建筑安全设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)TerroristAttackPreventionthroughEnvironmentalDesign:FourLevelsoftheAdaptiveSecurityDesignfortheOverseasDiplomaticPremisesAbstract:Fromtheendofthe20thcentury,terrorismhasbecomethemostgeneralthreatwhichalmosteverycountry’soverseasdiplomaticpremiseshaveencountered.TheattacksaimedatChineseembassiesandconsulateshavebeenmorefrequentlyinthepastfewyears.Mostofthemarefeaturedbynegativesocialinfluence,lowforseeability,lowcostandhighelusiveness,etc.Theessentialtasksofthediplomaticarchitecture,includingsafeguardingassetsandshapingpositivenationalimages,constituteaseriesofcontradictionsinthedesignprocess;andthebuildingformsneedtobesimultaneouslylookingfriendlyandsafeenough.Basedontheconclusionofformsandcharactersoftheterroristattacks,thispaperattemptstoapproachtheadaptivesecuritysolutionsfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesinfourlevels:thepsychologylevel,thevisionlevel,thebehaviorlevel,andthepostattacklevel.KeyWords:EnvironmentalDesign,OverseasDiplomaticPremises,Security,Adaptive,TerroristAttack1 FromSimpletoComprehensive:TheTransitionoftheSecurityDesignInpast10years,thetraditionalsecuritythreatderivedfromthecoldwargraduallygiveswaytohigh-frequencyterroristattacks.Comparedwiththeprofessionalsafeguardmethodsinthecoldwar,suchasinfiltrationandintelligencework,thefeaturesoftheterroristattack,suchashighelusiveness,changefulltargets,low-costtraining,lowforseeability,blurredclues,bigciviliancasualtiesandnegativesocialinfluence,maketherelevantsecuritydesignbemuchmoredifficult.(Table1)Therangeofthesecuritydesignthushasbeenextendedfromtheprincipalareatothewholesiteandeventheneighborhoods.Thedefinitionofthesecuritydesignindiplomaticpremisesprojectshasbeenchangedfromtheadditionaltasktoamoreintegratedpartofthewholedesignprocess.(Figure1)Figure1:ThePrincipalRangesoftheSecurityDesignunderTraditionalThreatsandTerroristAttacks(Source：Author)Table1:TheComparisonbetweenTraditionalThreatsandTerroristAttacks(Source：Author)TraditionalThreatsTerroristAttacksYearsfromWWⅡtotheendofthe20thcenturyfromtheendofthe20thcenturytonowTheOriginofthethreatthecoldwaranddifferentpoliticalcampsextremeorganizationsThePurplesofthethreatintelligencestealingextremelyreligious,political,ideologicalpurplesTheTargetsoftheAttackimportantsections,coreproperties,importantallproperties,staffs,neighborhoodsstaffsandvisitorsTheMeansoftheAttacksurveillance,wiretap,infiltrate,shooting,etc.carbomb,suicidebomb,homemadeweapons,throwingstones,shooting,trespassing,etc.ThePrincipalAreasoftheaccesscontrolsystemoftheboundaryandthetheentiresiteincludingadjacentstreetsandprincipalareasneighborhoodsSecurityDesignTheInfluenceonthelimitedinfluenceonthearchitectureformprofoundinfluenceonthearchitectureformArchitectureFormNote:Theviolencecausedbydemonstrations,whichisnotlistedinthetable,isatraditionalthreatforoverseasdiplomaticpremises;anditismuchmoreforeseeablecomparedwiththeotherattacks.WiththeprotectionofViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelations,ViennaConventionsonConsularRelations,andtheprecautionarymeasuresfromthelocalgovernment,thepotentialthreatofthedemonstrationactivitiescanbeundercontrol.2SecurityandImage:TheComplexityandContradictionsoftheOverseasDiplomaticPremisesThespecialidentitydefinestheevidentdifferencebetweentheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesandtheotherbuildingtypes.Thesecuritydesignofthoseoverseaspropertiesthusisfeaturedbycomplexityandcontradiction,whicharemorestrengthenedunderthebackgroundofthegrowthofworld-widespreadterrorism.Overseasdiplomaticfacilitiesaresupposedtohavefriendlyimagesandhighersecuritystandard.Thosetwotasksaskthearchitecttocombinetwoseriesofincompatiblearchitecturallanguages.(Figure2)Figure2:TheDifferentImagesDerivedfromImageOrientedandSecurityOrientedApproaches(Source:Author)Ontheonehand,overseasdiplomaticpremisesarethemostefficientequipmentofpromotingacountry’snationalimage.ComparedwiththenormalmassMedias,architectureisanintuitive,facetoface,tangibleinterfacetodeliverthelocalpeopleanopen,friendly,andgentleimageofthecountry,whichisquiteimportantforthediplomaticwork.Duringthepastseveraldecades,manyarchitectshaveattemptedtodeliverthepositivenationalimagebydifferentarchitecturallanguages.Forexample,insomecases,modernismmeansopenness;formalismmeanscommemorative;andpost-modernismmeansthehistoricalandculturalfriendlydesign.Ontheotherhand,locatedinthehostcountry,thesiteofthediplomaticarchitecturehasspecialpoliticalmeanings.TheViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelationsdeclarestoprotectallpropertiesoftheguestcountry(buildings,facilities,andstaffs,etc)frombeingvisitedwithoutauthorization.Theboundaryofthesitethusbecomesaspecialicon.Undertheshadowoftheterrorism,securitydesignisplayingasignificantroleinnewprojects;andinsomecontroversialprojects,theimportanceofthefriendlyimagecompletelygiveswaytothestrictsecuritymeasures.Givinguptheeffortofdeliveringpositiveimages,andtransformingthesitetobeamoderncastleareknownasold-fashionsolutions;anditwillfinallylostthemeaningofdiplomaticinthemostfundamentallevel.Today,allthepropertiesneedtobedignified,elegant,decent,andsafe.Inthenewera,animportantquestionfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesishowtoaneffectivetechnologytoapproachthebalancebetweengoodimageandstrictsecuritystandard.3 TheAdaptiveStrategies:FourLevelsoftheSecurityDesignBasedonthecharactersofterroristattacksandthecomplexityandcontradictionoftheoverseasdiplomaticpremises,thispaperdevelopsaseriesofadaptivedesignstrategies,whichattempttosatisfytherequirementsofbothimageandsecuritythrougheffectiveenvironmentalandarchitecturaldesignapproaches.Allthecasesandarchitecturallanguagesintroducedinthispaperdonotonlyleadtothesecuritypurples,andtheyalsomanifesttheevidentaestheticquality.Thesestrategiesaimathelpingthearchitecttofindtheadaptivebuildingforms,whichhavethecapacitytobeinterpretedinmultipleways,tohidethesecuritymeasuresbehindafriendlyimageinfourlevels:psychologicalcontrol,visualcontrol,behaviorcontrol,andlosscontrol.Thefourlevels,whichreflectthearchitecturalinterventionsonboundary,buildingenvelope,outdoorspace,andconnections,constituteanintegratedandflexiblesecuritysystem.