Unit+5+Into+the+Unknown+Starting+out +Understanding+ideas+课件【知识精讲精研】高中英语外研版选择性必修第四册

Unit5Period1Startingout&Understandingideas新课导入Somenaturalphenomenaarereallyamazing.Whatnaturalphenomenaareyoufamiliarwith?thunderandlightningtheearthquakethesolareclipsethemirageWatchthevideoandanswerthequestions.1

Whatnaturalphenomenaarementionedinthevideo?2

Howweretheseexplainedinthepast?Whatarethescientificexplanationsbehindthem?1课堂学习Startingout1.Whatnaturalphenomenaarementionedinthevideo?Thenaturalphenomenathatarementionedinthevideoinclude:theearthquake,thesolareclipse,thunderandlightning,andthemirage.2.Howweretheseexplainedinthepast?Whatarethescientificexplanationsbehindthem?Fortheearthquake:NativeAmericansused

tobelievethatearthquakeswerecausedbyastrugglebetweenalargebird,calledthe

Thunderbird,anda

whale.AnancientJapanesebeliefwasthatearthquakeswerecausedby

themovementsofagiantcatfishthatcarriedtheworldonitsback.Scientistsnowknowthatearthquakesareactuallycausedbythemovementoftectonicplates.

Forthesolareclipse:Inmanycultures,therewereancientbeliefsthatsolareclipseswerecausedbyacreatureeatingtheSun.InVietnam,thatcreaturewasagiantfrog,inNorway,a

wolf,andinChina,itwasahugedog.Infact,solareclipseshappenwhentheMoonpassesbetweenEarthandtheSun,temporarilyblockingtheSun’slight.Forthunderandlightning:

InMedievalEurope,peoplethoughtthatsupernaturalforcescausedthunderandlightning.Itwasasignofbadtimesahead.Modernsciencetellsusthatlightningisanelectricchargemovingbetweenclouds,orbetweencloudsandtheearth.Thunderisashockwaveofsoundcausedbylightning.Forthemirage:InAncientChina,peolplebelievedthatthiswasactuallycausedbythebreathofadragon.Thesedays,peopleknowthata“mirage”happenswhenlayersofairwithvaryingtemperaturescauselighttobend.Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.21Whatdoyouknowaboutthesemysteries?2Whatotherunsolvedmysteriesdoyouknowof?3Whichofthesedoyoumostwanttoinvestigate?AtlantisAtlantisisalegendarycity,whichisdescribedintheworkoftheGreekphilosopherPlato.ThestoryofAtlantiswithitsfabulouslywealthyandadvancedcivilisationwhichwassweptintotheseatobelostforeverhascapturedtheimaginationofreadersforovertwomillennia.NazcalinesTheNazcaLinesareacollectionofgiantgeometricpatternsandanimalshapes.DrawnintothelandscapesofsouthernPeru,themajorityofthelinesarebelievedtobetheworkoftheNazcapeoplearound1ADto700.DesignatedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1994,numerousstudiesandtheorieshavesofarnotexplainedthereasonwhythelineswerecreated.【背景知识】TunguskaeventTunguskaevent,enormousexplosionthatisestimatedtohaveoccurredat7:14amplusorminusoneminuteon30June1908,atanaltitudeof5-10kilometres,flatteningsome2,000squarekilometresandcharringmorethan100squarekilometresofpineforestnearthePodkamennayaTunguskaRiverinCentralSiberia,Russia.BlackholeA

blackholeisaregionofspace-timeexhibitinggravitationalaccelerationsostrongthatnothing,notevenlight,canescapefromit.1Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Dofurtherresearchifnecessary.Understandingideas1Whatdoyouknowabouttheseancientcivilisations?2Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?3

Whatotherancientcivilisationsdoyouknowof?Sharewhatyouknowwiththeclass.AncientGreeceAncientBabylonAncientEgypt1.Whatdoyouknowabouttheseancientcivilisations?AncientGreecehasalonghistorywhichwasmadeupofmanyGreekcity-states.TheancientGreeksbelievedingods,goddesses,andmagicalcreatures.TheGreeksbuilttemplestohonortheirgods.Theytoldwonderfulmythsabouttheirgods.AncientBabylonwasamassivewalledcity,andeveryonelivedinsidethewalledcity.

LawsofBabylonwerefamous.Toensurethatthelawswerefollowedbyeveryone,oneofthekingsofBabylonhadthelawswrittendownonstonesothateveryonewouldbetreatedequallyunderthelaw.AncientEgypthadadvancedscienceandtechnologyforthetime.AncientEgyptiansbuiltalotofgrandPyramids,whichwerethetombsoftheirkings.

