自动化输配电系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

PAGE中英文资料翻译AMaintenanceOptimizationProgramforUtilities’TransmissionandDistributionSystemsABSTRACT:Today,preservingandenhancingsystemreliabilityandreducingoperationsandmaintenancecostsaretopprioritiesforelectricutilities.Assystemequipmentcontinuetoageandgraduallydeteriorate,theprobabilityofserviceinterruptionduetocomponentfailureincreases.Aneffectivemaintenancestrategyisessentialindeliveringsafeandreliableelectricpowertocustomerseconomically.Theobjectiveofthispaperistoprovideaframeworkforapredictive,condition-based,andcosteffectivemaintenanceoptimizationprogramfortransmissionanddistributionsystems.1INTRODUCTIONInprinciple,improvingsystemreliabilityandreducingOperationsandMaintenancecostsaretopprioritiesofelectricutilities.Inanincreasinglycompetitivepowerdeliveryenvironment,electricutilitiesareforcedtoapplymoreproactivemethodsofutilityassetmanagement.OneofthemaincomponentsofelectricpowerdeliveryassetmanagementisthecapitalbudgetingandOperationsandMaintenanceofexistingfacilities.Sinceinmanycasesthecostofconstructionandequipmentpurchasesarefixed,OperationsandMaintenanceexpendituresistheprimarycandidateforcostcuttingandpotentialsavings.Assystemequipmentcontinuetoageandgraduallydeteriorate,theprobabilityofserviceinterruptionduetocomponentfailureincreases.Electricutilitiesareconfrontedwithmanychallengesinthisneweraofcompetition:risingOperationsandMaintenancecosts,growingdemandonsystems,maintaininghighlevelsofreliabilityandpowerquality,andmanagingequipmentaging.Therefore,thehealthofequipmentisofutmostimportancetotheindustrybecauserevenuesareaffectedbytheconditionofequipment.Whendemandishighandequipmentisinworkingorder,substantialrevenuescanberealized.Onthecontrary,unhealthyequipmentcanresultinserviceinterruption,customerdissatisfaction,lossofgoodwill,andeventuallossofcustomers.Aneffectivemaintenancestrategyisessentialtodeliveringsafeandreliableelectricpowertocustomerseconomically.2RELIABILITYCENTEREDMAINTENANCE(RCM)Duringthelate1960’s,theaircraftindustrywasonthevergeofmanufacturingthefirst“jumbojets”.Thenew747’swerethreetimesthesizeofanyotherpassengerjetscurrentlyintheair.Therecognizedsizeofthe747,itsnewengines,anditsmanytechnologyadvancesinstructures,avionics,andthelike,allledtoFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toinitiallytakethepositionthatpreventivemaintenanceonthe747wouldbeveryextensive–soextensive,infact,thattheairlinescouldnotlikelyoperatethisairplaneinaprofitablefashion.ThisproblemledtheaircraftindustrytocompletelyreevaluateitsPMprogram.Whatresultedfromthiseffortwasawholenewapproachthatemployedadecision-treeprocessforrankingPMtasksthatwerenecessarytopreservecriticalaircraftfunctionsduringflight[3].ThisnewtechniquewaseventuallyapprovedbytheFAAandsoonthereafterevolvedintowhatisknownasReliabilityCenteredMaintenance(RCM).RCMusedbytheairlineindustryledtomajorreductioninlabor,materialcostandinventorycost.Furtheritappliedtonuclearpowerindustryinthe1980’s.Today,RCMisthemaintenancetechniqueofchoiceformanyindustriesincludingpowerindustries.UnliketheairlineindustrywhichhadtheadvantageofbeingabletoworkwithmanufacturerstocreateanRCMprogramforanewgenerationofequipment,theutilityindustry,especiallytheelectricpowergenerationindustry,hashadtoadoptRCMasamodificationoflong-establishedmaintenancepracticesatexistingplants[4].DespitethecostsassociatedwiththeimplementationoftheseRCMprogramsin“midstream”,theyhavebeenfoundtopayforthemselvesinveryshortorder.RCM,ashasbeenmainlyappliedtonuclearpowerplants,oftenrequiresthelargestamountofmaintenancebecauseofsafetyandenvironmentalconsiderations.However,withthesesuccessfulprogramsnowoperating,fossilpowerplantsandpowertransmissionanddistributionsystemshaverecentlybeengettingintothemix.Becausethesefacilitiesfacealessrestrictiveregulatoryenvironment,theyshouldbeabletodirectlyapplythestreamlinesformsofRCMmuchmoreeasily,thusreducingtheimplementationcosts.ThefirststepinrevampingamaintenanceprogramistoimplementanRCMapproachwhichwillhelpestablishprioritiesforanewprogram.Specifically,RCMisasetofmethodsandtoolsaimedathelpingautilitytodeterminetheminimumsetofpreventivemaintenancetasksnecessarytoappropriatelyaddresscriticalequipmentfailureswithoutcompromisingservicereliability.RCMisastructuredprocessusedtodetermineoptimalmaintenancerequirementsforequipmentinaparticularoperatingenvironment.Itcombinesthestrategiesofcorrectivemaintenance,preventivemaintenanceandpredictivemaintenance,andappliesthesestrategieswhereeachisappropriate,basedontheconsequenceandfrequencyoffunctionalfailures.Thiscombinationproducesamaintenanceprogramwhichoptimizesbothreliabilityandcosteffectiveness.Formajorpiecesofequipment,suchaspowertransformers,RCMmayindicatethatpredictivemaintenanceisanattractiveoption,giventhedecreasingcostofsensoranddiagnostictechnologyandtheincreasingcostofrunningtheequipmenttofailure.RCMisacondition-basedmaintenanceprogramthatfocusesonpreventingfailuresthatarelikelytobethemostserious.RCMandPredictiveMaintenance(PDM)analysescomplementeachother,andwhentheyareperformedconcurrently,offeranexcellentapproachtomaintenanceoptimization.Inthelastfewyears,thesophisticationofmonitoringequipmentonthemarketandthefallingpriceofelectronicsandcomputershavemadetheon-sitemonitoringapplicationsacosteffectivereality.TheverybasicconceptsandunderlyingprinciplesoftheRCMcanbeexplainedveryeasily.Itsmainmethodologycanbereducedtothefollowingfourpoints:1)preservesystemfunctions2)identifydominantfailuremodes3)prioritizefunctionneedssothatbudgetcanbefocusedonpreservingmostcriticalfunctions4)selectonlyapplicableandeffectivemaintenancetasksSomeofthebenefitsofRCMare:1)Reducesmajorcorrectiveactions2)Eliminatesunnecessaryoverhaulsandroutinetasksthatprovidelittlebenefits3)Optimizesthefrequencyofrequiredoverhauls4)Increasesuseofpredictivetechnologythathelpwithresourceplanning5)Decreasesuseofintrusivetasksthatcaninduceequipmentfailures6)Improvescost-effectivenessofroutinetasks7)Createsdocumentedtechnicalbasesformaintenanceprograms8)Allowseasyimplementationbyincorporatingexistingmaintenancepracticesthathaveproventobecost-effective9)ProcessesKnowledge,communications,andteamworkInexpensivesolidstatesensorsarebeingdeveloped,forexample,thatcanbeinsertedintransformeroiltodetectthepresenceofgasesproducedwheninsulationbeginstodeteriorate.Oncetheinformationfrompredictivemaintenancetechnologybecomesavailable,itneedstobeintegratedwithon-linedatafromacrossapowernetworkandfromhistoricalrecords.3NEWTECHNOLOGIESTherearemanytechnologiesavailabletoday,andseveralnewmethodsarebeinginvestigatedtodeterminetheequipmentcondition[5].Thefollowingarejustafewapplicationsformonitoringpowerdeliveryequipment:UltrasonicNoiseAnalysisThepresenceoftonesintheultrasonicrangecanbeanindicationofleaksofair,gas,steam,andvacuum.Ultrasonicnoisecanbeemittedasaresultoffrictionbetweenmovingparts.PartialDischargeDetectionThistechnologyemploysanelectricalsensortodetecttheinitialinsulationbreakdowninelectricalequipmentsuchasinsulatorsandterminators.Partialdischargedetectionisusedtodetectincipientfailuresbeforesignificantdamageoccurs.TransformerGas-in-OilAnalysisThisisneededtokeepthetransformeron-lineasmuchaspossible.Oneindicatorofabnormalitiesisthedissolvedgascontentinthetransformeroil.Certaingaslevelscanindicateaging,theneedformaintenance,orpotentialfailure.InfraredThermographyThermographysurveysinvolvingtheuseofaninfraredcameratodetecthotspotsinlargemotorsusedinpowerplants.SoundIntensityMeasurementSoundIntensityMeterisneededtoidentifypotentialproblemsinequipmentandrecordthehistoricalchangesinsoundandoutputofequipmentFortransmissionanddistributionsystems,sensorssuchastransformerfaultgasanalyzermightprovetobebeneficial.Thisdeviceprovidesreal-timemeasurementofthefourkeygasesassociatedwithfaultcurrentsintransformer:carbonmonoxide,hydrogen,acetylene,andethylene.Thenextstepistoincorporateanadditionalsensortodetectthepresenceofmoisturewhichcanreducedielectricstrengthandleadtofailure.Thiswillbeusedwithanotherdevicethatmeasuresthetransformerloadingsothattheevolutionofkeygasesandmoisturecanbecharacterizedasafunctionoftheload.Withthemoisturesensorandloadcurrentmonitorwecandevelopaccuratecriteriaforloadingtransformersunderstressfulconditionsratherthanhavingtorelyontheoverlyconservativeratingsnowprovided.4PROPOSEDINTEGRATEDAPPROACHAnintegratedapproachfortransmissionanddistributionsystemswouldensurethatequipmentorsubsystemsleadingtoserveaparticularloadwouldreceiveuniformandconsistentlevelofmaintenanceinalldepartments,thusenhancingandoptimizingthemaintenanceprocess.Inordertoestablishamaintenanceprogram,theRCMprocessneedstobethedrivingpoint.Figure2.Showsdifferentstrategiesrequiredforamaintenanceoptimizationprogram.TheclassicalRCMprocessinvolvesidentifyingthesystemstobestudied,theirfunctions,functionalfailures,failuremodes,failurecauses,andthemaintenancetaskselectio.Themostcriticalpiecesofequipmentwhichaffecttheoverallfunctionofthesystemneedtobeidentified.Inotherwords,weneedtoidentifyequipmentwithsevereconsequenceswhenfailed.Also,criticalcustomersandtheequipmentleadingtotheirloadsneedtobeidentified.Allequipmentaffectingthesecustomersneedtobeanalyzed,andthemostcriticalpiecesofequipmentshouldbedetermined.Wealsoneedtounderstandthecustomerneedsintermsofreliability,safety,powerquality,cost,etc.Theseattributesmustbeweightedtodeterminetheoptimummaintenancepolicytodealwiththesecustomers.Inordertooptimizetheutilities’maintenanceprogram,allrelevantinformationmustbeusedtomosteffectivelyinitiate,schedule,track,record,andanalyzemaintenancetasks.Anopencommunicationprotocolthatenablesvariousmonitoringdevices(regardlessofthemanufacturer)totalktoeachother,withutilityoffices,andwithcontrolcenterswouldbestsuittheneedsofelectricutilitiesbyintegratingvariousdatasourcesandothersoftwaremodules.Currently,manylargeutilityorganizationsperformsomeequipmentdiagnostictests.Manyhavecomputerizedtheirmaintenanceworkmanagementfunctionsincludingretainingmaintenancehistories,loggingsignificantoperationalactivities,andmaintainingalibraryofdesigninformationforequipment.Thepropercommunication,integrationandanalysisofallofthisinformationwouldresultinmoreaccuraterecommendationsconcerningwhentoperformmaintenanceand/orhowtooperateaspecificpieceofequipment.Atypicalproblemintheindustryisthat,attimes,alargeamountofdataiscollectedbutitisnotintegratedandprocessedexpedientlyforaquickevaluation.ThisresultsintheinabilitytomakeimmediateOperationsandMaintenances,therebyaddingcostforthecollectionofdatawhilefailingtoprovidecostbenefitwhichcouldhavebeenrealized.Otherfactorsthatmaycontributetomaintenanceimprovementare:applicationofinexpensivesensortechniquesandeffectivediagnosticstomaintainequipment’shealth;datacoordinationfrommultiplesourcesforanalysisanddecisionmaking;asystemforefficientexchangeofinformationacrossT&Dandsubstations;andexperiencedpooloftrainedprofessionals.Themanagementshouldbepreparedtoinvestinstaffandhardware/softwaretoactivelymanagethemaintenanceprogram.AteamapproachtoRCMmustberetainedandtheconceptofRCMmustbeacceptedintheorganization.Inordertouseappropriatesoftwareandhardware,educationandtrainingeffortsshouldbeanintegralpartofthisprocess.Theunderstandingofthebasicsofutility’smaintenanceprogramandtheworkingknowledgeofthetoolsrequiredbythestaffmustbeassured.Thekeytosustainingasuccessfulmaintenanceprogramisthedevelopmentofaprocessthatwillensurethecontinuanceofmaintenanceprogramoveralongperiodoftime.Itisnecessarytoperiodicallyreviewandupdatethemaintenanceprogramusingastructuredmethod.5CONCLUSIONToday,cuttingoperationsandmaintenancecostsandpreservingservicereliabilityarethetopprioritiesformanagersofutilitytransmissionanddistributionsystems.TheconceptofRCMissoundandshouldprovideutilitieswithastructuredapproachtoamaintenanceprogramwithanoptimumbalancebetweencostofmaintenanceandreliabilityimprovement.RCMandPDManalysescomplementeachother,andwhenperformedsimultaneously,offeranexcellentapproachtomaintenanceoptimization.

一种实用的输配电系统的维护优化计划摘要：今天，维护和提高系统的可靠性和降低运营和维护成本是电力的首要任务。由于系统设备继续老化，并逐渐恶化，由于组件故障增加的服务中断的概率。一个有效的维护策略是在提供安全可靠的电力客户经济所必需的。本文的目的是提供一个预测，条件为基础的框架，且成本有效的维护，输电和配电系统的优化方案。1引言原则上，提高系统的可靠性和降低运营和维护成本是电力的重中之重。在竞争日益激烈的电力输送环境，电力公司被迫申请实用资产管理更加积极主动的方法。的电力交货资产管理的主要组成部分之一，是资本预算和现有设施的。由于在许多情况下，建设和设备采购的成本是固定的，运营和维护的支出为削减成本和潜在的储蓄的主要候选人。由于系统设备继续老化，并逐渐恶化，由于组件故障增加的服务中断的概率。电力公司都面临着许多挑战，在这种竞争的新时代：上升的成本，系统上的需求不断增长，保持高可靠性和电能质量水平和管理设备老化。因此，健康的设备是由设备条件的影响，因为收入行业至关重要。当需求高和设备的工作秩序，丰厚的收入可以实现的。相反，不健康的设备可能会导致服务中断，顾客不满，善意的损失，并最终失去客户。提供安全可靠的电力客户经济有效的维护策略是必不可少的。前二战时期期间，产业是不是非常高度机械化，因此停机时间的影响并不十分显著。此外，设备简单容易解决，公司的表现主要是纠正性维护（CM）。邮政第二次世界大战期间，直到20世纪70年代中期的时代，提高机械化导致更纷繁复杂的设备。公司已开始大量依靠此设备。这种依赖导致的预防性维护（PM）的概念。下午，在1960年，主要包括在固定的时间间隔进行设备大修。此外，这台设备的成本增加，导致管理开始寻找方法来提高这些资产的生命。最新的时代开始了与中航工业在早期到1970年代中期。在想，以确保设备持续尽可能长的正确和经营的企业造成新的高度机械化设备的巨额费用。这个时代，也标志着在提高安全意识（尤其是在航空业）和环境后果。越来越多，发生故障的安全或环境的危害。所有这一切导致的维修费用的增加。在某些行业，维护成本代表的第二个最高甚至经营成本最高的组件。维护策略：在一般情况下，维护计划或无计划.纠正性维修是一种被动的战略，这是无计划和故障发生后，正在开展。我们的目的是恢复一个项目到一个国家能够履行其所需的功能。计划中的维护策略在本质上是积极的，可分为两组：预防和状态监测。有时也被称为预定的预防性维护，定期进行维护。这个类别下，可以选择有四个基本任务：时间导演的任务涉及到的操作数，工作时间，或季节性变化。未能发现是用于识别设备故障不属于明显的经营人员（隐性故障）。通常用于保护设备。条件导演适用的情况时，设备条件达到了一个极限，或者续令人满意操作时不能保证。它可以防止早期失效，成为真正的失败。运行故障是一个选择的选项，只有在不能确定的事件，技术上是正确的，符合成本效益的任务。当它认为有必要的基础上定期检查，诊断测试或其他状态监测手段，进行了预测性维修（PDM）。状态监测是用来预测设备故障监测或诊断活动。2以可靠性为中心的维修（RCM）在20世纪60年代末，中航工业在生产第一“的大型喷气式客机”的边缘。新747的三倍大小目前在空气中的其他客机。747，新的发动机，其结构，航空电子设备，并像所有联邦航空管理局（FAA）最初采取的立场，即747预防性维护将是非常广泛的，很多技术进步公认的大小如此广泛，事实上，航空公司不可能在一个有利可图的方式经营这架飞机。这个问题导致飞机制造业完全重新评估它的PM计划。是什么导致这方面的努力是一种全新的方式，聘请排名PM任务，必要时要保留的关键飞机飞行[3]功能决定树的过程。这项新技术，最终由美国联邦航空局的批准，不久发展到什么是已知的可靠性为中心的维修（RCM）的。德盛导致主要劳动力，原材料成本和库存成本降低航空业使用。此外，它适用于在1980年的核电产业。今天，RCM是许多行业，包括电力行业选择的维修技术。优点是能够与制造商合作，创建一个为新一代设备的RCM方案不同的是航空业，公用事业行业，尤其是发电行业，已采取作为一个历史悠久的修改德盛现有电厂的维修方法。尽管在“中游”德盛计划的实施有关的费用，他们已经发现自己在很短的时间内支付。RCM，已被主要应用于核电厂，往往需要最大的维修量，因为安全和环境方面的考虑。然而，这些成功的方案现在经营，化石发电厂和输电和配电系统，最近已进入混合。因为这些设施都面临着一个不太严格的监管环境，他们应该能够直接适用简化RCM的形式更容易，从而降低了实施成本。改造维修方案的第一步是要落实在RCM的方法帮助建立一个新的方案的优先次序。具体来说，RCM是一套旨在帮助一个实用程序来确定一套最低限度的预防性维修任务，要妥善处理关键设备故障不影响服务的可靠性的方法和工具。RCM是一种结构化的过程，在一个特定的经营环境，以确定最佳的设备维护要求。它结合了纠正性维护，预防性维护和预测性维护策略，并适用于这些策略是适当的，其中每个功能失败的后果和频率的基础上。这种结合产生的维修计划，优化可靠性和成本效益。对于重大件设备，电力变压器，如RCM可能表明，预测性维修是一个有吸引力的选择，传感器和诊断技术和运行设备故障增加了成本的降低成本。RCM是一个基于条件的维护计划，重点是防止有可能是最严重的失败。RCM和预测维修（PDM）的分析相得益彰，当它们同时执行，维护优化提供了一个极好的方法。在过去的几年中，监测设备市场上的成熟，电子和计算机的价格下降了现场监测应用具有成本效益的现实。可以很容易解释的基本概念和基本原则的RCM。其主要方法可以归结为以下四点：1）保护系统功能

2）确定主要失效模式

3）优先功能的需求，使预算可以集中保存最关键的功能

4）选择只适用和有效的维护任务

RCM