网站设计与实现中英文对照外文翻译文献

PAGE4PAGE2中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)\o"Read'HolisticWebBrowsing:TrendsOfTheFuture'"HolisticWebBrowsing:TrendsOfTheFutureThefutureoftheWebiseverywhere.ThefutureoftheWebisnotatyourdesk.It’snotnecessarilyinyourpocket,either.It’s

everywhere.Witheachnewtechnologicalinnovation,wecontinuetobecomemoreandmoreimmersedintheWeb,connectingtheever-growinglayerofinformationinthevirtualworldtotherealonearoundus.Butratherthangetstarry-eyedwithutopianwonderaboutthisbrightfutureahead,weshould

soberlyanticipatethemassiveamountofplanninganddesignwork

itwillrequireofdesigners,developersandothers.Thegapbetweentechnologicalinnovationanditsintegrationinourdailylivesisshrinkingataratemuchfasterthanwecankeeppacewith—considerthenumberofuniqueWebapplicationsyousignedupforinthepastyearalone.ThishasresultedinaveryfragmentedexperienceoftheWeb.Whilerunningseveraldifferentbrowsers,withallsortsofplug-ins,youmightalsoberunningmultiplestandaloneapplicationstomanagefeeds,socialmediaaccountsandmusicplaylists.Eventhoughwemaybeadeptatswitchingfromonetaborwindowtoanother,weshouldbeworkingtowardsamoreholisticWebexperience,onethatseamlesslyintegratesallofthefunctionalityweneedinthesimplestandmostcontextualway.Withthisinmind,let’sreviewfourtrendsthatdesignersanddeveloperswouldbewisetoobserveandintegrateintotheirworksoastopavethewayforamoreholisticWebbrowsingexperience:Thebrowserasoperatingsystem,Functionally-limitedmobileapplications,Web-enhanceddevices,Personalization.1.TheBrowserAsOperatingSystemThankstothemassivegrowthofWebproductivityapplications,creativetoolsandentertainmentoptions,wearespendingmoretimeinthebrowserthaneverbefore.Themoretimewespendthere,thelesswemakeuseofthemanytoolsinthelargeroperatingsystemthatactuallyrunsthebrowser.Asaresult,we’rebeginningto

expectthesamehighlevelofreliabilityandsophisticationinourWebexperiencethatwegetfromouroperatingsystem.Forthemostpart,ourexpectationshavebeenmetbysuchinnovationsasGoogle’sGmail,Talk,CalendarandDocsapplications,whichalloffervaryingdegreesofintegrationwithoneanother,andonlineimageeditingtoolslikePicnikandAdobe’sonlineversionofPhotoshop.Andthoseexpectationswillcontinuetobemetbyupcomingreleases,suchastheChromeoperatingsystem—we’realreadythinkingofourbrowsersasoperatingsystems.DoingeverythingontheWebwasonceapipedream,butnowit’sareality.UBIQUITYTheonelimitationofWebbrowsersthatbecomesmoreandmoreobviousaswemakegreateruseofapplicationsinthecloudisthelackofusableconnectionsbetweenopentabs.Mostusershavegrownaccustomedtokeepingmanytabsopen,switchingbackandforthrapidlybetweenGmail,GoogleCalendar,GoogleDocsandvarioussocialmediatools.Butthisswitchingfromtabtotabisindicativeofbrokenconnectionsbetweenapplicationsthatreallyoughttobeintegrated.Mozillaisattemptingtofunctionallyconnecttoolsthatweuseinthebrowserinamoreintuitiveandrichwaywith

Ubiquity.Whileit’sdefinitelyastepintherightdirection,thecommand-lineapproachmaybeabarriertoentryforthoseunabletoletgoofthemouse.Inthescreenshotbelow,youcanseehowUbiquityallowsyoutoquicklymapalocationshownonaWebpagewithouthavingtoopenGoogleMapsinanothertab.Thisisoneexampleofintegratedfunctionalitywithoutwhichyouwouldberequiredtocopyandpastetextfromonetabtoanother.Ubiquity’scorecapability,whichiscreatingaholisticbrowsingexperiencebyunderstandingbasiccommandsandexecutingthemusingappropriateWebapplications,iscertainlythedirectioninwhichthebrowserisheading.Thisapproach,weddedtovoice-recognitionsoftware,maybehowweallnavigatetheWebinthenextdecade,orsooner:hands-free.TRACEMONKEYANDOGGMeanwhile,smaller,quieterreleaseshavebeenpavingthewaytoholisticbrowsing.Thispastsummer,FirefoxreleasedanupdatetoitssoftwarethatincludesabrandnewJavaScriptenginecalled

