四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语专业硕士历年考研真题及详解

目录

2010年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻

译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2011年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻

译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2012年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻

译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2013年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻

译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2014年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻

译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻

译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2010年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

I.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriatewords

derivedfromthewordsgiveninparenthesesattheendofthesentences.

(20ps.)

1．Thereismuch_____thatDickenswasacknowledgedamongthelower

classesasafriendofthepoorman.(evident)

【答案】evidence

【解析】句意：有证据表明，狄更斯受到下层阶级的认可，被视为穷人

的朋友。thereis后面接名词，所以用evidence。

2．ThefrequenttavernscenesinThackerayassumetheirsignificance_____

inrelationtothequestionofgenderandthegentleman.(precision)

【答案】precisely

【解析】句意：萨克雷作品中时常出现的小酒馆场景恰到好处地反映了

关于性别和绅士的问题。precisely副词修饰动词assume。

3．Theredefinedcategoryofthegentlemaninthenineteenth-centuryinfused

classwithvirtue,providingfor_____anddifferenceamoralargumentthat

wasneverthelessfinallyelusive.(distinctive)

【答案】distinction

【解析】句意：19世纪对绅士的重新定义将阶级与品德结合在一起，其

中体现的道德观点和之前相比是不同的，但令人难以捉摸。and连接前

后两词，形式应保持一致。所以用distinctive的名词形式distinction。

4．He_____himselfbyhisknowledge,hisabilitytoapplyit,andhis

willingnesstoactonit.(differ)

【答案】differentiates

【解析】句意：他因自己的知识、应用知识的能力和将知识付诸实践的

意愿而与众不同。differ是不及物动词，表示不同，后面不能跟宾语

himself。differentiate使……区别于别人。

5．Thefeelingsthefiguresallowhimtoexperience_____theirnarrativeand

moraljustification.(constituent)

【答案】constitute

【解析】句意：书中人物带给他的感受构成了他们叙事及道义上的理

由。本句缺动词，所以用constitute，表示组成，构成。

6．Inthemostfamousofthe_____tales,forinstance,“TheTaleofthe

Spaniard”AlonzodeMonçadatellsthestoryofhisownincarcerationatthe

handsoftheInquisition.(interpolate)

【答案】interpolated

【解析】句意：在最著名的插入故事，如在《西班牙传说》中，莫宁蒙

卡讲述了自己被关在宗教裁判所里的故事。interpolate（在文章中）插

入，添加内容。它与tale是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。

7．NotonlycantheBritishnolongerpreservetheordertheytakeasa_____

fortheirrule;theyarethemselvesresponsibleforitsdestruction.(justifiable)

【答案】justification

【解析】句意：英国再也无法维护被他们视为统治国家的正当理由的社

会秩序。他们自己应该为国家的消亡负责。justifiable是形容词，意

为“有理由的，正当的”。而不定冠词a后面跟名词，所以填justifiable的

名词形式justification。

8．Withregardtoliteraryhistory,Smollettwasthefirstofthemajor

eighteenth-centuryBritishnoveliststodescantfreelyonthe_____between

metropolitanaridprovincialvalues.(dialectical)

【答案】dialect

【解析】句意：说到文学史，斯莫利特是第一位自由穿插使用城市和乡

村方言的18世纪英国小说家。这里需要填名词dialect，表示“城市和乡村

方言”。

9．Iwouldliketoseeifwecan,by_____thesecomments,restoretheir

roughnessofsurfaceandmakethemusefulagain.(highlight)

【答案】highlighting

【解析】句意：我想试一下，通过强调这些评论，能否恢复它们的本来

面目，让它们再次变得有用。by是介词，表示“以……方式”，后面接v-

ing形式。

10．Thenovel—eitherbecauseofitsformalfreedom,orbecauseofthekind

ofaudienceitattracted,orbecausetheerawasincreasinglyshapedbya

mercantilecastofmind,orbecauseofthefortuitouscombinationofallthese

factors—allowedforwhatwemightcallthe_____ofpersonality.