(Figure3)Figure3:TheFourLevelsoftheAdaptiveSecurityDesignoftheOverseasDiplomaticPremises(Source:Author)PsychologicalControl:DeterrenceInspeakingofthedesignofpsychologicalcontrolinoverseasdiplomaticpremises,theprincipaltaskistodetertheterroristfromplanningandimplementingtheattack.Thesolutionsmainlyfocusondifferentformsoftheboundary,suchaswallandfencingsystemwithfunctionsofvisuallimitation,boundarylandscape,well-markedaccesscontrolsystem,highintensityilluminationsystem,andentranceguardrooms,etc.,toexertsufficientpsychologicalpressureontheterroriststolowertheeffectivenessoftheiractions.Meanwhile,suitablemeasurescanalsoenhancethesenseofsafetyintheneighborhoods.AnevidentcaseistheGermanEmbassyinAustria(Vienna).Theboundaryisconstitutedbyametalfencingsystemwiththecurvedformonthetoptopreventclimbing.Withshrubsandtreesintheinner-sideofthefence,thefencingsystemnotonlymaintainsatransparentandgreeninterface,butalsokeepsagoodviewforthestaffsinthesitetomonitortheadjacentstreets.(Figure4)(Figure5)AnothercaseistheBritishEmbassy,whichistheneighboroftheGermanEmbassy.Asahistoricalbuilding,thefaçadeisthefirstphysicalboundaryoftheproject,whichisdirectlyfacingthestreetswithoutanybufferspace.Asasecondaryboundarysystem,aseriesofreinforceconcreteblocksandflowerpotsisintroducedinthemiddleofthestreets.Themechanicalcarstopsystemisalsoplacedfortrafficcontrol.Theguardroomislocatedjustbesidetheconcreteblocks,anditsformisobviousenoughtobeeasilynoticedfromthestreet;andthankstotheunidirectionalglass,peopleoutsidecannotobservetheactivitiesinsidetheguardrooms.Alltheseelementsconstituteaflexiblebufferareafortheembassybuilding;andthissolutionisgoingtoexertbigpressureonthepotentialcriminals.Byextendingtherangeoftheembassytothepublicurbanspace,theoriginalfaçadeofthebuildingiswellpreservedtoshowacompletehistoricalcontext,andthepositiveculturalattitude.(Figure6)(Figure7)Hence,psychologicalcontrolmanifeststhefollowingcharacters:IntroducereinforcedtransparentfencingsystemtokeepthegoodhorizonfromtheinsidetotheoutsideIntroducetheindependentandmoveablecarstopsystemtokeepthedecentbuildingfaçadeAccesscontrolsystemintegratedwiththelandscapeelementsHighidentityandwelldefinedboundaryformsHighintensityilluminationsystemattheentrancearea