TraceMonkey.Thisenginedeliversasignificantboostinspeedandimage-editingfunctionality,aswellastheabilitytoplayvideoswithoutthird-partysoftwareorcodecs.Asidefromthespeedadvances,whicharealwayswelcome,theimageandvideocapabilitiesareperfectexamplesofhowthebrowserisencroachingontheoperatingsystem’sterritory.Beingabletoeditimagesinthebrowsercouldreplacetheneedforlocalimage-editingsoftwareonyourmachine,andpotentiallyforseparateapplicationssuchasPicnik.Atthispoint,it’snotcertainhowsophisticatedthisfunctionalitycanbe,andsodesignersandordinaryuserswillprobablycontinuetorunlocalcopiesofPhotoshopforsometimetocome.Thenewvideofunctionality,whichreliesonanopen-sourcecodeccalled

Ogg,opensupmanypossibilities,thefirstonebeingfordeveloperswhodonotwanttolicensecodecs.Currently,developersarerequiredtolicenseacodeciftheywanttheirvideostobeplayableinproprietarysoftwaresuchasAdobeFlash.OggallowsvideotobeplayedbackinFirefoxitself.Whatexcitesmany,though,isthatthenewversionofFirefoxenablesinteractivitybetweenmultipleapplications

onthesamepage.Onepotentialapplicationofthistechnology,asillustratedintheimageabove,isallowinguserstoclickobjectsinavideotogetadditionalinformationaboutthemwhilethevideoisplaying.2.Functionally-LimitedMobileApplicationsSofar,ourlookataholisticWebexperiencehasbeenlimitedtothetraditionalbrowser.Butwe’realsointeractingwiththeWebmoreandmoreonmobiledevices.Rightnow,casualsurfingonamobiledeviceisnotaverysophisticatedexperiencesandthereforeprobablynotthemaindrawforusers.Thecombinationofsmallscreens,inconsistentinputoptions,slowconnectionsandlackofcontentoptimizedformobilebrowsersmakesthisaprettyclumsy,unpredictableandfrustratingexperience,especiallyifyou’renotonaniPhone.However,applicationswrittenspecificallyformobileenvironmentsandthatdealwithparticular,limitedsetsofdata—suchasGoogle’smobileapps,device-specificapplicationsforTwitterandFacebookandthemillionsofapplicationsintheiPhoneAppStore—lookmorelikethefutureofmobileWebuse.Becausethemobilebrowsingexperienceisinitsinfancy,hereissomeadviceondesigningmobileexperiences:ratherthansqueezingfull-sizedWebapplications(i.e.onesoptimizedfordesktopsandlaptops)intothepocket,designersanddevelopersshouldbecomeproficientatidentifyingandexecutinglimitedfunctionalitysetsformobileapplications.AMAZONMOBILEAgreatexampleofafunctionally-limitedmobileapplicationis

Amazon’sinterfacefortheiPhone

(screenshotabove).Amazonhasreducedthemassivescaleofitswebsitetothemostessentialfunctions:search,shoppingcartandlists.AndithasoptimizedthelayoutspecificallyfortheiPhone’ssmallerscreen.FACEBOOKFORIPHONEFacebookcontinuestoimprove

itsmobileversion.Thelatestversionincludesasimplifiedlandingscreen,withaniconforeverymajorfunctionofthewebsiteinorderofpriorityofuse.Whileinformationhasbeenreducedandsegmented,thescopeofthewebsitehasnotbeensignificantlyaltered.Eachnewupdatebringstheappclosertoreplicatingthefullexperienceinawaythatfeelsquitenatural.GMAILFORIPHONEFinally,

Gmail’siPhoneapplication

isalsoimpressive.Googlehasintroducedafloatingbartotheinterfacethatallowsuserstobatchprocessemails,sothattheydon’thavetoopeneachemailinordertodealwithit.3.Web-EnhancedDevicesMobiledeviceswillproliferatefasterthananythingthecomputerindustryhasseenbefore,therebyexplodingentrypointstotheWeb.ButtheWebwillvastlyexpandnotsolelythroughpersonalmobiledevicesbutthrough

