给排水工程屋顶排水中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)ShortandLongTermAdvantageroofdrainagedesignperformanceDecadehaswitnessedgreatchangesinthedesignoftheroofdrainagesystemrecently,particularly,siphonrainwaterdrainagesystemhasbeengraduallyimproved,andthereislikelytobethekeyapplication.Atthesametimethesechanges,urbandrainagesystemdesignhasundergonetremendouschanges,becausethescopeofawiderurbandrainagesystemdesignforsustainabledevelopment,aswellaspeopleforclimatechangefloodingmoreattention.Themaincontentsofthisarticleishowtodesignroofdrainagesystemsandmakeagoodperformance.Specialattentionishowtogetridofbadhabitsalreadyformedthedesign,butalsoneedtoconsiderinnovativeroofdrainagesystem,suchasgreenroofsandrainwaterharvestingsystems.Practicalapplication:Inthepastfewyears,thedesignoftheroofrainwaterdrainagesystemhasundergonetremendouschanges.Onlargebuildings,siphonrainwaterdrainagetechnologyhasbeenverycommon,aswellasgreenroofsbecauseitisconducivetogreendevelopment,beingmoreandmoreapplications.Takingintoaccounttheongoingresearch,thisarticlefocusesonhowtoeffectivelydesignavarietyofroofrainwaterdrainagesystem,andmakeitachievethedesireddesigneffect.1.IntroductionInthepastdecade,thecityandthewaterdrainagesystemdesignhasbeenwidelyacceptedthinkingaboutsustainableurbandrainagesystem,ortheoptimalmanagementdirection.Themainprinciplesofthedesignofthesesystemsisbothalocallevelinlinewiththequalityofdevelopment,butalsotocreatesomeeconomicbenefitsfortheinvestors.Thisprinciplehasledtothedevelopmentofnewchangesinthesump.Althoughtheapplicationofsuchadeviceisgraduallyreduced,buttheurbanenvironmentrelativelyhighdemandareasstillrequire100%waterproofandrapiddrainage,suchastheroof.Typicallyroofdrainagesysteminthedesign,constructionandmaintenancehasnotbeengivendueattention.Althoughthedrainagesysteminvestmentcostsaccountforonlyasmallportionofthetotalconstructioninvestment,butnotabletojudgethelosscausedbypoordesign.Therearetwodifferentformsofroofdrainagesystemdesignmethods,namelythetraditionalandsiphonmethod.Traditionalsystemsrelyonatmosphericpressurework,thedriveramaffectedsinkflowdepth.Therefore,theconventionalroofdrainagesystemsrequirearelativelylargediameterverticaldroptube,priortodischarge,alldevicesmustbeconnectedtothegroundwatercollectionpipenetwork.Incontrast,siphonicroofdrainagepipesystemsaregenerallydesignedtofullflow(turbulentflowmeansthatrequirelessexhaustpipe),whichwillformanegativepressure,thelargerthehigherflowrateandpressurehead.Typicallysiphonsystemrequireslessdownpipeworkundernegativepressuretothewaterdistributionnetworkcanmeanhigheraltitudework,therebyreducingtheamountofundergroundpipenetwork.Bothsystemsconsistsofthreeparts:theroof,rainwatercollectionpipes,pipenetwork.Alloftheseelementsareabletochangethewaterpressuredistributionsystem.Thissectionfocusesontheroleandperformanceofeachpart.Duetotheprincipleofsiphonsystemhasnotbeenwellunderstood,resultingargumentisrelativelysmall,thisarticlewillhighlightsiphonsystem.2.RoofTheroofisusuallydesignedbythearchitect,designerandnotbythedrainagedesign.Therearethreemainroof.2.1FlatroofFlatroofsareusedinindustrialbuildingslessrainfallregionsandcountries.Thisroofisnotcompletelyflat,butlowerthantheminimumroofslopemayrequire.Forexample,theUnitedKingdomrequiremaximumslopeof10°.Settingminimumslopeinordertoavoidanyunnecessarywater.Despitetheflatroofifitisnotproperlymaintainedwillhavemoreproblems,butitwillreducethedeadzonewithinthebuilding,andtheratioofslopingroofsinfavorofindoorair.2.2slopingroofsMostresidentialandcommercialbuildingsarepitchedroof,inclinedroofisthebiggestadvantagecanquicklydrain,therebyreducingleakage.Intemperateregions,weneedtoconsidercarryingroofsnowload.Onceitrains,rainfallthroughtheslopingroofscanbedeterminedbycalculation.Whenrainfalldatacanbeused,youcanusethekinematictheorytosolvesuchproblems.2.3greenroof(flatorinclined)Itcanproveroofistheoldestgreenroofs,includingrainfallcanreduceordisperseroofplantedwithplants.Itcanbeplantedwithtreesandshrubsroofgarden,itcanalsobeavegetatedrooflightcarpet.Whereinthelattertechniquehasbeenwidelyused.Someoftheseapplicationstendtofocusonaestheticrequirementsandareoftenusedingreendevelopment.Sincetheaestheticrequirementsandpressurerequirements,aswellasgreenroofsthermalinsulationfunction,reducetheheatislandeffect,silencereffect,extendthelifeoftheroof.GreenroofsinGermany,themostwidelyused,followedinNorthAmerica,buttoconsidertheimpactontheaesthetics.Germanyisbyfarthemostexperiencedcountriesinthe19thcenturyhavepracticalapplication,thenasanalternativetoreducetheriskoffiretarroofanoptioninurbanareas.Germanyiscurrentlythemainresearchquestiononthecultivationofotherissuestoconsidersmallercities.Astudyfrom1987to1989,wasfoundpackedwith70mmthickgreenroofcanbereducedby60%-80%ofheatloss.InaCanadianworkcomputermodelbasedontheroofindicatesthataslongasthesump,theareacanreach70%oftheroofareacanbereducedby60percentinoneyear,thesamemodelwasalsousedforartificialrainfall,whichtheresultsindicatethatrainfallinthecatchmentseasonhelpstodrainawayrainwater.However,noneofthesestudiesshowthatgreenroofscanplayausefulroleintherainfallseason,orhowhighcollectionefficiencyofwatersupply.TheUnitedStatesdidsometests,aslongasthegreenroofsregularwatering,canreduce65percentoftherunoffinarainfall.America'smostauthoritativegreenroofguidelinesbytheNewJerseystateenvironmentalagenciespromulgated.Themainprincipleistosolvethestructuralproblemsoflight,andhowcanthenormaldrainageaftertwoyears.Rainfallperiodisbasedontheprobabilityoffailureisdetermined.Thesystemistypicallybasedonrainfallduringrainstormstwominutes,twominutes,haveachoice.Althoughthismodelwillgetmoretraffic,butthereisnootherbetteralternative.Studieshaveshownthatthetraditionalmodelisappliedtostudygreenroofsarepremature.Lossfactorthantraditionalroofrecordsshouldbesmall,about98.7%.Peakflowwillbereduced,althoughnotpenetrate,thesurfaceroughnessbutalsohaveasignificantimpact.Concentratedrainfallthantwominutesforalongtime,especiallyforlargeroofareas,suchaspublicbuildings,commercialbuildings,industrialbuildings.Urbandrainagedesignshouldalsoconsiderotherfactors,foracomplexsystem,agreenroofinarainisnotenough.Waterflowdurationcurveshowsalongerthantraditionalsystems.Andtwoindependentandwillaffectbetweenispossible,whichrequiresamoreprecisetimeperiod.3.RainwaterCollectorBasicrequirementsrainwatercollectorisdesignedtobeabletoaccommodaterainfallrainstorms.Althoughitispossibletomakeaslightlyinclinedroofdrainagepurposes,butthenatureoftheconstructionindustryandbuildingsettlementwillbecomeflatroofTypically,thetankisplacedinahorizontal,sectionalviewofthewaterisoutwardlyinclined,whichtheroleofhydrostatic.3.1drainoutletAnalyzingrainwatercollectorhassufficientvolumeisthekeytothesumpoutletexternalsettingconditions.Alsoaffecttheflowrateintothestormwaterdrainagesystempiping,butalsoaffectthedepthofthewatercatchment.Althoughthedepthofthesumpwillnotbringanyparticularproblems,buttoodeepcancauseexcessivesump.Numerousstudiesinthe1980sshowedthattheflowofconventionalroofdrainagesystemoutletcanbedividedintotwocases.Itdependsonthesizeofthedepthandsizeoftheoutlet.Whenthewaterdepthislessthanhalfthediameteroftheoutlet,theflowofthefirsttype,andtheoutletoftheflowcanbecalculatedbyanappropriateequation;waterdepthincreases,exportsareslowlycloggingtheflowwillbecomeanotherformforms,atthesametime,theflowofexportscanbeobtainedthroughotherequations.Whileconventionalroofdrainagesystemsaredesignedtobefree-draining,butmaycauselimitationsencounteredinthedesignoftheflowisnotfree.Inthiscase,itwillrequireadditionaldepth.Siphonroofdrainagesystems,theoutletisdesignedtobesubmergedstream.Inthiscase,thedepthoftheoutletofthedecisionismorecomplicated,becausethedesignofthesumpdependsontheflow.Recentstudieshaveshownthatconventionalroofdrainagesystemsuseavarietyofnon-standardcatchment,theirdepthandheight,biggerthanthediameteroftheoutlet.Thiswilleventuallyresultinasiphoneffect.Foragivencatchment,theflowdependsonthestartingendofthedroptubediameter.Asimilarphenomenonhasalsobeenusedtostudythestandardcatchment,inthesecircumstances,onlylimitedsiphonactionoccurswithinrelativelyclosedistancefromtheexit.3.2tankflowclassificationInthecomplexflowsumpoutletflowclassification,canbeseenfromTable2a,theflowwillbeuniformlayering,regardlessofwhetherthesameinletflow.Table2band2cshow,exportdistributionwillgreatlyinfluencetheflow.Whentheoutletisnotafreejet,sumpoutletcomplexflowclassificationisdifficulttodescribe.Becauseeachcatchmenttankpressuresarelikelytobemerged.Forexample,thesiphontubesystemdesignpointisatnearfulljetoutletflowclassificationdependsontheenergylossofeachbranch.3.3hydrostaticsectionalSumpshapeofthewatersurfaceinthecanalcanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheflowequation.Inmostcases,alowflowratemeansthatthereislessfrictionloss,ifexportsarefreejet,thefrictionlossisnegligiblecross-sectionthroughthehydrostaticequation1todeterminethehorizontaldistance.WhereQ--flow(m3/s)T-surfacewidth(m)g-accelerationofgravity(m/s2)F-flowarea(m2)Equation1cannotbeignoredwhenthefrictionrequiredtocorrect(orverylongpipevelocityislarge),ornotafreejet.3.4ThecurrentdesignmethodsThepreviousdiscussionhashighlightedthemainfactorsthatshouldbeconsideredwithsinkdesign.However,withoutthehelpofacertainnumberofmodels,computinghydrostaticsectionalroofdrainagesystem,thevolumeofthesumpispossible.Thislargecommercialandmanufacturingindustry,isadevelopmentopportunity,youcanmergeseveralkilometersofwaterroutes.Thus,theconventionaldrainagesystemsumpdesignmethodsaremainlybasedonexperience,andassumethatexportsarefreejet.Sumplocationinthebuilding,itmaycausetheexampletofail.DifferentinterfacesumpExceptinthecasecitedabove,butalsoallowsdesignerstouseempiricaldata.3.5DigitalModelLargenumberofdigitalmodelscanbeusedtoaccuratelydescribetheflowofanyformofcatchmenttank,regardlessofwhethertheroofflowsstable.Anexampleofthismodelisacombinationofroofspacemodel.Thismodelenablesuserstoclassifydifferentaspectsofthedataindicated,includes:detailsoftherains,theroofsurfacedrainageandotherdetails.Kinematicshavealsobeenusedtostudyrainwatertanktoflowfromtheresearchcollection.Atypicalmethodisbasedonopensystemtosolveabasicproblemofspatialmobility.Thismodelautomaticallyresolvethesumpoutletflowsituation,butalsotodealwiththecaseoffreejetcanalsobesimulatedspacelimitedmobilityandsubmergeddischarge.Outputvalues​​includedepthandflowrate.Currently,themodelisessentiallyjustavarietyofresearchtools,butalsothroughpracticalengineeringtest.However,weshouldfaceuptothevariousrolemodels.4pipesystemsgroupCompositionintheformandscopeofthetubegroupdeterminestheroofdrainagesystemreliesmainlyonthetraditionalsystemorsiphonaction.4.1TraditionalstormwatersystemsConventionalroofdrainagesystems,thegroundplaneisgenerallyverticalpipe-linenetwork,connectedtothesumpoutletandundergrounddrainagesystems,criticalsystemsaswellascompensatingtube.Itshouldbeemphasizedthattheanglebetweenthegroundandthecompensatingtubeislessthan10°.Capacityoftheentiresystemreliesmainlyontheoutlettubeinsteadofdown.Flowverticaltubeisusuallyfree-flowing,fullofonly33%,theefficiencydependsontheexcesslengthofthetube.Ifthedroptubelongenough(typicallygreaterthan5m),theremaybeanannularflow.Similarly,undernormalcircumstancesflowcompensationpipeisfree-flowing,fullofupto70%.Suchdesignedprocessbothforthedesign,variousequationscanalsobeused.4.2SiphonroofdrainagesystemIncontrastwiththetraditionaldrainagesystems,Siphonroofdrainagesystemreliesonairflowoutsidethesystem,andthetubeisfullpipeflowstream.Thedesignsareusuallymadeontheassumptionthatthedesignofheavyrain,thesystemcanquicklysiphondischargerainwater.Thisassumptionallowstheapplicationofhydrostaticsiphonsystemtheory.Oftenusedsteadyflowenergyequation.Whilethisapproachignoresthesmallamountofenergylossattheentrance,butaftertheexperimentshowedthattherearestillconducivetopracticaluse.However,steady-statedesignmethodsinthesiphonsystemisexposedtorainwhenthesystemdoesnotmeetthestandardrequirementsorchangesinrainfallintensityislargeisnotapplied.Inthefirstcase,therewillbesomemixingofairquality,annularflowoccurs