期中考试提纲（Midterm eamination outline）

期中考试提纲(Midtermexaminationoutline)

A:anelectronicpaymentcardthathassomeoral1ofthe

functionsofconsumption,transfer,settlement,accesstocash,

credit,etc.

B,hastheadvantagesofcreditcardscansetdeposits,

withdrawals,consumptionandsettlement,thequeryasawhole,

canreducetheuseofcash,simplifythecollectionprocedures,

convenientshopping,enhanceconsumersafety,bring

conveniencetothecardholder.

C,inwhichabankcreditcardisacreditcardissuedbya

commercialbanktoawellplacedcustomer.

(2)cheque:

Isthepaymentvoucherdeposit,thedrawerisentrustedtobanks

andotherfinancialinstitutionstoseetheticketto

unconditionallypayacertainsumofmoneytothepayeeor

bearer.Chequesaremainlydividedintotwokinds:transfer

checkandcashcheck.

(two)foreignexchangeandexchangerates:

1,foreignexchange:foreignexchangeisexpressedinforeign

currency,usedforinternationalsettlementmeansofpayment.

2,theexchangerate,alsoknownastheexchangerate,isthe

exchangeratebetweenthetwocurrencies.

Standardofjudgingtheexchangerateriseandfall:if100

unitscanbeconvertedintoforeignexchangemorerenminbi,

foreignexchangeraterise,foreigncurrencyappreciation,RMB

exchangeratedecline,thedevaluationoftheRMB;ontheother

hand,viceversa.

3,theimpactofexchangeratechangesontheeconomy:(analysis

oftheprosandconsofcurrencyappreciationanddepreciation)

(1)thecurrencyappreciation,meanthecurrencyamountless,

foreignexchangeeffectsare:Areducedexportsandincreased

importsofforeigninvestment;Bcostincrease;Cleadsto

decliningdomesticproduction,increasedunemployment;D

devaluationoftheirforeignexchangereserves,butis

conducivetorepaythedebt;Eisconducivetotheenterprises

togoout

(2)thedevaluationofthecurrency,foreignexchangecurrency

meansthesamemoreeffectsare:Aincreaseinexportsand

reduceimportsofforeigninvestment;Bcostreduction;Cto

enhancetheinternationalcompetitivenessofdomesticproducts,

domesticconsumptionofDisrelativelycheap,foreigntourists

increased.

4,keepthecurrencystablemeaningandsignificance:tokeep

theoverallpricelevelstableinternalandforeignRMB

exchangeratestability,thestabilityofpeople，slives,the

rapidandhealthydevelopmentofnationaleconomy,the

developmentoftheworld'sfinancialandeconomicstability,

hasimportantsignificance.

Three,establishacorrectviewofmoney

1,fromtheemergenceofview:moneyistheproductoflong-term

developmentofcommodityexchange;

2,fromtheessentialpointofview,moneyisafixedcommodity

thatactsasageneralequivalent;

Fromthefunctionpointofview,moneyhastwobasicfunctions,

namely,thevalueyardstickandthecirculationmethod;

Fromtheimportanceof:inacertainsense,moneyisasymbol

ofwealth,intheprimarystageofsocialism,therestillexists

therelationshipbetweengoodsandcurrency,production,

distribution,exchange,consumptionandothereconomic

activitiescannotdowithoutmoney.

Thesecondlessonischangeableprices

I.factorsaffectingprices

Pricesaredeterminedbyvalueandareinfluencedbysupplyand

demandandothereffects(thatis,pricesareformedbythe

market)

(I)supplyanddemandaffectprices

1.,supplyanddemandaffectprices

(1)causedbypricechangesanddifferencesinclimate,time,

region,production,andevenreligiousbeliefs,customsand

otherculturalfactorsalsoinfluence(indirectfactors);(2)

theeffectsofthesefactorsonthepriceofthegoodsisby

changingtherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand(direct

factors)toachieve

2.howdoessupplyanddemandaffectprices?

