英语专业八级（阅读理解）练习

精品文档-下载后可编辑英语专业八级（阅读理解）练习英语专业八级（阅读理解）练习

一、问答题（共7题，共70分）

1.AsGilbertWhite，Darwin，andothersobservedlongago，allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentaandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult：sompopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly，withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather，andinothercasesnot.Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns，oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis，ratesofbirth，death，andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters，withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.Thisdichotomyhasitsuses，butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething，nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth，death，andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages，iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects，thepopulationwould，inthelongrun，eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly)。Putanotherway，itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses，andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant，andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet，whetherrecognizedornot，theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation，wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret，onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones，whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant，orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles，thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed，eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations，wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith[A]Discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance.[B]Describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur.[C]Proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit.[D]Posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer.2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe[A]Applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations.[B]instrumental，butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized.[C]Dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances.[D]Acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena.3.tothetext，allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT[A]Roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear.[B]Regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers.[C]Erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather.[D]Uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations.4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto[A]Demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth.[B]Advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth.[C]Provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent.[D]underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities.5.Inthetext，theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT[A]Citetheviewsofotherbiologists.[B]Defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddresses.[C]Presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologists.[D]Describetheresultsofaparticularstudy.

2.BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpreindustrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside;migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspillover.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglishDtheywouldratherhavestayedhomeDbytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.Secondly,Bailynholdsthat,contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericahistorytextbooks,therewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.Forexample,theeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn'sthirdpropositionsuggesttwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservants,anothercametoacquireland.Surprisingly,Bailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantswerethedrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.ThesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopreindustrialNorthAmerica.Atfirst,thousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730's,however,Americanemployersdemandedskilledartisans.Finally,Bailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartofanAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperiphery,asBailyndoes,devaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue,asBailynclaims,thathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,wherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws,builtadistinguisheduniversity,andpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.However,theideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolution,hefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheypassedupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus,itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebegan,amongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaissupportedbyinformationinthetext[A]AlargerpercentageofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericacameasindenturedservantsthanasfreeagentsinterestedinacquiringland.[B]Migrantswhocametothecoloniesasindenturedservantsweremoresuccessfulatmakingalivelihoodthanwerefarmersandartisans.[C]MigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaweremoresuccessfulatacquiringtheirownlandduringtheeighteenthcenturythanduringtheseventeenthcentury.[D]Bythe1730's,migrantsalreadyskilledinatradewereinmoredemandbyAmericanemployersthanwereunskilledlaborers.2.TheauthorofthetextstatesthatBailynfailedto[A]GivesufficientemphasistotheculturalandpoliticalinterdependenceofthecoloniesandEngland.[B]DescribecarefullyhowmigrantsofdifferentethnicbackgroundspreservedtheircultureintheUnitedStates.[C]TakeadvantageofsocialresearchontheexperiencesofcolonistswhomigratedtocolonialNorthAmericaspecificallytoacquireland.[D]RelatetheexperienceofthemigrantstothepoliticalvaluesthateventuallyshapedthecharacteroftheUnitedStates.3.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sevaluationofBailyn'sfourthproposition[A]Itistotallyimplausible.[B]Itispartiallyacceptable.[C]Itishighlyadmirable.[D]Itiscontroversialthoughpersuasive.4.Accordingtothetext,BailynandtheauthoragreeonwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecultureofcolonialNewEngland[A]HighcultureinNewEnglandneverequaledthehighcultureofEngland.[B]TheculturalachievementsofcolonialNewEnglandhavegenerallybeenunrecognizedbyhistorians.[C]ThecolonistsimitatedthehighcultureofEngland，anddidnotdevelopaculturethatwasuniquelytheirown.[D]ThesoutherncoloniesweregreatlyinfluencedbythehighcultureofNewEngland.5.TheauthorofthetextwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutBailyn'swork[A]BailynunderestimatestheeffectsofPuritanthoughtonNorthAmericanculture.[B]BailynoveremphasizestheeconomicdependenceofthecoloniesonGreatBritain.[C]Bailyn'sdescriptionofthecoloniesaspartofanAnglo-Americanempireismisleadingandincorrect.[D]BailynfailedtotesthispropositionsonaspecificgroupofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmerica.