(commodify)

【答案】commodification

【解析】句意：无论是因为形式上的自由、它吸引的读者，还是因为这

个被商业洗脑的时代，或是这些因素的偶然结合——小说允许我们的所

谓人格商业化。这里意思是“人格的商业化”，of前应该用名词形式。

11．WhenhegoestoAmericatofightinthewaragainstthecolonies,heis

immediatelycapturedand—ina_____ofthepopularracistandsexist

Americancaptivitynarratives—caredbyanobleIndianchief.(subversive)

【答案】subversion

【解析】句意：他去美国参加对抗殖民地的战争，随即被捕并由一名高

贵的印第安酋长照顾，这是对流行的带有种族主义、性别偏见的美国战

俘文学的颠覆。不定冠词a一般修饰名词，所以应该填名词形式

subversion。

12．ThevoiceremindsthereaderthatChartistdisturbances_____disprove

theideathatsomelastinggoodhascomeoutofpastactions.(constancy)

【答案】constantly

【解析】句意：这个声音提醒读者们，宪章派一直不赞同“过去的行为

带来了一些好结果”，并由此引发骚乱。constantly副词形式修饰动词

disprove。

13．Thequestionsthey_____askhauntthehistoryofthenovel,urgingusto

rememberhowuneasyEnglishfictionhasbeenwithwhatdoesnotexist.

(repeat)

【答案】repeatedly

【解析】句意：他们反复提出的问题贯穿小说史，督促我们牢记英国小

说的出现是多么不易。副词repeatedly（反复地）修饰动词ask。

14．_____unusuallyforanovelist,Bennettwasinterestedinthewaypeople

remaininignoranceofthemselves,andinthewaysuchignorancecreatesan

identity.(much)

【答案】Most

【解析】句意：班涅特对人们的自我忽视和这种忽视产生的自我认同很

感兴趣，这对一个小说家来说很不寻常。这里用最高级表示不寻常的程

度，更有强调效果。

15．Realismisnotprimarilyamatterofconfiningastorytotherealmofthe

possibleoreventheprobable;rather,itinvolvesaparticular_____position.

(philosopher)

【答案】philosophical

【解析】句意：现实主义的首要特征不是将一个故事锁定到现实范围

里，而是包含了特定的哲学定位。position为名词，应该用形容词修

饰，所以填philosophical（哲学的）。

16．Thedemandthatartservethecauseofsocialreformorrevolutionhasat

timesseemedundeniableinthiscenturyofunprecedented_____brutality.

(institutionalize)

【答案】institutional

【解析】句意：在这个制度上的暴行已经是司空见惯的世纪，有时似乎

无法否认一种需求——艺术是为社会改革或革命服务的。brutality（暴

行）为名词，所以要用形容词形式institutional来修饰。

17．JosephConradisnotonlyoneofthegreatest_____whohaswrittenin

English,butheisparticularlyimportantforunderstandingtwentieth-century

Britishculture.(novel)

【答案】novelist

【解析】句意：约瑟夫·康拉德不仅是最伟大的英语小说家之一，对人

们了解20世纪英国文化也有重要意义。由who引导的定语从句可知先行

词是人，所以填novelist。

18．TodaythenovelsofD.H.Lawrenceoccupya_____tenuouspositionin

thecanonofEnglishliteraturethantheydidagenerationago.(much)

【答案】more

【解析】句意：与之前一代人比起来，如今D·H·劳伦斯小说的地位已经

没有那么重要了。more…than固定搭配，表示两者间的比较。

19．_____themostsignificantanddemandingnovelsinthe1930s,James

Joyce’sFinnegan’sWakeandVirginiaWoolf’sTheWaves,indifferent

ways,seektoextendthelinguisticandformalpossibilitiesoffiction.(argue)