Supplyexceedsdemandandpricesrise.Buyershavetoaccept

higherpricestomeettheirownneeds,theemergenceofthings

todilutethe“phenomenon,whichisthe“seller'smarket."”,

(atypeofmarketinwhichsellersplayaleadingrole;sellers

areinafavorablepositioninmarkettransactions);

Supplyexceedsdemandandpricesdecrease.Thesellerhasto

dealwiththeirsurplusinventoryatalowerprice,andthe

phenomenonof“howvaluableisthegoods“isthebuyer'smarket”

(thatis,atypeofmarketinwhichbuyersplayadominantrole.

Buyersareinafavorablepositioninmarkettransactions)

(two)valuedeterminesprice

1.therelationshipbetweenpriceandvalue

Priceisdeterminedbyvalue,valueisthebasisofprice,price

isthemonetaryperformanceofvalue(otherconditionsremain

unchanged,thegreaterthevalue,thehighertheprice.)

2.theamountofcommodityvalueisdeterminedbythesocially

necessarylabortime

3.laborproductivityanditsrelationtothequantityof

commodityvalue

Thevalueofunitgoodsisinverselyproportionaltosocial

laborproductivity;individuallaborproductivityis

proportionaltothetotalamountofcommodityvalue

4.,thebasiccontentofthelawofvalueandformsofexpression

(1):thebasiccontentofthecommodityvalueisdecidedbythe

socialnecessarylabortimeintheproductionofthecommodity,

thecommodityexchangeinvaluebasedimplementationof

equivalentexchange;(Note:thevalueoflawisabasiclawof

commodityeconomy,commodityeconomyisthelawofvalue)

(2)formofexpression:thepriceisinfluencedbytherelation

ofsupplyanddemand,fluctuatesaroundthevalue

Thepricefluctuatingaroundthevaluewhyisaformoflawof

value(i.e.,whydidnotviolatethelawofvalue,theprinciple

ofequalexchange?Whypricefluctuationsonthevalueofthe

lawofvalueisnotnegative)?

Thepriceandthesupplyanddemandofmutualinfluenceand

mutualrestrictioncausedbypricefluctuations,thepricemay

notriseindefinitely,itcannotbeunlimitedtofall,always

onthebasisofvaluefluctuatesaroundvalue.Fromasingle

exchangeprocess,oftendonotmatchthepriceandvalue,but

fromarelativelylongtime,theaveragepriceofgoodsorthe

valueofthegoodsarevisible,pricefluctuationsonthevalue

ofthelawofvalueisnotnegative,butthemanifestationof

thelawofvalue,andistheonlypossibleform,theaverage

numberofequivalentexchangeexistsincommodityexchangein

manytimes

Two,theimpactofpricechanges

(1)theimpactofpricechangesonpeople'slives

1,pricechangescancausechangesindemand(generally

speaking,otherconditionsremainunchanged)

(1)whenthepriceofacommoditygoesup,peoplebuyitless

(2)whenthepriceofacommodityfalls,peoplebuyitmore

2.Thedemandfordifferentgoodsvariesinresponsetoprice

changes

(1)pricechangeshavelittleinfluenceonthenecessitiesof

life

(2)pricechangeshaveagreatinfluenceonthedemandfor

high-gradedurablegoods

3,theimpactofpricechangesondemand

(1)inthetwoalternativecommodities,acommodityprice

increases,consumerswillreducethedemandforthecommodity,

andwillincreasethedemandforitssubstitutes;andvice

versa.

(2)inacomplementarycommodity,thepriceofacommodityrises,

andtheconsumerwillreducethedemandforthatcommodity,

whilereducingthedemandforitscomplementarygoods;vice

versa.

(nounexplanation:thealternativeisthatiftwocommodities

arethesameorsimilarfunction,canmeetthesameneedsof

consumers,thesetwokindsofgoodsaresubstitutes;

complementarygoodsaretwokindsofgoodsmustbecombined

togetherinordertomeetthepeoplesomeneeds,thesetwo

commoditiesarecomplementarygoods.)