3.RogerRosenblatt’sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotes,criticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle’srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackfictionbyovertlypoliticalstandards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances，itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt’sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackfictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored.WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackfiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.Firstofall,isthereasufficientreason,otherthanthefacialidentityoftheauthors,togrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthorsSecond,howdoesBlackfictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneousRosenblattshowsthatBlackfictionconstitutesadistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable，coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlackoverthelasteightyyears,hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.Thesestructuresarethematic,andtheyspring,notsurprisingly,fromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlywhiteculture,whethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit.BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.Rosenblatt’sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity;heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworksDyethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstance,someofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaestheticInaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanToomey’sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpressionInspiteofsuchomissions,whatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakesforanastuteandworthwhilestudy.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith__________.[A]Evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticism.[B]Comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubject.[C]Discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticism.[D]Summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism.2.TheauthorofthetextbelievesthatBlackFictionwouldhavebeenimprovedhadRosenblatt__________.[A]EvaluatedmorecarefullytheideologicalandhistoricalaspectsofBlackfiction.[B]AttemptedtobemoreobjectiveinhisapproachtonovelsandstoriesbyBlackauthors.[C]ExploreingreaterdetailtherecurrentthematicconcernsofBlackfictionthroughoutitshistory.[D]Assessedtherelativeliterarymeritofthenovelsheanalyzesthematically.3.author’sdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas__________.[A]Pedanticandcontentious.[B]Criticalbutadmiring.[C]Ironicanddeprecating.[D]Argumentativebutunfocused.authorofthetextemploysallofthefollowinginthediscussionofRosenblatt’s4.bookEXCEPT：__________.[A]Rhetoricalquestions.[B]Specificexamples.[C]Comparisonandcontrast.[D]Definitionofterms.5.TheauthorofthetextreferstoJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredManmostprobablyinorderto__________.[A]pointoutaffinitiesbetweenRosenblatt’smethodofthematicanalysisandearliercriticism.[B]Clarifythepointaboutexpressionisticstylemadeearlierinthepassage.[C]QualifytheassessmentofRosenblatt’sbookmadeinthefirstparagraphofthepassage.[D]giveaspecificexampleofoneoftheaccomplishmentsofRosenblatt’swork.

4.Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers'intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsmofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninanAha!experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.1.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto[A]Speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.[B]Identifyaproblem.[C]Bringtogetherdisparatefacts.[D]Stipulatecleargoals.2.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinline1,paragraph2[A]Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.[B]Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.[C]Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.[D]Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.3.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis[A]ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.[B]ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.[C]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.[D]ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.4.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements[A]Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.[B]Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.[C]Managers''intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.[D]Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext[A]Anassertionismadeandaspecificsupportingexampleisgiven.[B]Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.[C]Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.[D]Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

5.Californiaisalandofvarietyandcontrast.Almosteverytypeofphysicallandfeature，sortofarcticicefieldsandtropicaljunglescanbefoundwithinitsborders.Sharplycontrastingtypesoflandoftenlieveryclosetooneanother.PeoplelivinginBakersfield，forinstance，canvisitthePacificOceanandthecoastalplain，thefertileSanJoaquinValley，thearidMojaveDesert，andthehighSierraNevada，allwithinaradiusofabout100miles.Inotherareasitispossibletogosnowskiinginthemorningandsurfingintheeveningofthesameday，withouthavingtotravellongdistance.ContrastaboundsinCalifornia.ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia，andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska)。MountWhitney，14，494feetabovesealevel，isseparatedfromDeathValley，282feetbelowsealevel，byadistanceofonly100miles.Thetwoareashaveadifferenceinaltitudeofalmostthreemiles.Californiahasdeep，clearmountainlakeslikeLakeTahoe，thedeepestinthecountry，butitalsohasshallow，saltydesertlakes.IthasLakeTulainyo，12，020feetabovesealevel，andthelowestlakeinthecountry，theSaltonSea，236feetbelowsealevel.Someofitslakes，likeOwensLakeinDeathValley，arenotlakesatall：theyaredrieduplakebeds.Inadditiontomountains，lakes，valleys，deserts，andplateaus，CaliforniahasitsPacificcoastline，stretchinglongerthanthecoastlinesofOregonandWashingtoncombined.1.WhichofthefollowingisthelowestpointintheUnitedStates?A.LakeTulainyoB.MojavedesertC.DeathValleyD.TheSaltonSea2.WhereisthehighestpointintheUnitedStateslocated?A.LakeTahoe.B.SierraNevada.C.MountWhitney.D.Alaska.3.HowfarawayisDeathValleyfromMountWhitney?A.About3miles.D.14，494feet.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasbeingwithinaradiusofabout100milesofBakersfield?A.ThePacificOcean.B.SanJoaquinValley.C.MojaveDesert.D.OregonandWashington.5.WhichstatementbestdemonstratesthatCaliforniaisalandofvarietyandcontrast?A.ThehighestlakeinCaliforniaisLakeTulainyo.B.ItispossibletogosurfingandsnowskiinginsomepartsofCaliforniawithouthavingtotravellongdistance.C.SierraNevada，SanJoaquinValley，MojaveDesertandthePacificOceanallliewithinaradiusofabout100miles.D.OwensLake，inDeathValley，isnotreallyalakeatall.