【答案】Arguing

【解析】句意：谈起20世纪30年代最重要、最著名的小说，詹姆斯·乔

伊斯的《芬尼根守灵夜》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《海浪》通过不同的方

式，试图扩展小说的语言和形式。现在分词形式做伴随状语。

20．Wordsdonotimplywhattheymean,eventsaredistortedbyfaulty

recall,andappearancesbecomerealitywith_____speed.(frighten)

【答案】frightening

【解析】句意：文字没有隐含它们的意义，事件被带有偏差的回忆扭

曲，表象以惊人的速度变成了现实。speed（速度）表示物，应该用

frightening修饰，意为“惊人的”。

II.Vocabulary(l0ps)

Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentence

therearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEthatbest

completesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswer

Sheet.

1．IthinkthatIcommitteda_____inaskingherbecausesheseemedvery

upsetbymyquestion.

A.blunder

B.revenge

C.reproach

D.scandal

【答案】A

【解析】句意：我犯了大错，因为我的问题看起来让她心烦意乱。

blunder（因为无知、疏忽犯下的）愚蠢的错误。revenge报复。reproach

责备。scandal丑闻。故选A。

2．Evenwhentextbooksare_____throughaschoolsystem,methodsof

teachingmayvarygreatly.

A.commonplace

B.standardized

C.competitive

D.generalized

【答案】B

【解析】句意：尽管学校的课本是统一标准化的，但教学方式可能大相

径庭。standardized统一的；标准化的。commonplace普通的；平庸的。

competitive竞争的。generalized全面的；广泛的。故选B。

3．Theyhaveregardedamanof_____andfairnessasareliablefriend.

A.robustness

B.temperament

C.integrity

D.compactness

【答案】C

【解析】句意：人们认为一个正直公平的人是可靠的朋友。integrity正

直；诚实。robustness稳健性；健壮性。temperament气质，性情。

compactness简洁；紧密。integrity与fairness表达相应概念。故选C。

4．Allindividualsarerequiredto_____tothelawsmadebytheir

governments.

A.obey

B.conform

C.concede

D.observe

【答案】B

【解析】句意：每个人都必须遵守政府制定的法律。conformto遵循；

遵守。obey也表示“遵循；遵守”，但后面不需要接介词to。concede出

让，容许；承认。observe遵守（法规）；及物动词，后面直接加名词。

故选B。

5．Thebasiccausesareunknown,althoughcertainconditionsthatmaylead

tocancerhavebeen_____.

A.identified

B.guaranteed

C.notified

D.conveyed

【答案】A

【解析】句意：尽管已经发现部分导致癌症的原因，但根本原因尚不明

确。identify识别出；发现。guarantee保证；担保。notify通知；公布。

convey表达。故选A。

6．ItisverystrangebutIhadan_____thattheplanewouldcrash.

A.inspiration

B.intuition

C.imagination

D.incentive

【答案】B

【解析】句意：尽管听起来很奇异，但我确实觉得飞机会撞毁。

intuition直觉。inspiration灵感；鼓舞人心的（事物）。imagination想象

力；幻想物。incentive刺激；诱因。故选B。

7．Thechangingimageofthefamilyontelevisionprovides_____into

changingattitudestowardthefamilyinsociety.

A.insights

B.presentations

C.revelations

D.specifications

【答案】A

【解析】句意：电视中家庭形象的转变使人们了解社会中家庭观的转

变。insight了解；洞察力。provideaninsightinto固定搭配，意为“看透；

充分了解”。presentation介绍；陈述。revelation显示；揭露。

specification规格；说明书；详述。故选A。

8．Thetownplanningcommissionsaidthattheirfinancialoutlookforthe

nextyearwasoptimistic.Theyexpectincreasedtax_____.