AncientEgyptiansleftmanyworksofart,whichreflectedthecollectiveeffort.Thecolorsofthepaintingsintherocktombslookedfreshandvivid.2.Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?3.Whatotherancientcivilisationsdoyouknowof?Sharewhatyouknowwiththeclass.Itmightbethewarsthatledtotheircollapse.Theywereconqueredbyotherempires.TheMayanIndianslivedinMexicoforthousandsofyears.TheMayabelievedinmanygods.Theybuiltlargetemplestohonorthem.ReadthepassageandfindoutthepossiblereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayacivilisation.TheMysteriesofTheMAYA1

IntriguedbyMayacivilisationfromaveryyoungage,

15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthe

hadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyof

ancientstarcharts.Throughcomparison,hefound

thatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacities

correspondtothepositionsofthestars.Basedonthis,

hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacity

burieddeepinthejungle.________________________________________________________22Itisn’tdifficulttoseewhy.ExtendingsouthfrompartsofwhatwenowknowasMexicointoCentralAmerica,___________________________TheMayabuiltimpressivepalacesandtemples,incudingtheirrepresentativesteppyramids.Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructuresishowtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower.TheMaya’sunderstandingofmathematicsandastronomywasalsoquiteamazing.TheyappliedthisunderstandingtotheMayacalendar,whichwasaccuratetowithin30secondsperyear.OntopofallthiswasanachievementuniqueintheAmericasatthattime:atruewritingsystem.Itcontainedmorethan800characters,withsomesignsrepresentinganimals,peopleandobjectsandothersrepresentingsyllables.Itwasawritingsystemsocompliatedthat,sofar,noonehasbeenabletointerpretitcompletely.3ThefactthatMayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitivemakesitsachievementsallthemoreincredibleandmysterious._________________________________By700AD,Mayacvilisationwasatitspeak.Yet,withinjustacoupleofgenerations,itbegantomysteriouslydecline.Thecitieswerelefttobetakenbackbythejungle.WhenEuropeansarrivedinCentralAmericaintheearly16thcenturytoclaimitsriches,theremainingMayapeoplewerelivinginsmallsettlements.4WhyMayacivilisationcollapsedremainsamystery.Wasitanaturaldisaster?Adeadlydisease?Conflictsbetweencities?Orwasitacombinationofseveraldifferentfactors?_____________________________________________Theyhadturnedwetlandsintofieldsforgrowinggrains,andhaddughugecanalsystems.Astheirpopulationexpanded,yetmorelandwasneededforagricultureandmoretreesforconstruction.Bychangingthelandscapeinthisway,itispossiblethattheMayapeopleunknowinglyreducedtheirabilitytodealwithnaturaldisasters.5_________________________________________________________________Somerecentstudieshavefoundthattherewerefarfewertropicalcyclonesthanusualbetween700ADand1000AD.Thisislikelytohaveledtoaseriesofdroughts,eachlastingforacoupleofyears,inchudinga“megadrought”around900AD.ManyscientistsbelievethatthesedroughtswerethemainreasonwhyMayacivilisationbegantocollapseatdifferentratesindifferentplaces.Thesedroughtswouldhaveledtofoodshortages,conflictsand,ultimately,thedownfallofthecities.6Whateverthereasons,Mayacivilisationlargelydisappearedwithinthedeepjungle.Itsoncegreatcitiesfellintoruin,leavingvariousmysteriesforlaterpeopletosolve.___________________________________________________Nowcheckyourfindings:ThewaythattheMayapeoplechangedthelandscapearoundthemmayhavebeenoneofthereasonsbehindthedisappearanceoftheircivilisation.Turningwetlandsintofieldsforgrowinggrains,digginghugecanalsystemsandcuttingdownmoretreesfor

constructionreducedtheirabilitytocopewithnaturaldisasters.Whenthosenaturaldisasters,suchasdroughts,struck,theMayawouldhavefacedfoodshortages,conflictsand,eventually,thedownfalloftheircities.Choosethetopicsentencesandwritethemonthelinestocompletethepassage.3aMayacivilisationhasbeensurroundedbymysterysinceitsrediscoveryinthe19thcentury.bButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.cAlthoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.dResearchalsosuggeststhatthosenaturaldisastersmayhaveledtothedeclineoftheMaya.eMeanwhile,theriseandfallofthiscivilisationmustalsoleaveusthinkingaboutourownpast,presentandfuture.fSomeresearchseemstoindicatethattheMayapeoplethemselvesmayhaveplayedapartintheirdownfall.1-c2-a3-b4-f5-d6-e

Trytofigureoutthestructureofthepassage.PartsPara.(s)MainideaPart1Part2Part3Part4Part5Para.1Para.2Para.3Para.s4-5Para.6IntroducethetopicTheachievementsofMayacivilizationThedeclineofMayacivilizationThereasonsforthecollapseofMayacivilizationThemysteriesofMayacivilizationremaintobesolvedOrganiseinformationfromthepassageandcompletethefileofMayacivilisation.4MAYACIVILISATIONTimeLocationPossiblereasonsforcollapsearound1800BCto1100ADfrom1__________to2_______________1humancauses-reducedtheabilitytodealwith3_________________4___________________________5___________________________hugeexpansionofthe6____________2naturalcauses-aseriesof7__________between700ADand1000AD,each8________________________________.