Figure4:thefencingsystemoftheGermanEmbassyinAustriaFigure5:theentranceandguardroomoftheGermanEmbassyinFigure6:thevehiclesandvisitorscontrolsystemoutsidetheBritishFigure7:theconcreteflowerbedinfrontoftheBritishEmbassyVisualControl:ObscuringVisualcontrolaimsatobscuringanddisturbingthevisualjudgmentofthecriminalsviaeffectivearchitecturaloperations.Throughthespeciallanguageofthebuildingenvelope,thebuildingacquiresthequalitythatpreventspeopleoutsidefromgraspingtheinformationinside,suchasfunctiondistribution,structureform,andthelocationoftheimportantsections,throughreadingthefacade.Solutionsbasedonthisstrategynotonlyprovidethestaffsthegoodviewtomonitorthesiteandtheneighbors,butalsoreducetheaccuracyoftheterrorists’observation.ThearchitectureoftheChineseEmbassyintheUnitedStates(WashingtonDC)ischaracterizedbythreeoctagonalforms,themainpublicspacewhichisnottheessentialpropertyoftheembassy.Infact,theessentialfunctionsareintegratedintoanextremelylow-profileform,whichconstitutesthebackgroundofthethreehalls.Theunifiedandarrayedwindowsreflectnorelationwiththedivisionoftheofficesection;andthereisevennowindowonthefaçadedirectlyfacingthestreetinaveryshortdistance.Throughthissolution,theessentialfunctionhasmuchloweridentitythanthesubordinationpart,whichnormallygatherslessstaffsandproperties;anditwouldmaketheunprofessionalcriminalswastemoretimeforchoosingthetarget.(Figure8)(Figure9)TheDutchEmbassyinGermany(Berlin)representsanotherapproach.Theessentialfunctionsoftheembassyareentirelyintegratedintoahugecube,whichacquiresstrongidentityinthecircumstance.Atransparentandcontinuousgallery,whichcutintothebuildingenvelopefromthegroundtothetop,playstheroleofbothverticalconnectionandventilationtunnel.Withoutanyexceptions,theentirefaçadeoftheofficeroomsisconstitutedbythetranslucentcurtainwalltokeepprivacy.Meanwhile,thetransparentcurvespiralelementonthefaçadechangesthetraditionalideaoffloors,andpreventsthecriminalsfromconjecturingtheinnerfunctions.ItalsodeliversthespecificideologyoftheDutchculture,suchastransparent,openness,humorous,andfriendlytothemodernart,etc.(Figure10)(Figure11)Visualcontrolhasthefollowingcharacters:IndependentbuildingenvelopewhichhaslittlerelationswiththeinnerfunctionsReducetheidentityoftheimportantpartofthestructureSimplifythefunctionofthehigheridentitypart,whilereducetheidentityoftheessentialfunctionsIntroducethesunshadecomponents,icons,anddecorationstoconstitutemultipledefenses.

Figure8:TheentranceoftheChineseEmbassyintheUS(Source:Author)Figure9:ThewallsoftheChineseEmbassy,whichisdirectlyfacingthestreet(Source:Author)Figure10:TheDutchEmbassyinBerlin(Source:ChangQi)Figure11:ThespatialconceptoftheDutchEmbassy3.3BehaviorControl:RestrictingThemaintaskofbehaviorcontrolistoarrangetheauthority,path,andbehavioralpatternofvisitors.Thesolutionismainlyfocusedontheoutdoorspacebetweenthebuildingenvelopeandtheboundaryofthesite,andaimsatcontrollingthespeedandrouteofvisitors,andstrictlydefiningtheaccessibilityofdifferentzones.Theroadsystemandlandscapeelementsarenotonlythepositiveelementsfordiplomaticevents,butalsotheequipmentofreducingattackeffect,confusingcriminals,andincreasingthecostoftheterrorists’action.TheBritishEmbassyinGermany(Berlin)isaninterventioninthehistoricalquarter,andthevolumedirectlytouchestheadjacentbuildingsandstreetwithoutanyspaceinbetween.Aseriesofwellorganizedcourtyardsconstitutesthebasicspatialstructure,whichimpliesahierarchicalaccesscontrolsystem.Inthissystem,therearethreeprincipalcourtyardswithdifferentforms,functionsandauthorities.Thefirstcourtyardwhichconnectsthestreetinfrontofthemainentrancewithanentrancechecksystemisdesignedforcarsandvisitorstohaveashortstay.Thesecondcourtyard,acuneiformauditoriumspace,connectsthefirstcourtyardwithaguardroomasthesecondcheckpoint,andleadsthevisitorstothethirdcourtyardwithbroadsteps.Thethirdcourtyard,awintergardenwithabeautifulglassroof,connectsthereceptionandmeetingrooms,andalsoplaystheroleoftheentrancehalltotheofficezone.Thiscourtyardsystemshapesalinearexhibitionspacewithdifferentthemesandartatmosphereineachpart,andprovidestheplatformforforeignaffairsactivities.Thisprojectasatypicalexamplerealizesanextremelylongvisitingpathintheverylimitedsite,andacquiressufficientdefenseindepthtoobserveandcontrolthevisitors.(Figure12)(Figure13)ThewinningsolutionofthenewAmericanEmbassyprojectinUK(London)abandonsthetraditionalboundarysystem,andcreatesabalancebetweenlandscapeandsecurity.ThebuildingaimsatimplyingaspecialfriendlinessbetweenAmericanandBritishcultureswithanopenlandscapesystem.Comparedwithtraditionalsolutions,theprojectwitnessesahighersecuritystandard.Thelandscapeelementsareendowedwithculturalfunctions,whiletheyarealsothedesignedtocontroltheactivitiesofstaffsandvisitors.Forexample,thewaterpoolinfrontofthebuildingcreatesanelegantenvironment,andalsopreventsvisitorsandvehiclesfromgettingclosetothefaçade.ThesimilardesignisalsointroducedintheAmericanEmbassyinBeijing.Ontheothersideofthebuildingisahugegrassslope,whichFigure12:ThethreecourtyardsoftheBritishEmbassyextendsfromthetopofthepodiumtothegroundfloorofthemainbuildingwithacontinuousangularsurface.Thisdesignintegratesthecubicformofthemainbuildingintoanartificialterrain,andcreatesthegentleratmosphere,whichisalwaysneededinthediplomaticactivities.Thestructureofthegrassyslope,whichnotonlydefinestheboundaryofthesite,butalsoofferstheidealheightforobservingtheneighborhoods,canbetransformedintoadefensiveposition,ifnecessary.Itisimportanttounderstandthatthesecuritymeasurementsinnewlyconstructedprojectsgraduallygiveuptheideaoffortress,andaseriesofsophisticateddesigntechniques,whichintegratesthesecurityconsiderationintothelandscape,opensupanewhorizonfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremises.(Figure14)(Figure15)Behaviorcontrolhasthefollowingcharacters:1)Introducethecurvedroadsparalleledwiththefaçadeofthebuildingtoreducethevehiclespeedandavoidthepathdirectlytothebuilding2)Usestrictzoningtocontroltheauthorityofdifferentsections,andpublicspacesequencetoprolongtherouteofvisitors3)Integratedlandscapesystemwhichhasthefunctionofcontrollingthebehaviorpatternofvehiclesandvisitors4)Eliminatetheunnecessaryobstructionstokeepgoodhorizonfromthebuildingtothecircumstance3.4LossControl:Chain-effectDamagePreventionTheessentialpurposeofdamagecontrolistoeliminatethepossibilityoftheseconddamageandchain-effectcollapseaftertheattack.Throughthetargeteddesignofthebuildingforms,thelossintheterroristattacksthuscanbepartlyreduced,andthestaffsmayhavemoretimetowaitfortherescue.Therelevantsolutionsmainlyfocusontheconnectionsbetweensinglebuildings.Forthelayoutofheembassy/consulateprojects,itisbettertodecentralizeimportantpropertiesintodetachedparts,whichcanworkasawholewhentheyarelinkedwithconnectivevolumes.Iftheattackshappeninonepart,thedecentralizedlayoutofimportantfunctionscankeeptheotherpartsstillworking.Sometimes,theclusterofsmallanddecentralizedvolumescanalsohaveafriendlierimage.ThecontextoftheChineseEmbassyinNetherlands(Haag)isshapedbyaseriesofsmalldetachedhouses.Themainbuildingoftheembassyissplitintotwovolumes,whichareconnectedbyanentrancehall,asunkengarden,andaflycorridoronthefourthfloor.Alltheconnectivevolumesarecoveredbytransparentglass,whichisalwaysarightandpopularmaterialtoshowopenness.Infact,itiswisetochoosetheconnectiveparttobetheopenspace,becausethesepartsnormallyhavelessstaffsandpropertiesconcentrated.Comparedwiththeglassvolumes,thetwoprincipalvolumescoveredbyredbrickskeepthemorphologicalcontinuitywiththecontext.Theconnectivevolumesinbetweencanbeseenasexpendablestructurestoreducethepossibilityofchain-effectcollapsewhenahugedamagehappensinonesideofthebuilding.(Figure16)(Figure17)TheAmericanEmbassyinChina(Beijing)appliesthesimilarsolution.Theconsulatesection,officesection,andapartmentsarealldesignedtobedetachedvolumeswithconnectionsbetweeneachother.Comparedwiththeotherparts,theconsulatesectionandtheapartmentbuildingwithcompletelycurtainwallscreatestrongeridentity,andbecomethedominantvolumesthatshapetheimageofopenness.Meanwhile,thosetwopartsalsoprotecttheessentialfunctionshidinginaseriesofhorizontalextendingvolumeswithhardandstrongenvelopes.Thankstothedecentralizedlayout,itisquitedifficulttomakeacatastrophicdamagetotheembassythroughanormalterroristattack.(Figure18)(Figure19)Losscontrolischaracterizedbythefollowingfactors:1)Decentralizedvolumes2)Connectindependentvolumeswithsecondarystructures3)Takethelower-riskfunctionsastheexpendablestructuretoavoidthechain-effectcollapse.4)Separateandhidetheessentialfunctionsintomultipleparts4Conclusions:TheIntegrationofSecurityandCultureThroughthediscussion,itisimportanttounderstandtheworld-widenewchallengesthattheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesencountercallsforaseriesofnewdesignapproaches.Traditionally,diplomaticbuildingsareinclinedtoshowfriendlyandopenposturesinclose-relationshipcountries,andchooseconservativeformsinbad-relationshipcountries.However,withthedevelopmentofglobalization,therelationshipbetweeneachtwocountriesissimultaneouslyshapedbycooperationandchallenges.Theevidenthostilecampshavealreadybeendisappeared,andterrorismbecomesthemostintractablethreatoftheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesforalmostallcountries.Thesolutionswhichcompletelyshowopennessorclosenessareold-fashionstories,anditcannotsatisfytheidentityoftoday’sdiplomaticbuildings.Innewprojects,architectsareaskedtofindmoresophisticatedandeffectivesolutionstobalancethecontradictionbetweenpositiveimageandstrictsecuritystandard.Basedonthisbackground,thispaperattemptstodevelopadiscussionforthistopicinforrespects.