completelynewWeb-enhancedinterfacesintransportationvehicles,homes,clothingandotherproducts.Insomecases,Webenhancementmaylenditselftomarketinginitiativesandadvertising;inothercases,connectingcertaindevicestotheWebwillmakethemmoreusefulandefficient.HerearethreeexamplesofWeb-enhancedproductsorservicesthatwemayallbeusinginthecomingyears:WEB-ENHANCEDGROCERYSHOPPINGWeb-connectedgrocerystore“VIP”cardsmaytrackcustomerspendingastheydotoday:everytimeyouscanyourcustomercard,yourpurchasesareaddedtoamassivedatabasethatgrocerystoresusetoguidetheirstockingchoices.Inexchangeforyourdata,thestoresofferyoudiscountsonselectedproducts.SoonwithWeb-enhancedshopping,storeswillbeabletoofferyou

specific

promotionsbasedonyourparticularpurchasinghistory,andinrealtime(asillustratedabove).ThiswillgiveshoppersmoreincentivetosignupforVIPprogramsandgiveretailersmoreflexibilityandvarietywithdiscounts,salesandotherpromotions.WEB-ENHANCEDUTILITIESOneexampleofaWeb-enhanceddevicewemayallseeinourhomessoonenoughisasmartthermostat(illustratedabove),whichwillallowusersnotonlytomonitortheirpowerusageusingGooglePowerMeterbuttoseetheircurrentchargeswhenitmatterstothem(e.g.whenthey’returninguptheheater,notsittinginfrontofacomputer).WEB-ENHANCEDPERSONALBANKINGAnotherusefulWebenhancementwouldbeadisplayofyourcurrentbankaccountbalancedirectlyonyourdebitorcreditcard(asshownabove).Thisdatawould,ofcourse,beprotectedanddisplayedonlyafteryouclearabiometricsecuritysystemthatreadsyourfingerprintdirectlyonthecard.Admittedly,thisideaisrifewithprivacyandsecurityimplications,butsomethinglikethiswillneverthelesslikelyexistinthenot-too-distantfuture.4.PersonalizationThankstotherapidadoptionofsocialnetworkingwebsites,peoplehavebecomecomfortablewithmorepersonalizedexperiencesonline.BeinggreetedbynameandofferedcontentorsearchresultsbasedontheirbrowsinghistorynotonlyiscommonnowbutmakestheWebmoreappealingtomany.Thenextstepistoincreasetheuser’scontroloftheirpersonalinformationandtooffermoretoolsthatdeliver

new

informationtailoredtothem.CENTRALIZEDPROFILESIfyou’relikemostpeople,youprobablymaintainsomewherebetweentwotosixactiveprofilesonvarioussocialnetworks.Eachprofilecontainsasetofinformationaboutyou,andtheoverlapvaries.Youprobablyhaveuniqueusernamesandpasswordsforeachone,too,thoughusingasinglesign-onservicetogainaccesstomultipleaccountsisbecomingmorecommon.Butwhyshouldn’ttheinformationyousubmittotheseaccountsfollowthesameapproach?Inthecomingyears,whatyoutellpeopleaboutyourselfonlinewillbemoreandmoreunderyourcontrol.Thisprocessstartswithcentralizingyourdatainoneprofile,whichwillthensharebitsofitwithotherprofiles.Thisway,ifyourinformationchanges,you’llhavetoupdateyourprofileonlyonce.DATAOWNERSHIPThequestionofwhoownsthedatathatyoushareonlineisfuzzy.Inmanycases,itevenremainsunaddressed.However,asprivacysettingsonsocialnetworksbecomemoreandmorecomplex,usersarebecomingincreasinglyconcernedaboutdataownership.Inparticular,thequestionofwhoownstheimages,videoandmessagescreatedbyusersbecomessignificantwhenauserwantstoremovetheirprofile.Toputitinperspective,RoyalPingdom,inits

Internet2009inNumbers

report,foundthat2.5billionphotoswereuploadedtoFacebookeachmonthin2009!Themorethisnumbergrows,themoreuserswillbeconcernedaboutwhathappenstothecontenttheytransferfromtheirmachinestoserversinthecloud.Whileitmayseemlikeastepbackward,amovementtorestoreuserdatastoragetopersonalmachines,whichwouldthenintelligentlysharethatdatawithvarioussocialnetworksandotherwebsites,willlikelyspringupinresponsetogrowingprivacyconcerns.Asystemlikethiswouldallowindividualstoassignmetadatatofilesontheircomputers,suchasvideoclipsandphotos;thismetadatawouldspecifythefiles’availabilitytosocialnetworkprofilesandotherwebsites.RatherthanuploadingacopyofanimagefromyourcomputertoFlickr,youwouldgiveFlickraccesstocertainfilesthatremainonyourmachine.Organizationssuchasthe