A.efficiency

B.revenues

C.privileges

D.validity

【答案】B

【解析】句意：这个镇的计划委员会说明年的经济前景相当乐观，预期

税收会增加。taxrevenue税收。efficiency效率。privilege特权。validity

有效性；合法性。故选B。

9．Billisanexampleofaseverelydisabledpersonwhohasbecome_____

atmanysurvivalskills.

A.proficient

B.persistent

C.consistent

D.sufficient

【答案】A

【解析】句意：在精通多种求生技能的残疾人当中，比尔是个典范。

proficient精通的；常与skill搭配使用，表示娴熟的技术。persistent固执

的；坚持的。consistent一致的；坚持的。sufficient足够的；充分的。故

选A。

10．Thetiesthatbindustogetherincommonactivityareso_____thatthey

candisappearatanymoment.

A.trivial

B.fatal

C.tentative

D.feeble

【答案】D

【解析】句意：连接我们的纽带是如此脆弱，随时都有可能断裂。

feeble脆弱的；易损的。trivial琐细的；微不足道的。fatal致命的。

tentative试验性的；试探的。故选D。

11．Duringtheconstructionofskyscrapers,cranesareusedto_____

buildingmaterialstotheupperfloors.

A.toss

B.tow

C.hoist

D.hurl

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在建设摩天大楼期间，人们用起重机将建筑材料吊起到

高层。hoist吊起；举起；提升。toss突然抬起；使……上下摇动。tow

拖；牵引；拽。hurl猛投；猛掷。故选C。

12．Diamondshavelittle_____valueandtheirpricedependsalmost

entirelyontheirscarcity.

A.extinct

B.permanent

C.surplus

D.intrinsic

【答案】D

【解析】句意：钻石本身没有什么价值，它们价格昂贵几乎完全是因为

物以稀为贵。intrinsic本质的；固有的。extinct灭绝的。permanent永久

的。surplus过剩的。故选D。

13．Thekitchenwassmalland_____sothatthedisabledcouldreach

everythingwithoutdifficulty.

A.conventional

B.compact

C.compatible

D.concise

【答案】B

【解析】句意：这间厨房小巧紧凑，残疾人可以方便取物。compact小

巧的；紧凑的。conventional传统的。compatible合拍的；协调的。

concise简洁的。故选B。

14．Hewill_____resigninviewofthecompletefailureoftheresearch

project.

A.doubtfully

B.adequately

C.presumably

D.reasonably

【答案】C

【解析】句意：鉴于此次调研项目完全失败了，他很有可能会辞职。

presumably据推测；大概；可能。doubtfully怀疑地。adequately充足地；

合适地。reasonably合理地；理性地。故选C。

15．Thegoalistomakehighereducationavailabletoeveryonewhois

willingandcapable_____hisfinancialsituation.

A.withrespectto

B.inaccordwith

C.regardlessof

D.intermsof

【答案】C

【解析】句意：我们的目标是让每个愿意学习、有学习能力的人接受高

等教育，无论其家境如何。regardlessof无论；不管。withrespectto关

于；至于。inaccordwith同……相符合；与……一致。intermsof依据；

按照；在……方面。故选C。

16．Theoriginalelectionsweredeclared_____bytheformermilitaryruler.

A.void

B.vulgar

C.surplus

D.extravagant

【答案】A

【解析】句意：前军事独裁者宣布原先的选举无效。void无效的。

vulgar粗俗的。surplus过剩的。extravagant奢侈的；挥霍的。故选A。

17．Theystoodgazingatthehappy_____ofchildrenplayinginthepark.

A.perspective

B.view

C.landscape

D.scene

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他们站在那凝视着孩子们在公园里玩耍这一幸福场景。

scene场景；情景；现场。perspective看法；想法。view风景；观点；想

法。landscape风景。B、C和D三个选项都有“景色；风景”的意思，但只

有scene还表达“场景；情景”的含义。故选D。

18．Anobviouschangeofattitudeatthetoptowardswomen’sstatusin

societywill_____throughthecurrentlawsysteminJapan.