(two)influenceonproductionandmanagement:

1,adjustthescaleofproduction2,improvelaborproductivity

3,andpromoteenterprisestoproducemarketablehigh-quality

products

Third,colorfulconsumption

1,thefactorsaffectingconsumption(themainfactors

affectingconsumption:income,pricesoveralllevel)

Theresidents;incomeisthemainfactoraffectingconsumer

incomeisthebasisandpremiseofconsumption;

Aandotherconditionsremainunchanged,andthemore

disposableincomepeoplehave(thecurrentincome),thegreater

theamountofconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Therefore,in

ordertoimprovethelivingstandardoftheresidents,wemust

maintainsteadyeconomicgrowthandincreasetheincomeofthe

residents.

Bgenerallyspeaking,thehighertheexpectedfuturerevenue

(futureincome),thegreaterthelikelihoodofanticipated

expenditure.

C,thesocialincomegapiscloselyrelatedtotheoveralllevel

ofsocialconsumption.People'sincomegapistoolarge,the

overallconsumptionlevelwillbereduced;onthecontrary,the

incomegapwillreducetheoverallconsumptionlevel.

Thepricelevelisthemainfactoraffectingconsumerprices:

Generallyspeaking,peoplewillreducetheconsumptionofgoods;

pricesfalling,purchasingpowerisgenerallyimproved,will

increasetheconsumptionofgoods.

2,thetypeofconsumption

(1)accordingtodifferentconsumptionobjects,theycanbe

dividedintotangiblegoodsconsumptionandlaborservice

consumption

(2)accordingtothetransactionsindifferentwayscanbe

dividedinto:twomoneygoodsconsumption,consumerloans,

consumerleasing

(3)accordingtothepurposesofconsumption,theyare

subsistencematerialsconsumption,developmentdata

consumptionandenjoymentofmaterialconsumption

Unit1earthintheuniverse

I.Thebasicformsoftheearthmotion:revolutionandrotation

Revolvearoundthecenterofthesun,saxis

ThedirectionfromwesttoEast(NorthPolelookingoverthe

counterclockwise)fromwesttoEast(seeabovetheArctic

counterclockwise,theAntarcticopposite)

Siderealday(23:56,4seconds)oftheyearofaperiodicstar

(365days,6minutes,9minutes,10seconds)

Theaverageangularvelocityoflo/perihelion(earlyJanuary)

(earlyJuly)fastfastaphelionaroundequalto150perhour

(exceptthepoles)

Theaveragespeedofthelineis30km/h,decreasingfromthe

equatortothepoles,theequatoris1670KM\hours,andthe

polesare0

Therelationbetweentherotationoftheearthandrevolution:

(1)theobliquityangle:theequatorialplaneandtheplaneof

theecliptic.It's23o26now

(2)thedirectmotionofthesunbetweentheTropicofcancer

Two:thegeographicalsignificanceoftherotationoftheearth

(1)diurnalalternation;