.Theseproblemsarenotintegratedinthesystemwhenmoreserious.Becauseusuallydesignedrainsarecommon,itisclearnowdesignmethodologyovertimemaynotapplytosiphonsystem.Thisisamajordisadvantage,becausethedesignofthemainproblemisthenoiseandvibrationproblems.Despitethedisadvantagesofthepriordesignapproach,butalotoftheworld'sveryfewengineeringfailurereports.Whenafailureoccurs,mostlikelyforthefollowingreasons:AnincorrectunderstandingoftheoperationpointsSubstandardmaterialslistInstallationdefectsMaintenancemismanagementToovercomethesedisadvantages,wehaverecentlylaunchedaseriesofresearchprojects,todiscussthesiphonsystem,andthedevelopmentofdigitalmodels.Fromthisworkwelearnalot.Incontrastwithconventionaldesignmethodsofsomeassumptions,siphonsystemmainlyhasthefollowingaspects:1)non-flowsystemoffullflow2)levelsofcertainpipe-flowingfullpipeflow3)fullpipeflowdownstreampropagationthroughaverticalpipe,riser,etc.4)theinnertubeflowoccursovertheverticalsection,thesystemtoreducethepressure5)downwardtubeisfullpipeflow,therewillbeairlock6)appearscompletelysiphonactionuntilwellintotheairsystemislowerthanacertainlevelTable4acolumndataindicatethatbelowthedesignpoint,thesystemwillsiphonunstableflow,depthofthewatercollectingtankisinsufficienttomaintainthesiphonaction.Table4bshowthattheunsteadyflowinsiphonsystemwhenitwillappear.Table5liststhedataoutputofadigitalmodel.Itcanbeseenthatthemodelcanaccuratelydescribethesiphonaction,siphonandsteadystate,thedataalsoshowthatthemodelcanaccuratelydescribethecomplexsiphonaction.5ConclusionThisarticlehasillustratedthecriticalroofdrainagesystems,buttheseareoftenoverlookedintheurbandrainagesystemdesign.Thisarticlealsoshowsthatthedesignprocessisacomplexprocess,relymainlyontheperformanceofexports.Thefollowingconclusionsarebasedonthedesignsummedup:1)Rundependonthreeinteractingparts:theroof,sump,waterpipes2)Greenroofscanreducetrafficandbeautifythecity3)theexportperformanceofthesystemisessential4)siphondrainagesystemhaveagreateradvantageinlarge-scaleprojects,butmustbeconsideredhighmaintenancecosts5)DesignsiphondrainagesystemshouldconsideradditionalcapacityandoperationalissuesAlthoughthegreenroofisamoreattractiveoption,butthetraditionalroofofabuildinginthecountrywillcontinuetodominate.Greenroofswillbegraduallydeveloped,andgraduallybeenwidelyaccepted.Similarly,theroofdrainagesystemshowneffectivethatitwillcontinuetoplayahugeroleinthecommercialbuildingdrainagesystems.Roofdrainagesystemofthegreatestthreatsfromclimatechange,existingsystemstendtobenotsimplyaging;rainfallpatternsofchangewillresultininefficientoperation,self-cleaningratewillbereduced.Changesinwindspeedandtheroofwillalsoacceleratetheagingoftheroof,itisnecessarytocarryoutmaintenance.Takingintoaccounttheclimatechange,theincreaseinmaterials,roofcollectedrainwaterwillbemoreextensive.Currently,theamountofrainaroundtheglobeperpersonperday7-300litersintheUK,withanaverageconsumptionof145L/h/d,ofwhichonlyaboutoneliterisusedbypeople,about30percentofthetoilet,studyshowsIfwatershortage,rainwatercollectedontheroofofdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesarerecommendedapproach.屋顶排水设计性能的近期与远期优势最近十年见证了屋顶排水系统设计方面的巨大变化，特别的是，虹吸雨水排水系统已经得到逐步改善，并且有可能得到重点应用。发生这些变化的同时，城市排水系统设计已经发生了巨大的变化，因为适用范围更广的可持续发展城市排水系统设计，还有人们对于气候变化带来的洪水泛滥的更多关注。这篇文章的主要内容就是，如何设计屋顶雨水排水系统并使之有良好的运行性能。需要特别注意的是如何改掉已经形成的不良设计习惯，同时还要需要考虑屋顶排水系统的创新，如绿色屋顶和雨水收集系统。实际应用：在过去几年，屋顶雨水排水系统的设计已经发生了巨大的变化。在大型建筑物上，虹吸雨水排水技术已经很常见，还有绿色屋顶由于其有利于绿色发展，正得到越来越多的应用。考虑到正在进行的研究，本文主要介绍如何有效地设计各种不同的屋顶雨水排水系统，并使其达到理想的设计效果。1.绪论在过去十年，城市与水排水系统设计已经想着广为接受的可持续发展城市排水系统或者最优管理方向发展。设计这些系统主要原则是，既要有符合当地发展水平的质量，又要为投资者创造一定的经济效益。这种原则已经引发了集水池发展方式新的变化。尽管这种装置的应用正在逐渐减少，但是城市环境要求比较高的地区仍然要求100%防水且排水迅速，例如屋顶。通常屋顶排水系统在设计、建造和维护时并没有受到应有的重视。尽管排水系统的投资费用只占建筑总投资的一小部分，但是，并不能据此来判断设计不良带来的损失。主要有两种不同形式的屋顶排水系统设计方法，分别是传统的和虹吸式方法。传统的系统依靠大气压力工作，其驱动压头受到水槽流动深度的影响。因此传统的屋顶排水系统需要一个直径相当大的垂直下降管，在排放之前，所有的装置都必须连接到地下水收集管网。与此相反，虹吸式屋顶排水系统通常设计成满管流（紊流状态意味着只需要较小的排气管），从而会形成负压，较大的压头和较大的流速。通常虹吸式系统需要较少的下降管，在负压状态下工作，意味着给水管网可以较高的高度上工作，从而减少地下管网量。两种系统都由三部分组成：屋顶，雨水收集管道，系统管网。所有这些部分都能够改变系统的水压分布。这部分主要关注各部分的作用和性能。由于虹吸系统的工作原理并没有得到很好的理解，得到的论证比较少，本文将会重点介绍虹吸系统。2.屋顶通常屋顶是由建筑师设计的，而不是由排水设计者设计的。主要有三种屋顶。2.1平屋顶平屋顶主要应用在降雨量比较少的地区和发达国家的工业建筑。这种屋顶并不完全是平的，而是低于所规定的屋顶最小坡度。例如，英国规定最大坡度为10°。设定最小坡度是为了避免任何不必要的积水。尽管平屋顶如果得不到正确的维护会产生较多的问题，但它会减少建筑物内的死区，且比斜屋顶有利于室内气流组织。2.2斜屋顶大多数居住建筑和商业建筑都是斜屋顶，斜屋顶最大的优点是可以迅速排水，从而可以减少漏水。在温带地区，不需要考虑屋顶承载的降雪载重。一旦下雨，斜屋顶通过的降雨量就可以通过计算确定。当有降雨资料可以利用时，可以使用运动学理论来解决这类问题。2.3绿色屋顶（平的或者是斜的）可以证明最老的屋顶就是绿色屋顶，它包括可以减少或驱散降雨的种有植物的屋顶。它可以是种有树和灌木的屋顶花园，也可以是长有植被的轻型屋顶地毯。其中后一种技术已经得到广泛应用。其中一些应用趋向于侧重美学要求并经常应用于绿色发展。由于审美要求和水压要求，绿色屋顶还有热绝缘的功能，减少热岛效应，有消声作用，延长屋顶的使用寿命。绿色屋顶在德国应用最为广泛，在北美地区次之，但是要考虑美学上的影响。德国是目前为止最有经验的国家，早在19世纪就有实际应用，当时作为在城市地区替代焦油屋顶降低火灾危险的一种选择。目前德国主要研究放在种植问题上，对城市的其它问题考虑较少。从1987年到1989年的一项研究工作，发现装有70毫米厚的绿色屋顶可以减少60%-80%的热损失。在加拿大的一项基于电脑模型的工作，表明在屋顶只要集水器是、的面积能够达到屋顶面积的70%，在一年内就能减少60%，同样的模型也被用于人工降雨，其结果都表明集水器在降雨季有助于雨水排走。但是这些研究都没有表明绿色屋顶在降雨季可以发挥多大的作用，或者给水管的收集效率有多高。美国做了一些测验，只要对绿色屋顶经常的浇灌，就可以在一次降雨中减少65%的径流量。美国最有权威的绿色屋顶指导原则是由新泽西州环保部门颁布的。这项原则主要是解决轻型结构问题，以及如何在两年之后还能正常的排水。降雨周期是根据是根据失败的概率决定的。通常的系统是根据暴雨期间两分钟的降雨量，这两分钟是有选择的。尽管这种模型会得到更高的流量，但是没有其他更好的替代方法。研究表明，传统模型应用于绿色屋顶的研究是是不成熟的。流失量系数比传统屋顶记录的要小，大约为98.7%.峰值流量也会减少，虽然没有渗透，但是表面粗糙度也会产生显著的影响。集中降雨的时间要比两分钟要长，特别是对面积较大的屋顶，如公共建筑、商业建筑、工业建筑。城市排水设计还要考虑其他一些因素，对于一个复杂的系统来说，一个绿色屋顶在一场降雨中是不够的。流量水位曲线显示的持续期要比传统系统长。并且两场独立的将与之间的影响也是有可能的，这需要更加精确的时间周期。3.雨水收集器雨水收集器的基本要求是要能够容纳设计暴雨时的降雨量。尽管通常情况下可以通过让屋顶稍微倾斜来达到排水的目的，但是建筑工业的性质及建筑物的沉降都会式屋顶变得平坦，在水平放置的水槽中，水的剖面是向外倾斜的，这是流体静力学的作用。3.1排水沟出口的深度判断雨水收集器是否具有足够容积的关键是集水器外部出口的设置情况。还会影响流入雨水排水系统管道的流速，还会影响集水器的积水深度。尽管集水器的深度不会带来什么特别的问题，但是过深会导致集水器过高。20世纪80年代的大量研究表明，传统屋顶排水系统的出水口的流动情况可以分为两种情况。这取决于水深与出口尺寸的大小。当水深小于出口直径的一半时，流动情况是第一种类型，并且出口的流动情况可以通过合适的方程计算出；随着水深的增加，出口会被慢慢堵塞，流动形式会变成另一种形式，同时，出口的流动情况可以通过其他方程得出。尽管传统屋顶排水系统被设计成可以自由排水，但是设计中遇到限制可能会使出流不是自由的。在这种情况下，就会需要额外的深度。在虹吸式屋顶排水系统中，出水口被设计成淹没出流，。在这种情况下，决定出水口的深度比较复杂的，因为集水器的设计取决于流动情况。近期的研究表明，传统的屋顶雨水排水系统使用各种非标准的集水器，它们的深度和高度，都要比出口的直径大。这最终会造成虹吸作用。对于一个给定的集水器，始端的流动情况取决于下降管的直径。类似的现象也被用于研究标准的集水器，在这些情况下，受限的虹吸作用只发生在离出口比较近的距离内。3.2槽内的流动分类在集水槽复杂流动出口的流动分类中，可以从表2a中看出，流动会出现均匀的分层，而不管入口的流动情况是否相同。表2b和2c表明，出口的分布会极大的影响流动情况。当出口不是自由射流时，集水槽中复杂出口的流动情况分类是很