A.permeate

B.probe

C.violate

D.grope

【答案】A

【解析】句意：上层社会对妇女社会地位的态度发生了明显的变化，这

种变化将会渗透到对日本现行的法律体系。permeate渗透进；穿透；常

与介词through搭配使用。probe调查；探测。violate违反；侵犯。grope

摸索；探索。故选A。

19．Whenherealizedhehadbeen_____tosignthecontractbyintrigue,he

threatenedtostartlegalproceedingstocanceltheagreement.

A.elicited

B.excited

C.deduced

D.induced

【答案】D

【解析】句意：当他意识到他在诡计诱骗下签署了这份合同，他扬言要

付诸法律取消这一合约。induce诱骗；哄骗。elicit抽出；引出；引起。

excite激起；刺激……，使……兴奋。deduce推论；推断；演绎出。故

选D。

20．Theseareasrelyonagriculturealmost_____,havingfewmineral

resourcesandaminimumofindustrialdevelopment.

A.respectively

B.extraordinarily

C.incredibly

D.exclusively

【答案】D

【解析】句意：这些地区矿产资源贫乏，工业发展滞后，几乎完全依赖

农业发展。exclusively排外的；专有的。respectively分别地；各自地。

extraordinary非凡的；特别的。incredibly难以置信地；非常地。故选D。

III.ReadingComprehension(40ps)

ReadingPassage1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedon

ReadingPassage1below.

LET’SGOBATS

A.Batshaveaproblem:howtofindtheirwayaroundinthedark.Theyhunt

atnightandcannotuselighttohelpthemfindpreyandavoidobstacles.You

mightsaythatthisisaproblemoftheirownmaking,onethattheycould

avoidsimplybychangingtheirhabitsandhuntingbyday.Butthedaytime

economyisalreadyheavilyexploitedbyothercreaturessuchasbirds.Given

thatthereisalivingtobemadeatnight,andgiventhatalternativedaytime

tradesarethoroughlyoccupied,naturalselectionhasfavoredbatsthatmakea

goofthenight-huntingtrade.Itisprobablethatthenocturnaltradesgoway

backintheancestryofallmammals.Inthetimewhenthedinosaurs

dominatedthedaytimeeconomy,ourmammalianancestorsprobablyonly

managedtosurvive-atallbecausetheyfoundwaysofscrapingalivingat

night.Onlyafterthemysteriousmassextinctionofthedinosaursabout65

millionyearsagowereourancestorsabletoemergeintothedaytimeinany

substantialnumbers.

B.Batshaveanengineeringproblem:howtofindtheirwayandfindtheir

preyintheabsenceoflight.Batsarenottheonlycreaturestofacethis

difficultytoday.Obviouslythenight-flyinginsectsthattheypreyonmust

findtheirwayaboutsomehow.Deep-seafishandwhaleshavelittleorno

lightbydayorbynight.Fishanddolphinsthatliveinextremelymuddy

watercannotseebecause,althoughthereislight,itisobstructedandscattered

bythedirtinthewater.Plentyofothermodernanimalsmaketheirlivingin

theconditionswhereseeingisdifficultorimpossible.

C.Giventhequestionsofhowtomaneuverinthedark,whatsolutionsmight

anengineerconsider?Thefirstonethatmightoccurtohimistomanufacture

light,tousealanternorasearchlight.Firefliesandsomefish(usuallywith

thehelpofbacteria)havethepowertomanufacturetheirownlight,butthe

processseemstoconsumealargeamountofenergy.Firefliesusetheirlight

forattractingmates.Thisdoesn’trequireaprohibitiveamountofenergy:a

male’stinypinprickoflightcanbeseenbyafemalefromsomedistanceona

darknight,sincehereyesareexposeddirectlytothelightsourceitself.

However,usinglighttofindone’sownwayaroundrequiresvastlymore

energy,sincetheeyeshavetodetectthetinyfractionofthelightthatbounces

offeachpailofthescene.Thelightsourcemustthereforebeimmensely

brighterifitistobeusedasaheadlighttoilluminatethepath,thanifitisto

beusedasasignaltoothers.Inanyevent,whetherornotthereasonisthe

energyexpense,itseemstobethecasethat,withthepossibleexceptionof

someweirddeep-seafish,noanimalapartfrommanusesmanufacturedlight

tofinditswayabout.

D.Whatelsemighttheengineerthinkof?Well,blindhumanssometimes

seemtohaveanuncannysenseofobstaclesintheirpath.Ithasbeengiven

thename‘facialvision’,becauseblindpeoplehavereportedthatitfeelsabit

likethesenseoftouch,ontheface.Onereporttellsofatotallyblindboywho

couldridehistricycleatgoodspeedroundtheblocknearhishome,using

facialvision.Experimentsshowedthat,infact,facialvisionisnothingtodo

withtouchorthefrontoftheface,althoughthesensationmaybereferredto

thefrontoftheface,likethereferredpaininaphantomlimb.Thesensation

offacialvision,itturnsout,reallygoesinthroughtheears.Blindpeople,

withoutevenbeingawareofthefact,areactuallyusingechoesoftheirown

footstepsandofothersounds,tosensethepresenceofobstacles.Beforethis

wasdiscovered,engineershadalreadybuiltinstrumentstoexploitthe

principle,forexampletomeasurethedepthoftheseaunderaship.Afterthis

techniquehadbeeninvented,itwasonlyamatteroftimebeforeweapons

designersadapteditforthedetectionofsubmarines.BothsidesintheSecond

WorldWarreliedheavilyonthesedevices,undersuchcodenamesasAsdic

(British)andSonar(American),aswellasRadar(American)orRDF

(British),whichusesradioechoesratherthansoundechoes.

E.TheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn’tknowitthen,butalltheworldnow

knowsthatbats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfectedthe

systemlensofmillionsofyearsearlier,andtheir‘radar’achievesfeatsof

detectionandnavigationthatwouldstrikeanengineerdumbwithadmiration.

Itistechnicallyincorrecttotalkaboutbat‘radar’,sincetheydonotuseradio

waves.Itissonar.Buttheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarand

sonarareverysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetails

ofwhatbatsaredoinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.The

AmericanzoologistDonaldGriffin,whowaslargelyresponsibleforthe

discoveryofsonarinbats,coinedtheterm‘echolocation’tocoverbothsonar

andradar,whetherusedbyanimalsorbyhumaninstruments.

Questions1-5

ReadingPassage1hasfiveparagraphs,A-E.Whichparagraphcontainsthe

followinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-E,onyouranswersheet.

(NB.Youmayuseanylettermorethanonce.)