(2)localtime

(3)objectsmovinghorizontallyalongthesurfaceoftheearth

tendtoshifttotherightinthenorthernhemisphereandto

theleftinthesouthernhemisphere

Three:thegeographicalsignificanceoftherevolutionofthe

earth

(1)thelengthofdayandnightandthechangeofsolaraltitude

atnoon

Changesinthelengthofdayandnight

Insummer,thenorthernhemisphere,

Thelongerthenorth,thelongertheday

Thesuninthehemisphere,northoftheArcticCircleappear

lightphenomenonthehemispherethatdaylong,theequatorial

annualwinter,shortdayandlongnight,thedaytheshorter

northwardequinox,thespringequinoxglobalnorthofthe

ArcticCircleappeardarkequinoxphenomenonofthesouthern

hemisphereandthenorthernhemisphere:onthecontrary

Changeofsolaraltitudeatnoon

Springandautumndays:fromtheequatortothenorth-south

direction,fromthedirectpointofthesuntothenorthand

South

Withthechangeoflatitude,thesummersolsticedatedecreases

from23o26toNanddecreasestothenorthandSouth

Wintersolstice:loweredby23o26StothenorthandSouth

23o26,N,reachesthemaximumonthesummersolsticenorthof

thedirectpoint

Astheseasonchanges,thegreaterthe23o26,S,thegreater

themaximumonthewintersolstice

TherearetwodirecthitsbetweentheTropicofcancerevery

year

Four:illuminationinterpretation

(1)judgethenorthandsouthpoles,usuallyusedforthetop

view,andjudgeasfollows:fromthepointofviewoftheearth's

northpole,therotationoftheearthiscounterclockwise,

clockwisefromthesouthpole;orthedirectionoftheincrease

ofthelongitudeoftheeastlongitude

ThedirectionofthebalTsrotation

(2)determinethesolarterm,dateandsunpointlatitude

Twilightring(orapoleoverandwarp,coincidence)Sunpoint

istheequator,isthespringequinox;twilightlineandcircle

tangenttotheArcticCircle,if

Apolarphenomenonforthenorthernhemispheresummersolstice,

thesunisat23o26,“iftheArcticCircleisthepolarnight

phenomenonforthenorthernhemispherewintersolstice,thesun

is23o26south”

(3)determinetheplaceinthelightofthesun,wherethewarp

is12midday,themiddlepartofthemeridiansurroundedby

twilightlinefor12points,themorninglineandthe

intersectionpointforequatoriallongitude

6point,1ineandtheintersection.With18points,according

toevery150,thetimedifferenceof1hours,everylois4

minutes,thetwofirstcalculatethelongitudedifference

(ipsilateralcontralateralsubtraction,addition),andthen

convertedintotime,accordingtotheprincipleofreduction

ofEastWest,calculatethelocaltime

(4)judgethelengthofdayandnight,andseekthelengthof

day(night)ofaplace,thatis,thelengthoftheday(night)

arconthelatitudecoiloftheearth,andthatthelengthcan

alsobecalculatedbythelongitudeofthecrossingoftheday

(night)arc

(5)todeterminetheheightofthesunatnoonforthefirst

cornerareaandthesunpointlatitudedifference,ifthedemand

andsunpointinthesamehemisphere,thetwolatitude

difference,ifthedemandandthesunarenotinthesame

hemisphere,thetwolatitudesandtwolatitudeby90o-the

differenceisthesolutiontotheheightofthesunatnoon

Five:twilight1inewithwarpandweft

(1)accordingtotheterminatorlineandweftintersected

judgment

Theterminatorlinethroughthenorthandsouthpolescanbe

judgedonthisdayinMarch21storSeptember23rdafter

TheterminatorlineandtangentpoleofNorthandsouth,north

oftheArcticCirclefortheday,candeterminethedaybefore

June22nd,thenorthernhemispheresummersolstice,the

northernhemispheresummer,southernhemispherewinter

TheterminatorlineandtangentpoleofNorthandsouth,north

oftheArcticCircleforthenight,candeterminethedaybefore

December22nd,thenorthernhemisphereisthewintersolstice,

thenorthernhemispherewinter,thesouthernhemispherein

summer

(2)accordingtotheterminatorlineandmeridianintersection

relationjudgmentdaysarelongandthenightsarelong

Calculatethelengthofthedayorthelengthofthenight,for

thelongday,intherangeofthehemisphere,calculatethe

locationofthelatitudeoftheground,fromthemorningline

andweftcoilintersectiontotheintersectionofthefaintline

andtheweftcoil,thespanoflongitudedividedby15,that

is,theland

Ifthedayislong,ifonlyhalfofthehemisphereispainted

onthemap,itshouldbenotedthatthedifferencebetweenthe

longitudeofthedayinthedaytimeand2dividedby15isthe

lengthoftheday

Seven:area,localtimecalculation

Thefirststepistoseekthelongitudedifferencebetweenthe

twoplaces

Thesecondstep:tofindthetimedifference,eachlongitude

differenceof4minutestocount

Thethirdstep:thendeterminethedirectionoftheEastand

West,EastandWest,anduseless.Ifthetimeisgreaterthan

24hours,thenminus24,plus1days,ifthetimeisnegative,

thenadd24hours,minus1ofthedate

Day.