Mexico

CentralAmerica

naturaldisastersturningwetlandsintofields

digginghugecanalsystems

population

droughts

lastingforacoupleofyearsCompletetheculturalcomparisonwithinformationfromthepassage.5Comparingthehighly-sophisticatedcivilisationsoftheMayaandAncientChinarevealssomesurprisingsimilarities.Theybothpossessedadetailedunderstandingof1___________andastronomy,whichhelpedthemmaintainanaccurate2__________andacomplex3____________thatusedsignstorepresentsoundsandmeanings.mathematicscalendarwritingsystemItcanthereforebedifficulttoexplainwhy,despitetheirexcellentconstructionskills,theMayaneverlearnttouse4___________________________________,whiletheancientChinesedid.FactssuchastheseaddtothemysterysurroundingMayacivilisation,drivingpeopletofindoutwhyit5___________whileothers,suchasAncientChina,survivedandthrived.wheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpowerdisappeared1Whatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?2Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.3WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?4Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.ThinkShare1.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?ThestoryaboutWilliamGadouryshowshowthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationhavecapturedpeople’simaginations.2.Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.Maybethewars.AncientGreecewasconqueredbytheRomanEmpire.3.WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?Wecan’tdestroythebalanceoftheecosystem.Humansshouldliveinharmonywithnature.Onlyifwecarefornaturecanwebetterprotectourlivingenvironment.4.Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.Megadrought.Itmightcausefoodshortage,conflictsandthedownfallofthecities.1.IntriguedbyMayacivilisationfromaveryyoungage,15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthehadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyofancientstarcharts.十五岁的加拿大少年威廉.加杜里自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。Paraphrase:Fifteen-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourywasfascinatedbyMayacivilisationfromaveryyoungage，andhethoughthehaddiscoveredsomethingamazingwhilestudyingancientstarcharts.本句中的intriguedby是过去分词短语作原因状语，表示“被……所吸引”。e.g.Intriguedbytheheateddebate,hekeptwatchingfortwohours.

他被这场激烈的辩论吸引住了，一直看了两个小时。Languagepoints2.Throughcomparison,hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacities

correspondtothepositionsofthestars.通过比较，他发现117个已知玛雅城市的位置与星星的位置相对应。【归纳拓展】correspondto与……相符；相当于correspondwith与……通信；与……相符incorrespondencewith与……通信；与……一致3.Basedonthis,hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。【归纳拓展】bury...in...把……埋到……里buryone’sface/headinsth.把脸/头埋在某物里面beburiedin/buryoneselfin埋头于……，专心于……4.ExtendingsouthfrompartsofwhatwenowknowasMexicointoCentralAmerica,Mayacivilisationhasbeensurroundedbymysterysinceitsrediscoveryinthe19thcentury.玛雅文明从我们现在所知的墨西哥向南延伸到中美洲，自19世纪被重新发现以来，玛雅文明一直被神秘所包围。【词汇拓展】expand(...)into（把……）扩展/发展成……expansionn.扩大；增加；膨胀contract(反义词)vi.收缩【易混辨析】expand指范围、体积的扩大、膨胀；enlarge指面积、体积的扩大extend指长度、宽度的延伸及时间的延长spread指物种、疾病、思想、文化等的传播、延伸。

5.Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructuresishowtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower.这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。【句式分析】Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructures由what引导的主语从句;howtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower由how引导的表语从句6.Theyapplied

thisunderstandingto

theMayacalendar,whichwasaccuratetowithin

30secondsperyear.他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。【归纳拓展】applyto...适用于……apply

(tosb.)forsth.（向某人）申请某物applyoneselfto

(doing)...致力于……，专心于……e.g.Thisruleappliestoeveryone.

这条规则适用于每个人。7.OntopofallthiswasanachievementuniqueintheAmericasatthattime:atruewritingsystem.除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。Paraphrase:Inadditiontoallthis,theMayaestablishedatruewritingsystem,whichwasanachievementuniqueintheAmericasatthattime.句子中Ontopofallthiswasanachievement为介词短语位于句首引起的完全倒装。ontopofsth.意思是“除……之外（还）”。e.g.Hegetscommissionontopofhissalary.

他除了薪金之外还拿佣金。e.g.Amongthesepeoplewashisfriend,Jim.他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。8.ThefactthatMayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitive

makesitsachievementsallthemore

incredibleandmysterious.玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。(1)allthemore更加，愈加（用于强调）e.g.Severalpublishersrejectedherbook,butthatmadeherallthemoredetermined.几家出版商拒绝了她的书，但这让她更加坚定了决心。(2)【句式分析】Mayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitive

同位语从句;在makesitsachie