1．examplesofwildlifeotherthanbatswhichdonotrelyonvisionto

navigateby

2．howearlymammalsavoideddyingout

3．whybatshuntinthedark

4．howaparticulardiscoveryhashelpedourunderstandingofbats

5．earlymilitaryusesofecholocation

【答案与解析】

1．B根据B段可知，生活在海洋深处的鱼和鲸鱼白天和晚上几乎见不

到光，生活在浑水中的鱼和海豚由于水中污泥的阻碍也看不到东西。没

有光，所以这些动物一定不是通过视觉确定猎物位置的。所以题干信息

对应的是B段。

2．A根据A段后半部分，过去恐龙主导白天的时候，我们的哺乳动物

祖先只能晚上出现，通过一些方法谋生。只有在6500万年前恐龙神秘地

大规模灭绝之后，我们的祖先才得以出现在白天。所以这一部分内容讲

的是早期哺乳动物如何逃脱了灭绝的命运。所以题干信息对应的是A

段。

3．A根据A段前半部分，蝙蝠黑夜才出来捕食的原因是白日被其他生

物（如鸟类）所主导，自然选择使得蝙蝠只能在晚上出来捕食以求生

存。所以题干信息对应的是A段。

4．EE段中“Buttheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarare

verysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetailsofwhat

batsaredoinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem”明确提出我们

如今对蝙蝠的理解是来自于雷达技术的发现。所以题干信息对应的是E

段。

5．D根据D段最后一句可知，echolocation指的是用声呐和雷达技术来

确定事物位置。D段最后一句说到，二战中两方都在很大程度上依赖声

呐和雷达设备。所以题干信息对应的是D段。

Questions6-9

Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassage

foreachanswerWriteyouranswersonyouranswersheet.

FAC1ALVISION

Blindpeoplereportthatso-called‘facialvision’iscomparabletothe

sensationoftouchontheface.Infact,thesensationismoresimilartothe

wayinwhichpainfroma6.______armorlegmightbefelt.Theability

actuallycomesfromperceiving7._____throughtheears.However,even

beforethiswasunderstood,theprinciplehadbeenappliedinthedesignof

instrumentswhichcalculatedthe8._____oftheseabed.Thiswasfollowed

byawartimeapplicationindevicesforfinding9._____.

【答案与解析】

6．phantom

（D段中“Experimentsshowedthat,infact,facialvisionisnothingtodo

withtouchorthefrontoftheface,althoughthesensationmaybereferredto

thefrontoftheface,likethereferredpaininaphantomlimb”表明：“面感视

觉”就像幻肢一样。phantomlimb幻肢。limb意思是“肢；臂”，也就是空

格后的arm和leg。）

7．obstacles

（D段中“Blindpeople,withoutevenbeingawareofthefact,areactually

usingechoesoftheirownfootstepsandofothersounds,tosensethepresence

ofobstacles”，表明盲人实际上是通过听脚步声和其他声音来判断障碍物

的存在的。）

8．depth

（D段中“Beforethiswasdiscovered,engineershadalreadybuiltinstruments

toexploittheprinciple,forexampletomeasurethedepthoftheseaundera

ship”指出，这一原理可以用来测量船下海水的深度。）

9．submarines

（D段倒数第二句提到之前武器设计者曾利用（通过声音感知的）原理

才探测潜艇。）

Question10-13

Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEMORETHANTWOWORDS

fromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.

10．Longbeforetheinventionofradar,_____hadresultedinasophisticated

radar-likesysteminbats.

11．Radarisaninaccuratetermwhenreferringtobatsbecause_____arenot

usedintheirnavigationsystem.

12．Radarandsonararebasedonsimilar_____.

13．Theword‘echolocation’wasfirstusedbysomeoneworkingasa_____

.

【答案与解析】

10．naturalselection

（E段第一句“bats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfected

thesystemlensofmillionsofyearsearlier”表明，是自然选择使得蝙蝠拥

有了像雷达一样的、复杂的系统。）

11．radiowaves

（E段中“Itistechnicallyincorrecttotalkaboutbat‘radar’,sincetheydonot

useradiowaves”说到，从技术角度来看，蝙蝠“雷达”是不正确的说法，

因为蝙蝠并不使用无线电波。）

12．mathematicaltheories

（E段中“theunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonararevery

similar”表明，雷达和声呐技术基于相同的数学理论。）

13．Americanzoologist

（E段最后一句指出，echolocation这个词是由美国动物学家Donald

Griffin创造出来的。）

ReadingPassage2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedon

ReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.

Questions14-26

ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-H.Choosethecorrectheadingfor

paragraphsAandC-Hfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrect

number,i-xi,onyouranswersheet.

14．ParagraphA

15．ParagraphC

16．ParagraphD

17．ParagraphE

18．ParagraphF

19．ParagraphG

20．ParagraphH

MAKINGEVERYDROPCOUNT

A.Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryoftheways

wehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgradually

expanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingto

sophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.Attheheight

oftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipes

andwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwater

perpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

B.Duringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand

20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedented

constructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojects

designedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterfor

irrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsof

people.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainly

becauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossible

thegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricity

generatedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffalling

water.