Secondunitatmosphere

I.compositionandverticalstratificationoftheatmosphere

1)thecompositionoftheloweratmosphere:drycleanair

(nitrogen,thebasiccomponentoftheorganism,oxygen,the

basicsubstanceoflifesustainingactivities,carbondioxide,

thebasicrawmaterialofphotosynthesis,ozoneabsorptionof

thesun

Ultravioletray"theumbrellaoflifeonearth"),watervapor

andsolidimpurities(thenecessaryconditionsforChengYun

tocauserain)

2)verticalstratificationoftheatmosphere(Textbook29,page

2.1)

Theinfluenceofhightemperatureandatmosphericmotionon

humanactivities

2000-3000kmofionosphereintheupperatmospherereflects

radiowaves

Stratospheric50-55kmrisewithaltitude,advection,ozone

absorption,ultravioletwarming,andconduciveto

high-altitudeflight

Thelowlatitude:17-18km,10-12km,Zhongwei:latitude:8-9

kmwithincreasingaltitudeanddecreasingconvectionweather

phenomenoniscomplicated,mostcloselyrelatedtohumanbeings

Two:atmosphericthermalaction

(1)theweakeningeffectofsolarradiation

Absorption:selective,watervaporandcarbondioxideabsorb

infraredrays,ozoneabsorbsultravioletlightandabsorbsless

forvisiblelight

Reflection:withoutselectivity,thethickertheclouds,the

strongerthereflex.Duringthecloudysummermonths,the

temperatureisnotveryhigh

Scattering:selective,shortwavelengthvioletlight

scattering,soclearskyisblue

(2)theinsulationeffectontheground

Theatmosphericabsorptionofthelongwaveradiationofthe

ground,whiletrappingtheheatandincreasingthetemperature,

becausetheabsorptioncapacityoftheatmosphereforsolar

shortwaveradiationisrelativelypoor,buttheabsorptionof

thelongwaveradiationonthegroundisstrong,sotheground

radiation

Mostareabsorbedbytheatmosphere

Theatmosphericreverseradiationisakindofatmospheric

radiation,whichisdirectedtowardthegroundandcompensates

fortheheatoftheground

Two:atmosphericthermalconditions

Thethermalactionoftheatmosphere

1)thermodynamiccirculation:aircirculationcausedbyuneven

groundtemperatureisoneofthesimplestformsofatmospheric

motion.

Itcanbeseenfromthefigure,nearthegroundtothedirection

oflowpressureisobar(down)bending,highpressuredirection

totheisobars(up)raised

2)horizontalmovementoftheatmosphere-wind

Impact:theisobarmoreintensiveplace,thenthehigherthe

wind(Figure2.10,2.11,2.12)

Intheroleofasinglehorizontalpressuregradientforceunder

theverticaldirection:isobar,pointingtolowpressure

TheCoriolisforceonthehorizontalpressuregradientforce

andunderthewinddirectionandparalleltotheisobars

Intheroleofthreeforces:thewinddirectionandtheisobars

formanincludedangle,alwaystowardthelowerpressurebyhigh

pressuredirection.