(Table2)Theeffortofdiscoveringtheuniqueformstoapproachsafeandbeautifulwouldbecomeasignificantsource,inwhichthecreativeideaofthediplomaticarchitecturesprings.References[1]Alessi,Alberto.BuildingIdentity?.WorldArchitecture,2006（8）:17-20[2]Tong,Cui,BalanceReconstruction:EmbassyasanArchitecturalType.WorldArchitecture,2006（8）:100-103[3]Tian,Zhimin.Zhang,Xiangbai.Du,Xiuli.ConceptualDesignofImportantBuildingstoMitigateTerroristExplosionAttacks，ChinaCivilEngineeringJournal,2007,40（1）,34-41[4]Zhang,Lan.TheEmbassyandDiplomaticOfficers,WorldKnowledgePress,1998通过环境设计预防恐怖袭击:四层外交建筑自适应安全设计的海外外交的前提文摘:从20世纪的结束,恐怖主义已成为最通用的威胁,几乎每个国家的海外外交场所遇到。针对中国使领馆的攻击更经常在过去的几年里。它们中的大多数都是负面的社会影响、低耗能、低成本和高飘忽不定,等外交架构的基本任务,包括维护资产和塑造积极的国家形象,构成一系列的矛盾在设计过程中,需要同时和建筑形式友好足够安全。基于结论恐怖袭击的形式和特点,本文尝试方法自适应海外外交场所的安全解决方案四个级别:心理学层面,视觉上水平、行为水平,和攻击后的水平。关键词:环境设计、海外外交的前提,安全,自适应,恐怖袭击1从简单到综合:安全设计的过渡在过去的10年里,传统的安全威胁来自冷战逐渐让位于高频恐怖袭击。与专业的维护方法相比在冷战时期,如渗透和情报工作,恐怖袭击的特性,如高飘忽不定,多变的目标,低成本的培训,低耗能,模糊的线索,大平民伤亡和负面的社会影响,使相关的安全设计是更加困难的。(表1)因此安全设计的范围已经从主要区域扩展到整个网站,甚至社区。外交场所的安全设计项目的定义已经改变了从额外的任务更加集成的整个设计过程的一部分。(图1)2安全形象:海外外交的复杂性和矛盾的前提特殊身份定义之间的明显区别海外外交前提和其他建筑类型。这些海外的安全设计属性因此,复杂性和矛盾,更加强的背景下的发展全球恐怖主义的蔓延。海外外交设施应该友好的图像和更高的安全标准。这两个任务要求架构师将两个系列的不兼容的建筑语言。(图2)一方面,海外外交的前提是最有效的设备促进一个国家的国家形象。与普通大众媒体相比,架构是一个直观的,面对面,实实在在的接口提供当地人民开放、友好、温和的国家形象,为外交工作是相当重要的。在过去的几十年中,许多建筑师试图提供积极的国家形象,不同的建筑语言。例如,在某些情况下,现代主义意味着开放;形式主义意味着纪念;后现代主义意味着历史和文化友好的设计。另一方面,位于东道国的外交体系结构具有特殊的政治意义。维也纳外交关系公约声明保护客人国家的所有属性(建筑物、设施、人员等)擅自访问。网站的边界从而成为一个特殊的图标。在恐怖主义的阴影下,安全设计是在新项目中扮演重要角色,在一些有争议的项目,友好形象的重要性完全中止了严格的安全措施。提供正面形象的努力,放弃和改变网站是一个现代的城堡被称为旧的解决方案;它将最终失去外交在最基本的层面上的意义。今天,所有属性需要端庄,优雅、得体,和安全。在新时代,海外外交的前提的一个重要问题是如何的有效技术方法良好形象之间的平衡和严格的安全标准。3自适应策略:四层的安全设计基于字符的恐怖袭击和海外外交的复杂性和矛盾前提,本文开发的一系列适应性设计策略,而为了满足这些需求的形象和安全通过有效的环境和建筑设计方法。所有病例和建筑语言介绍了不仅导致安全紫色,他们也体现了明显的审美品质。这些策略旨在帮助架构师发现自适应建筑形式,它有能力以多种方式解释,隐藏在四层的友好形象背后的安全措施:心理控制,视觉控制、行为控制、和损失控制。四层,反映了建筑干预边界,建立信封,户外空间,和连接,构成一个集成和灵活的保障体系。(图3)3.1心理控制:威慑在谈到心理控制的设计在海外外交的前提,主要任务是阻止恐怖分子的计划和实施攻击。解决方案主要集中在不同形式的边界,如墙和栅栏系统功能的视觉限制,边界景观,显眼的访问控制系统,高强度照明系统,门禁的房间,等等,对恐怖分子施加足够的心理压力降低他们的行为的有效性。与此同时,合适的措施也可以加强安全社区的感觉。一个明显的例子是德国大使馆在奥地利(维也纳)。边界是由一个金属围栏系统顶部弯曲形式防止攀爬。灌木和树木的内层栅栏,栅栏系统不仅保持透明和绿色的接口,但也保持着良好的观点在现场监控人员相邻的街道。(图4)(图5)另一个例子是英国大使馆,这是德国大使馆的邻居。历史建筑,立面是第一个项目的物理边界,这是直接面对街上没有任何缓冲空间。二次边界系统,介绍了一系列加强混凝土块和花盆中间的街道。机械停车系统也为交通控制。警卫室坐落在混凝土块,和它的形式是很容易注意到从街上还不够明显;感谢单向玻璃,不能遵守活动以外的人在警卫室。所有这些元素构成一个灵活的使馆建筑缓冲区;这个解决方案是对潜在的罪犯施加巨大的压力。通过扩展的范围使馆公共城市空间,建筑保存完好的原始外观展示一个完整的历史背景,和积极的文化态度。(图6)(图7)因此,心理控制体现以下特点:1)介绍了透明的击剑系统保持良好的视野从内部到外部2)介绍了独立和可移动的汽车停止系统保持良好的建筑立面3)访问控制系统集成了景观元素4)高身份和良好定义的边界形式5)高强度照明系统在入口处区域3.2视觉控制:模糊视觉控制旨在掩盖和令人不安的视觉判断罪犯通过有效的建筑业务。通过特殊的语言的信封,建筑获得的质量,防止以外的人掌握内部信息,如函数分布,结构形式,和重要部分的位置,通过阅读表面。解决方案基于这一策略不仅提供员工良好的视图监控站点和邻居,而且可以减少恐怖分子观察的准确性。中国驻美国大使馆的架构(华盛顿特区)的特点是三个八角形的形式,不是的主要公共空间的基本属性大使馆。事实上,基本功能都集成到一个极其低调的形式,构成的背景三个大厅。统一和排