6.Thetouristtradeisbooming.Withallthiscomingandgoing，you'dexpectgreaterunderstandingodevelopbetweenthenationsoftheworld.Notabitofit!Superbsystemsofcommunicationbyair，seaandlandmakeitpossibleforustovisiteachother'scountriesatamoderatecost.Whatwasoncethe'grandtour'，reservedforonlytheveryrich，isnowwithineverybody'sgrasp?Thepackagetourandcharteredflightsarenottobesneeredat.Moderntravelersenjoyalevelofcomfortwhichthelordsandladiesongrandtoursintheolddayscouldn'thavedreamedof.Butwhat'sthesenseofthismassexchangeofpopulationsifthenationsoftheworldremainbasicallyignorantofeachother?Manytouristorganizationsaredirectlyresponsibleforthisstateofaffairs.Theydeliberatelysetouttoprotecttheirclientsfromtoomuchcontactwiththelocalpopulation.Themoderntouristleadsacosseted，shelteredlife.Helivesatinternationalhotels，whereheeatshisinternationalfoodandsipshisinternationaldrinkwhilehegazesatthenativesfromadistance.Conductedtourstoplacesofinterestarecarefullycensored.Thetouristisallowedtoseeonlywhattheorganizerswanthimtoseeandnomore.Astrictschedulemakesitimpossibleforthetouristtowanderoffonhisown;andanyway，languageisalwaysabarrier，soheisonlytoohappytobeprotectedinthisway.Atitsveryworst，thisleadstoanewandhideouskindofcolonization.Thesummerquartersoftheinhabitantsoftheciteuniversitaire：aretemporarilyreestablishedontheislandofCorfu.BlackpoolisrecreatedatTorremolinoswherethetravelergoesnottoeatpaella，butfishandchips.Thesadthingaboutthissituationisthatitleadstothepersistenceofnationalstereotypes.Wedon'tseethepeopleofothernationsastheyreallyare，butaswehavebeenbroughtuptobelievetheyare.Youcantestthisforyourself.Takefivenationalities，say，French，German，English，AmericanandItalian.Nowinyourmind，matchthemwiththesefiveadjectives：musical，amorous，cold，pedantic，native.Farfromprovidinguswithanyinsightintothenationalcharacteristicsofthepeoplesjustmentioned，theseadjectivesactuallyactasbarriers.Sowhenyousetoutonyourtravels，theonlycharacteristicsyounoticearethosewhichconfirmyourpreconceptions.Youcomeawaywiththehighlyunoriginalandinaccurateimpressionthat，say，'Anglo-Saxonsarehypocrites'ofthat'Latinpeoplesshoutalot'.Youonlyhavetomakeafewforeignfriendstounderstandhowabsurdandharmfulnationalstereotypesare.Buthowcanyoumakeforeignfriendswhenthetouristtradedoesitsbesttopreventyou?Carriedtoanextreme，stereotypescanbepositivelydangerous.Wildgeneralizationsstirupracialhatredandblindustothebasicfact〞howtriteitsounds!每Thatallpeoplearehuman.Weareallsimilartoeachotherandatthesametimeallunique.1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis[A]Tourismcontributesnothingtoincreasingunderstandingbetweennations.[B]Tourismistiresome.[C]Conductedtourisdull.[D]Tourismreallydoessomethingtoone'scountry.2.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtourism?[A]apprehensive.[B]negative.[C]critical.[D]appreciative.3.WhichwordinthefollowingisthebesttosummarizeLatinpeopleshoutalot?[A]silent.[B]noisy.[C]lively.[D]active.4.Thepurposeoftheauthor'scriticismistopointout[A]conductedtourisdisappointing.[B]thewayoftouringshouldbechanged.[C]whentraveling，younoticecharacteristicswhichconfirmpreconception.[D]nationalstereotypesshouldbechanged.5.Whatis'grandtour'now?[A]moderatecost.[B]localsight-seeingisinvestigatedbythetouristorganization.[C]peopleenjoythefirst-ratecomforts.[D]everybodycanenjoythe'grandtour'

7.Insomecountrieswhereracialprejudiceisacute,violencehassocometobetakenforgrantedasameansofsolvingdifferences,thatitisnotevenquestioned.Therearecountrieswherethewhitemanimposeshisrulebybruteforce;therearecountrieswheretheblackmanprotestsbysettingfiretocitiesandbylootingandpillaging.Importantpeopleonbothsides,whowouldinotherrespectsappeartobereasonablemen,getupandcalmlyargueinfavorofviolence–asifitwerealegitimatesolution,likeanyother.Whatisreallyfrightening,whatreallyfillsyouwithdespair,istherealizationthatwhenitcomestothecrunch,wehavemadenoactualprogressatall.Wemaywearcollarsandtiesinsteadofwar-paint,butourinstinctsremainbasicall