Three:GlobalAtmosphericCirculation

1)threecirclesofcirculation(Textbook37,2.14)

Theformationofthesevenzonesandsixwindpressureonthe

surfaceoftheearth,windzonewithsunpointmovingnorthand

Southandthenorthandthesouth,inthenorthernhemisphere,

thesummertothenorth,thelocationofthenorthtotheSouth;

inwinter,a

SetasideSouth(Figure2.15)

Theinfluenceoflandseadistributiononatmospheric

circulation

(3)monsooncirculation(Figure2.18)

RegionEastAsia,SouthAsia,SoutheastAsia

Climatetype,temperatemonsoonclimate,subtropicalmonsoon

climate,tropicalmonsoonclimate

Thedifferenceoflandseathermalpropertiesofsea-land

thermodynamicproperties,theseasonalmovementofatmospheric

pressureandwind

Winddirection;winternorthwestwind(Asiancontinent);

northeastwind(mainlandAsia)

Thesummerwind(Pacificsouthwestwind)(Indiaocean)

First,thepoliticalsystemofXia,ShangandWesternZhou

Dynasty

1,thecontentofthepoliticalsystemofXiaandShang

dynasties:

Central:

The1generationofShanrangsystemwithhereditary

preparation;

2participateinthedecision-makingphase,QingShi,

responsibleforsacrificeanddivinationandrecordingevents,

buZhu,Dynastyhistory,inchargeofthemilitarydivision.

Where:HouBo?

InfluenceofXiaandShangpoliticalsystem:earlypolitical

systemofXiaandShang,hasadirectimpactontheWesternZhou

Dynastypatriarchalandfeudalsystem.

2,theWesternZhouDynastyenfeoffs:

The1wasavassalstateofthedutyofguardingtheterritory,

afteroperation,paytribute,piIgrimageduty

2influence:

Positiveinfluence:strengthenedthereignoftheemperorof

Zhoutothelocal;formedthestarsoftheZhouDynasty

Thepoliticalstructureofthemonth

Negativeinfluence:theweaknessofkingshipinthelater

periodofWesternZhouDynasty,thedisputesinthesummer,the

springandAutumnperiodandtheWarringStatesPeriod

Results:3inthelateWesternZhouDynastyfeudalsystemwas

damaged;thelateWarringStatesperiodZhouroyalpowerlost

packet

3.ThelegalsystemoftheWesternZhoudynasty:

1content:withthepaternalkinshiprelationshiptomaintain

thepoliticallevel,theconsolidationofnationalpolitical

system.

The2characteristic:theeldestsonsuccessionsystem

3,influence:toensurethemonopolyandprivilegedstatusof

thearistocracy,tohelpthestabilityandunitywithinthe

rulinggroup.

Thesecondlessonistheformationofthecentralizedsystem

ofQinDynasty

1,theformationofthecentralizedsystem:

Features:onebeingthesupremeimperialpower;hereditary

throne;

Evaluation:theestablishmentofthecentralizedsystemof

feudaldespotism.Formtheformofcentralverticalmanagement,

andbureaucraticpoliticsisanimportantsymbolof

aristocraticpolitics.

2,thebasiccharacteristicsofcentralizedpower:high

concentrationofpower

3,theroleandinfluenceofcentralizedsystem:

Positiveeffect:

1,strengthenQin'sstrength,expandtheterritorythroughwar,

formthefirstunifiedmulti-ethnicfeudalcountryinChinese

historyandbecometheworldpoweratthattime.

2,enabletheQinDynastytoimplementallkindsofmeasures

toconsolidateandunifythecountry.

3,thebasicstructureofthefeudalsocialandpoliticalsystem

inChinaoverthepasttwothousandyearshasbeenlaidoutfor

thefeudaldynastiesofthepastdynasties,andhasbeen

constantlystrengthenedandperfected.

Negativeeffect:relyingontheemperor,sautocraticauthority

tostrengthentheoppressionofthepeople,resultinginrapid

intensificationofclasscontradictions.

Thethirdlesson:theevolutionofthepoliticalsystemfrom

Hantoyuan

1,theevolutionofthecentralpoliticalsystem:

HanDynasty,HanDynasty,Qinsystem

Changethecentralset(threephase,yushidaf