DataPortabilityProject

areintroducingthiskindofthinkingaccrosstheWebtoday.RECOMMENDATIONENGINESSearchengines—andthewholeconceptofsearchitself—willremaininfluxaspersonalizationbecomesmorecommonplace.Currently,themajorsearchenginesareadaptingtothisbyofferingdifferenttakesonpersonalizedsearchresults,basedonuser-specificbrowsinghistory.IfyouaresignedintoyourGoogleaccountandsearchforapizzaparlor,youwillmorelikelyseelocalresults.Withits

socialsearch

experiment,Googlealsohopestoleverageyoursocialnetworkconnectionstodeliverresultsfrompeopleyoualreadyknow.Roundingthoseoutwithreal-timesearchresultsgivesusersamorepersonalsearchexperiencethatisamuchmorerealisticrepresentationoftherapidproliferationofnewinformationontheWeb.Andbecausetheresultsarefilteredbasedonyourbehaviorandpreferences,thesearchenginewillcontinueto“learn”moreaboutyouinordertoprovidethemostusefulinformation.Anothernewsearchengineisattemptingtogettotheheartofpersonalizedresults.

Hunchprovidescustomizedrecommendationsofinformationbasedonusers’answerstoasetofquestionsforeachquery.Themoreyouuseit,thebettertheenginegetsatrecommendinginformation.AslongasyoumaintainaprofilewithHunch,youwillgetincreasinglysatisfactoryanswerstogeneralquestionslike,“WhereshouldIgoonvacation?”Thetrendofpersonalizationwillhavesignificantimpactonthewayindividualwebsitesandapplicationsaredesigned.Today,consumerwebsitesroutinelyaltertheirlandingpagesbasedonthelocationoftheuser.Tomorrow,websitesmightdosimilarinterfacecustomizationsforindividualusers.Designersanddeveloperswillneedtoplanforsuchvisualandstructuralversatilitytostayonthecuttingedge.