C.Yetthereisadarksidetothispicture:despiteourprogress,halfofthe

world’spopulationstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailable

totheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccessto

waterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccess

tocleandrinkingwater;sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequate

sanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated

10,000to20,000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwe

arefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

D.Theconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizing

humanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefrom

theirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayfor

thereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesare

nowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshave

destroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certain

irrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.

Groundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturally

replenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputes

oversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,

nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

E.Attheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplanners

thinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbackto

theprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriority—

ensuringsomeforall,insteadofmoreforsome.Somewaterexpertsarenow

demandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthan

buildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,

notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,

anditcomeswithstrongoppositionfromsomeestablishedwater

organizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfully

thepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,

adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-related

illness.

F.Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingas

rapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwater

infrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Although

population,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedto

soarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfrom

aquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,

demandhasactuallyfallen.

G.Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehave

figuredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesare

rethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersof

the20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledon

average;intheUSA,waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethe

populationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedper

personhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelp

toconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanused

approximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionof

commercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(even

accountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.Inthe

USA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin

1980.

H.Ontheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewill

stillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichuman

needshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigher

specificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheir

environmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseem

warranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,

respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

【答案与解析】

15．ParagraphC→vii

（段落C的主要内容是：在快速发展的同时，世界上有一半的地区饱受

污染困扰，部分地区缺少干净的饮用水及卫生设施，并且因水污染疾病

导致的死亡人数数量巨大，这些问题急需解决。疾病对应选项vii中的

health（健康），故选vii。）

16．ParagraphD→v

（段落D的主要内容是：修建水库、大坝等政策导致了一系列的问题，

如：鱼类受威胁、生态系统和土壤被破坏、农业产量减少等，这些都是

水资源短缺对环境的影响，故选v。）

17．ParagraphE→i

（段落的E主要内容是：水资源规划者们认为水资源的利用方式正在发

生改变，要更有效地使用现有的基础设施，这将有助于解决干净饮用水

短缺、农业用水短缺、水污染疾病等问题。水资源规划者、改变用水方

式等与选项i中的revisionofpolicy（调整政策）相对应，故选i。）

18．ParagraphF→ix

（段落F的主要内容是：幸运的是，人们对水的需求并没有像一些人预

测的那样迅速上升。在过去二十年里，建造新的水基础设施的压力减

少。虽然人口、工业产出和经济生产力在发达国家继续飙升，但人们从

含水层、河流和湖泊抽水的速度减缓。在世界的一些地区，需求实际上

已经下降。选项ix符合段意，故选ix。）

19．ParagraphG→ii

（段落G的主要内容是：人们对水的需求量下降，其中有两大原因，一

个原因是人们已经知道如何更有效地使用水，另一个原因是大众正在重

新思考他们用水的优先次序。后文便是对这两个原因的解释，只有选项

ii有原因、解释的含义，故选ii。）

20．ParagraphH→x

（段落H的主要内容是：在部分地区，特别是在没有满足人们基本需要

的发展中国家必须建造水坝、引水渠和其他类型的基础设施。但是，这

些项目必须建立在更高规格的基础上，并对当地人民及其环境承担起比

以往更多的责任。即使在看来需要新项目的地区，我们必须找到办法，

用更少的资源、尊重生态的标准和更小的预算来满足要求。由此可见，

本段重点强调了基础设施的建设要有高的标准，承担起社会责任，故选

x（提高标准的需要）。）

Questions21-26

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReading

Passage2?Onyouranswersheet,write:

21．Wateruseperpersonishigherintheindustrialworldthanitwasin

AncientRome.

22．Feedingincreasingpopulationsispossibledueprimarilytoimproved

irrigationsystems.

23．Moder