleandhencefeeingofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasM-timecultures.15.Denotation：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.16.Connotation：thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.19.Chronemics（时间学）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.20.Proxemics（空间学）：referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.21.kinesics（肢体语言）：Thestudyofbodylanguage.22.Paralanguage(副语言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage？P8~9Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?Verbaldifference:language,thoughtpatterns…Non-verbalcommunication:body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,environment…Perception:values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?文化的三个成分（threeIngredients）P5~6Ansharedartifact（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）sharedBehavior（whattheydo）sharedConcepts（beliefs,values,worldviews……whattheythink）4.HowtounderstandculturalIceberg?P6~7Likeanicebergwhatwecanseeaboutcultureisjustthetipoftheiceberg;themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.andthepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesectionabovethewaterlineandalargerinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterline,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedandimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(P7))5.Whatarethetourcharacteristicsofculture?Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):Alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation.Cultureisdynamic.(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Cultureisethnographic(文化中心主义).Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior.6.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextualCommunicationisdynamic.Communicationisongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.Communicationisirreversible.Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.Communicationissymbolic.Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.CommunicationissystematicCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.Communicationistransactional.(P8)Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.Communicationiscontextual.(P8)Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.7.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?(三方面)P22~24InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname/butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.Addressingbynames:InChinaseniorityispaidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedtoaddressseniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennamesislimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors/Nowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.(intimacyandequality)Addressingbyrelationship:Chineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect/TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Addressingbytitle,office,profession:AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofaperson’stitle,office,professiontoindicatetheperson’sinfluentialstatus.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(P24)Americanstendtoregardtitlesastrivialunlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.8.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre’.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.9.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.10.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhismandChristianity?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.11.WhatistheAmericanculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,theAmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutperfectiblethroughhardwork.Astotherelationofmantonature,theythinkmankindcanconquerthenature.Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented.Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyactionscansolvetheproblem.Theyarequiteindividualisticandthereforetheyfocuslessonthebenefitsofthegroup.12.WhatistheChineseculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?PWhatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofmantonature?Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?11.Itisevilbutperfectible/Man