\o"读\“整体网站浏览：对未来的发展趋势\”"整体网页浏览：对未来的发展趋势克里斯托弗·巴特勒未来的网页无处不在。未来的网页，不是在你的办公桌，也不一定在你的口袋里，它是无处不在的。随着每一个新的技术创新,我们将越来越沉浸在网络中,连接层中信息的日益增长使虚拟世界与现实环绕在我们周围。不过这种光明的未来并不能过分乐观的看待,我们应该清醒的预见大量的规划和设计工作依赖于设计人员、开发人员和其他人。在我们的日常生活中仅去年一年技术创新和一体化之间的差距正在萎缩，其速度远远超过我们可以考虑到的一些独特的你已注册了的网页应用。这导致了网络体验起来有一种非常分散的感觉。比如当不同的浏览器、各种各样的插件运行时,您也不得不运行多个独立应用程序来管理feed,社交媒体账户和音乐播放列表。尽管我们可能善于从一个选项卡或窗口切换到另一个，我们仍应该努力建立一个更全面的网络体验，一个衔接完美的集成了所有我们需要的最简单最简便的功能。考虑到这一点，让我们回顾一下四个趋势，设计人员和开发人员将会明智的观察和融入他们的工作，为更全面的Web浏览体验铺平道路：浏览器作为操作系统；功能有限的移动应用程序；增强网络的设备；个性化。1浏览器作为操作系统大量增长的网络生产力应用程序，创作工具和娱乐选择，让我们在浏览器中比以往任何时候花更多的时间。我们花越多的时间在那里，我们对运行在更大的操作系统中的浏览器里的许多工具的利用率就越低。因此，我们开始期待从我们的操作系统中体验到同样高水平的可靠和老练的感觉。在大多数情况下，我们对这样的创新的预期已被满足，如谷歌的Gmail，通话，日历和文档应用程序，其中提供所有不同程度的与彼此的融合的改革，还有在线图像编辑工具Picnik和Adobe的在线版的Photoshop等。而那些期望在即将到来的版本中继续得到满足，Chrome操作系统的人我们已经在考虑我们的浏览器，操作系统等。正在网络上发生的一切曾经是一个白日梦，但现在它已是一个现实。1.1无处不在有一个网络浏览器的局限正在变得越来越明显，那就是当我们正在更大的利用计算机的云应用时缺乏可用打开的选项卡之间的连接。大多数用户已经习惯于在保持打开的许多标签，Gmail，谷歌日历，谷歌Docs和各种社会化媒体工具之间来回快速切换。但是这种象征着应用程序之间的断开的从选项卡到选项卡的转换，却真的应该被整合。Mozilla正试图在功能上，让我们在浏览器中使用更直观，更丰富的方式与无处不在的连接工具。虽然这绝对是向一个正确的方向前进的一步，但命令行方式可能是解放鼠标的壁垒。在下面的截图中，你可以看到无处不在的一个Web页面，这可以让您快速查找到谷歌地图上显示的位置，而无需在另一个选项卡中打开。这是一个综合功能的例子，没有它，你将需要从一个标签到另一个复制和粘贴文本。Ubiquity的核心能力，是通过理解基础的命令并执行它们用适当的网络应用创造一个整体的浏览器体验，这正是浏览器标题的方向。这种对于语音识别软件的投身的方法，，可能关系到在未来的十年我们如何浏览网页，或迟早会变成：解放双手（不用鼠标或键盘）。1.2TRACEMONKEY和OGG及时，更小，更安静的版本已经铺平了道路，以便全面的浏览。刚刚过去的这个夏天，火狐发布了一个更新其软件，其中包括一个全新的JavaScript引擎TraceMonkey的。该引擎提供了一个显着的提升，在速度和图像编辑功能，以及能够播放视频，而无需第三方软件或编解码器。除了从速度前进，随时欢迎，图像和视频功能是如何在浏览器的操作系统的领土侵犯的完美的例子。能够在浏览器中编辑图像可以替换为本地的图像编辑软件在您的计算机上，并有可能为独立的应用程序，如Picnik的需要。在这一点上，它不能确定这个功能可以多么复杂，因此，设计人员和普通用户可能会继续运行，今后一段时间内的本地副本的Photoshop。新的视频功能，它依赖于一个开放源码的编解码器，称为奥格，开辟了许多可能性，是第一个不需要许可证编解码器的开发。目前，开发人员需要的编解码器授权，如果他们希望自己的视频的专用软件如Adobe的Flash播放。奥格允许视频播放在Firefox本身播放。是什么激发许多，虽然是新版本的Firefox可以在同一页面上的多个应用程序之间的交互性。一个潜在的应用，如上面的图片所示，这项技术允许用户在播放视频时的视频，以获得更多关于他们的信息，单击“对象。2功能有限的移动应用程序到目前为止，我们看一个全面的Web体验已不限于传统的浏览器。但我们也与Web交互越来越多的移动设备上。眼下，休闲冲浪在移动设备上是一个非常复杂的经历，因此可能不会对用户具有主要的吸引力。小屏幕，输入选项不一致，连接速度慢，内容缺乏针对移动浏览器进行了优化组合，这是一个很笨拙的，不可预知的和令人沮丧的经验，特别是如果你在iPhone上。但是，应用程序编写的专门为移动环境中和，处理与特定的，有限集的数据，例如作为谷歌的移动应用程序，设备特定的应用程序的Twitter的和Facebook的和高达数百万的应用程序在iPhoneApp商店，看起来更像未来的使用移动网络。由于移动浏览体验还处于起步阶段，这里有一些建议设计的移动体验，而不是挤压全尺寸的Web应用程序（即那些用于台式机和笔记本电脑进行了优化）纳入囊中，设计人员和开发人员应该熟练掌握确定和执行有限的功能集于移动应用。2.1亚马逊手机一个功能有限的移动应用程序的一个很好的例子是Amazon的接口为iPhone（上面的截图）。亚马逊已经降低了大规模其网站的最重要的功能：搜索，购物车，并列出。它优化了布局，专为iPhone的小屏幕。2.2FACEBOOK的IPHONEFacebook继续提高它的移动版本。最新版本包括一个简单的登陆画面，每一个主要功能的网站中使用的优先顺序的图标。信息已减少，分段的网站，其范围没有显著改变。每一个新的更新带来了更接近应用程序复制充分的体验，感觉很自然的方式。2.3GMAIL的IPHONE最后，Gmail的iPhone应用程序也令人印象深刻。谷歌已经推出了一个浮动栏的界面，允许用户批量处理电子邮件，这样他们就不必打开每封电子邮件以处理。3增强网络的设备移动设备将扩散的速度比任何计算机行业已经出现之前都要迅速，因此成为爆炸网络的入口点。但网络将极大地扩大并不仅仅通过个人移动设备，而是通过全新的增强型网络接口的运输